Middle English Dictionary Entry

passen v.
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Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

1a.
(a) To move, advance; travel; come, go, walk; go by, ride by, travel by; go through; (b) to cross over, cross; (c) to leave, go away, depart; sail away, take passage; of a commercial product: leave port; (d) to get by, get through; get away, escape; of vapor: be released; of a word: be spoken; leten ~, allow (sb.) to escape or go by; release (gas); (e) of a spear or an arrow: to miss, go by; of prophecy: to fail of effect.
1b.
With prepositional phrases: to move with a specified relation to somebody or something: (a) ~ abouten, to explore (country); ~ acost, travel alongside (a land); ~ after, follow (sb.); ben passed abouten, be encircled as a purification rite; (b) ~ at, to go through (a gate); ~ ayen (ayenes), march against (sb.), attack; (c) ~ bi, to go by (sb., a place, a coast, a part of the body), go close to, go beside; go down (a street or path); travel by (a place, a geographical region), go by way of (a place, water, the sea); go through (a gate, a town, one's lips, a passageway within or from the body, the pores of a tree, etc.); fig. cross by way of (Christ as a bridge); of light: shine through (glass), shine close to (filth); of the sun: move through (signs of the zodiac); ~ bi the two poles of this world, cross (the equinoctial line) on a line from pole to pole; ~ bisides, of the sun: move by (the earth); ~ forbi, go by (sb.); (d) ~ from, to leave (sb., somebody's service or presence, etc.), be parted from; travel from (a town); be through with (a journey); of a humor, blood, etc.: flow from (sb. or sth.); of light: shine from (somebody's face); of a commercial product: leave (port); of the Holy Spirit: proceed from (sb.); of a heavenly body: move from (the sun, a location); ~ from us ward, move away from us; ~ from..to, move from (one place) to (another); of an ailment: be communicated from (one eye) to (the other); of a bird: fly from (one land) to (another); ~ from..unto, go from (one place) to (another); (e) ~ in, of anger: to enter into (sb.); of stars, spiders: move within (their circles, webs); of fame: spread into (parts of the earth); ~ in the wei, go by in the street; ~ in the hed, go first; ~ into, enter (a country, building, garden); of a bird: flee to (a mountain); of a stream: flow into (a country); of a ship: put out to (sea); of fire: vanish into (the air); of venom or balm: be imparted to (the body, part of the body), be diffused to; of drink: be diffused into (feathers); of a disease: be communicated to (sb.); of kingdoms: become amalgamated with (another kingdom); (f) ~ of, to leave (lands); come from (sth.); come off (a mountain); of an evil spirit: come out of (sb.); ~ of place, leave a place; of parts of the body: be dislodged; ~ oute of, leave (a place, town, country); of gas: be emitted from (the stomach); of power, blood, speech, etc.: issue from (a prince, wound, mouth, etc.); (g) ~ over, to travel over (a way, a seaway, terrain), traverse; cross (a body or stream of water, a bridge or ditch); of a ship: sail over (waves, etc.); ~ on, go on (one's way), go by on (a surface); step on (land), trespass; of water: flow on (the earth); (h) ~ thurgh, to travel through (a country, town, gate, valley, city, etc.); travel over (plains, a path, a street), traverse; cross (water by a ford); escape (sb.); go through (an enemy camp, a besieging army, a commissure, a crack in a wall, the skin, the eye of a needle, purgatory, etc.); go down (somebody's throat); also fig.; of light: shine through (sth.); of a powder: fall through (a sieve); of a spear or sword: pierce (the heart or soul); of an image or thought: go through (one's heart or soul); of eye-beams: pierce (the heart); ~ bitwene, ~ thurgh..honde, escape (sb.); ~ thurghout, cross (the sea, somebody's kingdom); of a sword: pierce (somebody's heart); (i) ~ to, to go to (sb., a place, the body, a part of the body, etc.); also fig.; come to (sb., one of the senses); march against (sb.); climb to (somebody's heights); of a spear: penetrate to (somebody's heart); of fame or sound: spread to (sb., a place), reach; ~ til, go to (a country); ~ unto, go to (a place); of riches: be divided among (people); (j) ~ upon, of a cord: to run on (a pully).
1c.
With adverbs as indicators of relative motion: (a) ~ her, her ~, to leave here, flee from here; go by here; ~ hennes, hennes ~, leave here, go there from here; fig. leave the fictional presence of a reader [quot.: a1500(?a1400)]; hethen ~, leave here; ~ ther, cross there; thennes (thethen) ~, ~ thennes, leave there, move from there; ~ ther-bi, go by there; fig. go through a history, read a narrative [quot.: (a1387)]; ~ ther-over, cross over it; ~ ther-ayenes, go there; ~ ther-upon, walk there; ~ wher thei wolden, go where they wanted; ther-oute ~, flow out of there; whider thei ~, where they go; whider thou woldest ~, where you wanted to go; (b) ~ abouten, to revolve, go around, circulate; ~ abrode, of the lips of a wound: open up, separate; ~ awei, get away, escape; of a liquid: run out, be excreted; also, sneak away [quot.: Triam.317]; ~ ayen, ayen ~, return; ~ bi, go by, pass by without stopping; ~ biside, go around, go aside; for-bi ~, go past; ~ hom, go home; ~ thurgh, thurgh ~, go through; of jousters: pass by each other; ~ to and fro, travel to and fro; westward ~, go westward; (c) ~ in, to go in, come in, enter; innere ~, go farther in; ~ more inward, of venom: penetrate farther into a wound; ~ oute, go out, leave; get out, escape; of a child: be born; of enclosed air, gas, smoke, etc.: escape, be emitted; of a fluid: flow out; of digested food: be excreted; of a commercial product: leave port; of colors: emanate; of a word or decree: be announced; ~ upward, of heat: rise; ~ doun, ride down; ~ over, go over, cross; sail over; of the sea: overflow; (d) forth ~, to leave; ~ forth, go forth; go on, proceed; go by; move, emigrate; travel abroad; of an order: go forth, be promulgated; of a bee or procession: go out; of the hand: swing forward; ben passed forth, of a word: be said; ~ ferther, go farther, proceed; of infection: spread; of the sea: rise further; ~ foreward, advance; further ~, ~ further, go farther, proceed; forth-bi ~, go ahead, go on.
2.
(a) To traverse (a way, path, course, distance, etc.); take (steps); travel over (dales, plains, etc.); also fig.; ~ a strong pas, get through a difficulty; (b) to go through (a country, town, forest, etc.); fight one's way through (a company, troop); penetrate (part of the body), saturate; of speech: go through (the neck); of the sun: go through (the zodiac); (c) to cross (the sea, mountains, a river, bridge, ditch, etc.); cross (a boundary, line, etc.); also fig.; of a river or the sea: overflow (sth.); of superfluous flesh: grow over (normal flesh) [quot.: c1425]; (d) to get by (sb., a hazard, etc.); escape (purgatory, somebody's hands, etc.), get out of; (e) to go beyond (sth.), go past; go outside (walls); sail around (a cliff); also, go near (a place); of a thought: go beyond (sth.), fly above; of blood: flow by (the liver), touch; (f) to leave (sb., somebody's presence, land, a place, etc.); of information: leave (sb.), be told; (g) ben passed, to be past (sth.), be beyond.
3.
To expel (fumes, air, vapor), emit; drive out (a fever), cure; put away (a wicked word), reject; of a ship: convey (sb. from a place); refl. of a fish: propel itself.
4.
(a) Of time, a unit of time, a season or month, etc.: to pass, progress, elapse; ~ abouten (awei), end; ppl. passed over, ended; bi long time her biforen passed, for a long time now; (b) ben passed (oute, bi, henne, over, to be past, be over; ben passed on, be advanced; hit was wel passed of the night, night was far advanced; hit be passed over the tide, the time is past; (c) ben passed, to be past (a time or point in time); ben passed date, be ended, be over; hit is passed prime, it is past the hour of prime; hit was passed, it was past (nones, eight o'clock, etc.); hit be passed, it is past (the 3rd hour); passed (over) midnight, past midnight; (d) of an era, an aeon, a stage of life: to end; ~ oute; (e) of a unit of time: to pass (sb.), go by; (f) ~ round abouten, to come full circle, recur; (g) ppl. passed, as adv.: afterward, forth.
5a.
Of an event or action: to occur, happen; end, be over; ben passed, be past, be over; of a religious practice: be discontinued; ~ over, be done; ~ toforen, occur before; precede (sth.); toforen passed, previously done; passinge aforn, previously present; passed over, having been done.
5b.
Of human beings: (a) to pass through (a period of time); ~ over; ~ in age, grow old; for to ~ yer, subsist upon for a year; what other passeth age bi kinde, until the other lives out a normal lifetime; (b) ben passed, to have lived past (a certain time or point in time); be past (peril, pain, man's care or help); be too old for (sexual play); ben passed forth, be advanced (in age); (c) ben passed, to have lived previously.
6.
(a) To die; of the spirit or soul: set out, depart, go; ben passed, be dead, be departed; ben passed the world, be dead; (b) ~ awei (forth, henne, hennes, hethen, over), to pass away, die; (c) ~ from (of, oute of) this world, ~ oute this troublous world, ~ oute of his lif, ~ from the bodi, etc.; ~ to god (goddes merci, heven, pine or pleie, etc.); ~ into (helle, etc.); ~ over this passage; ~ intil joie; (d) of Christ or the Virgin: ~ from, to leave (sb.); ~ oute of, leave (the world), die; (e) ~ this lif, to leave this life, die.
7.
(a) Of mutable things, of nature, heaven, earth, a man, mankind, riches, fame, beauty, power, etc.: to vanish, cease to exist, be transitory; ~ awei (over), cease to exist; ~ from, be lost to (sb.); lose (points of beauty) [quot.: a1425]; ~ from me, come to nothing, perish; ben passed awei from me, be lost to me; ppl. passinge, fleeting; (b) of clouds, dew, shadows, flowers, reflections, etc., considered as figures of evanescence: to disappear, perish, vanish; (c) of a thought, memory, mental image: to disappear from the mind, leave (the mind); of an apparition, vision, poetic character, magical deception, etc.: disappear, vanish; of love, sorrow, care, comfort, hope, mercy, etc.: be over, be spent, end; leten..~ (oute of minde, forget about (sth.); leten..~ from..herte, drop (sth.) from (one's) concern; (d) of stars: to become invisible; of a star: cease to exist; of daylight, candlelight, the brightness of a gem: disappear, vanish; of an illness, ailment, pain: go away, end; of a truce: end; of the life in a part of the body: perish; ~ under, come to an end; (e) of property, provisions, strength, sexual excitement, interest: to be depleted, diminish.
8.
(a) To continue, persist, proceed; hennes ~, proceed (to do sth.); ~ forth (ferther, firre, further, on), continue, persist, go on; ~ over til, wait until (sth. happens); ~ to, last, persist; ~ upon, go on with (a story); (b) ~ of (awei from, over from, over of, oute of), to leave (a subject); ~ over, go on to something else; ~ over ayen to, go back to (a subject); ~ to, proceed to speak of (sth.); proceed to (further medical or surgical treatment, new diet); refl. leten..~ of wordes, proceed from talk to something else; (c) to change, progress; be changed; progress (from one virtue or joy to another); conform oneself (to ordinances); of a color: change (to another color), tend (toward another color); of an ailment: develop (into another ailment); of blood: be changed (into nutriment or choler); of wine: be changed (into blood); ~ forth into, enter (a contemplative state); ~ in..cours, go through (some) series of changes; ~ into on, become one; passinge to erthe, becoming earth.
9.
(a) Of part of a factual or fictional account: to be lacking, be omitted, go by without mention; leten ~ (bi, forth, over, skip over (a subject), be silent about, omit; leten ~ undeclared (with silence), be silent (about sth.); leten ~ over sone, touch (a subject) briefly; (b) with reference to narrating: to move on, proceed; omit (sth.), leave out; ~ awei, skip over (sth.); ~ lightli, lightli ~, speak briefly; ~ of, proceed from (a subject), skip over; ~ over, move on, proceed; drop (a subject), skip over; shorten (a treatment), touch (a subject) briefly; omit (sth.); ~ therfrom, leave that subject; (c) to conclude (part of an account), finish.
10.
(a) To overlook (sins); ~ over, take no offense; ignore (sins); ~ bi, of judgment: exempt (sb. from condemnation); (b) to go unnoticed, get by, be ignored; leten ~ (forth, ignore (an offense, a person, an accusation, a teaching, religious observances, etc.); ~ for nought, be disregarded; sufferen..~ forth (unpunished), disregard (an offense); (c) to break (a rule, commandment, point of right conduct, etc.), disobey, violate; transgress against (Christ, the Gospel, religion, charity, due practice, etc.), depart from; also, circumvent (a law) [quot.: a1500(?c1378)]; (d) to transgress, deviate; also make a mistake [quot.: c1600]; ~ (awei) from, deviate from (obedience to God or divine law); ~ biside, ~ bisides (of, disregard (wisdom, the word of God, etc.); of God: deviate from (his own word); bisides ~, break (the covenant of God); ~ of, disregard (commandments); ~ oute of, depart from (the way).
11a.
(a) To excel in goodness or badness; surpass (sb. or sth.) in general excellence or moral worthiness; surpass (sb. or sth.) in a particular virtue; of a virtuous utterance: surpass (another utterance) morally; also, excel in intrinsic worth; ~..in kinde, exceed (sb.) in natural worth; (b) to surpass (sb. or sth.) in a craft or an art, in intelligence, wit, learning, etc., in the profession of arms or knighthood, in fineness of dress or ornament, in physical strength; surpass (the devil) in a sinful practice; surpass (animals) in something; of a science or an art: surpass (another science or art); of music: surpass (other music); ~ biforen, outstrip (sb.) in learning; (c) to outdistance (sb.); beat (sb.) in casting the stone; (d) to surpass (sth.) in a physical property, in brightness of light or color, in sweetness, sharpness of taste, etc.; surpass (sb. or sth.) in beauty, attractive features, etc.; (e) of a weapon, a medicinal stone: to surpass (another weapon, other stones) in effectiveness; (f) to exceed (sb. or sth.) in authority, authoritativeness; exceed (sb.) in social status, reputation, honor, etc.; of custom, flattery: exceed (sth.) in influence; of dryness: be dominant; ~ over, have authority over (mankind, a country, etc.); also, surpass (the natural powers of man); (g) to exceed (sth.) in moral efficacy, outweigh morally, have greater spiritual value than (sth.); overcome (sorrow, the mind), conquer; of a compassionate attitude or of mercy: exceed (sth., other attitudes), cover (sin), compensate for (the demands of justice); of reason: overrule (desire), quell (wrong); of evil: outweigh (good); of sin: be worse than (other sin); (h) of mistreatment of the poor: to surpass (persecutions) in intensity; of pain: surpass (other pains, the pains of martyrdom, one's deserts for sin); of sorrow: exceed (other sorrow); ~ aboven, exceed (sth.); (i) to lie beyond (one's ability), exceed (one's powers); be beyond (sb., understanding, somebody's wit, learning, imagination, etc.), transcend; of a gift: be beyond (one's wealth or ability to pay); ~ boundes of commissioun, exceed the limits of (the mind's) authority; (j) to overstep a prescribed limit, act excessively; exceed (moderation, a specified quantity); overstep (one's prerogative, rightful power, etc.); outstrip (somebody's wisdom or wit, one's own mentality, one's authority, etc.); ~..degre, exceed (one's) status; ~..credence, exceed (one's) authority; ~..privilege, exceed a prerogative; ~..ward, go out of control; ~ boundes of pouer, overstep the limits of (one's) rightful power; refl. passed himself, outran himself; (k) to exceed (the normal or natural, nature, the bounds of nature), go beyond; ~ from, depart from (opposition); ~ oute of, deviate from (the course of nature); (l) to exceed (a number, a number of things or persons); exceed (a monetary value, somebody's income or a specified fraction of it, a sum of money); of distance, length, breadth, heat, moisture, etc.: exceed (a certain measure or degree); of a religious foundation: outgrow (a parent foundation) in size or wealth; of a description: surpass (a Bible) in length; ~ the maner, exceed what is suitable; ~ over, exceed (a degree of heat); (m) to exceed (a measure of time), be older than, be longer than; go beyond (a stated time), be later than; ~ over, be later (by a measure of time); ~ due time, be too late; ~..terme, overstay (one's) limit.
11b.
Ppl. passinge, as quasi-conj. or prep.: (a) surpassing (sb. or sth.) in general excellence or in some specific quality or ability; (b) exceeding (a number of people or things, a unit or period of time, etc.), more than; passinge his rent, more than his income; in addition to (sth.) [quot.: a1398]; (c) surpassing (sth.) in growth or size; rising above (flat ground, the skin); exceeding (a measure of length); passinge terme, growing past the edge of the eye; (d) in preference to (sb. or sth.), more than; (e) surpassing (sb.) in dancing or weeping; (f) exceeding (the natural, the normal, necessity); passinge out of, exceeding (measure); passinge kinde, exceeding natural limits; passinge commune cours of kinde, deviating from what is normal; (g) lying beyond (one's normal ability, one's reason), surpassing.
12.
(a) To extend; protrude, rise; be situated; reach above (clouds, somebody's knee, the heavens); fig. penetrate (heaven); ~ bi, of a stream: flow by (a town, land); ~ abouten, flow around (land); ~ aboven, rise above (clouds); ~ from, protrude from (the earth); ~ inward, of coastal land: recede; ~ over, of a flood: rise above (a mountain); ~ thider, fig. reach to that extent; (b) in descriptions of anatomy, medical procedures, wounds: to extend, be situated; protrude through (a wound), penetrate (the skin); of human or animal teeth: overlap (other teeth), protrude outside of; ~ bitwene, extend through (seams); ~ forth, extend; ~ from, extend from (sth.); ~ further than, go beyond (a wound); ~ inward (to the inside), extend inward; ~ oute, extend outward, protrude; protrude through (a wound); ~ oute of, extend from (sth.), lead from; ~ over, extend past (a joint); ~ thurgh, extend through (sth.), lead through; ~ thurghout, penetrate (the skull); ~ upward, of a serpent's reproductive organs: extend toward the head.
13.
(a) To sojourn, exist; ~ over livinge, go through life, live; (b) to get by, make do, be content; refl. content oneself; (c) to succeed, avail; (d) to act, do; do (sth.), finish; ~ non other-gate, act in no other way; ~ forth, do, accomplish; ~ bitwene, act as intercessor between (kings); of fortune: ~ bi, act in accordance with (law); (e) to live through (a flood, perils, etc.), survive, escape; endure (pain, labor); recover from an ailment; pass trial, be acquitted; risk (danger); ~ over, endure, survive; ~ over time in haste, suffice for the time being; ~ thurgh, undergo (trial); ben passed, be past (danger); (f) to avoid punishment or pain; avoid (persecution); (g) of suffering: to be avoided; ~ ther-bi, be spared that suffering; ~ from, of men, souls: escape from (pain); of pain: be averted from (sb.).
14.
(a) To render judgment, decide a case; ~ ayen (ayenes), rule against (sb.); ~ bitwene, judge between (parties in a suit); ~ on, try (sb.); ~ upon, pass judgment upon (sb. or sth.); ~ with, rule in favor of (somebody's claim); (b) to be judged, be decided; ~ ayenes, be decided against (sb.); ~ bi, of a plaintiff: be judged by (sb.); ~ for (with), be decided in favor of (sb.); ~ on, of a sentence: be passed against (sb.); (c) to pass (a law); of a ruling: be agreed upon, be enacted, pass; ~ biforen, of an account: be approved by (sb.); ~ the hous, pass (sb., i.e., somebody's suit) in the House of Commons; (d) of property: to be transferred; be transferred (to sb., from sb.), be given; (e) ?to formulate (an account), make.
15.
In surnames [some are prob. OF].

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • c1450 Peniarth Comparacio(2) (Pen 356B)68/102 : How know ȝe þe superlatyf degre? For hit passeth his posytyf wt þis aduerbe maxime and endithe in Englisse in '-yste' as 'wisyst'…þat ys to sey 'wisist: most wise'.
  • Note: Additional example for sense 11a.(c?) (Diff. object.)

Supplemental Materials (draft)

Note: Sense 11b., 'pres. ppl. as as quasi-conj. or prep.,' bears comparison with the separate entry passing(e ppl. adj., which should perhaps be subsumed under the verb. It appears that examples in which 'passing' took an object of some sort were treated here under the verb, and those in which it did not were treated there.