Middle English Dictionary Entry

dọ̄n v.(1)
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Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

1a.
(a) To perform (an action), do (sth.), carry on (an activity); ~ muche (more, moste), achieve or accomplish much (more, most); (b) to do (sth. to or for sb.); (c) ~ but, to do nothing but, do only, only; -- with or without neg.
1b.
(a) ~ bataille, to fight, fight a battle; ~ armes (chivalrie, prouesse), perform chivalric feats, engage in combats, fight; (b) ~ cure (medicine), to apply a medical treatment, treat (sb.) medically, cure (sb.), effect a cure; -- also used fig.; (c) ~ dedbote (penaunce), to do penance, make amends; ~ shrift, go to confession, be shriven; ~ penaunce to, mortify (one's flesh); ~ shrift on, shrive (sb.); (d) ~ erand (message), to do an errand, deliver a message, carry out a mission; ~ word, send word; (e) don folie (unwisdom), to act foolishly, be foolish (unwise); (f) don journei (viage), to undertake a journey, go on a journey (voyage); ~ pilgrimage, go on a pilgrimage; (g) ~ messe, to celebrate mass; ~ exequies, ~ obsequies, perform a funeral service; ~ feste, celebrate a saint's feast day; ~ observaunce (service, worshipe), conduct divine worship; ~ evensong; ~ preier, pray; ~ sacrement, administer a sacrament; (h) ~ miracle (maistrie, selcouth, wonder), to perform a miracle; perform a wondrous feat; ~ wonder, to do unspeakable things [1st quot.].
1c.
(a) ~ (al) might, ~ (al) main, ~ (al) pouer, ~ (al) travaille, ~ labour, to strive, work strenuously, do (one's) utmost; -- usually with gen.; (b) ~ bisinesse (cure, diligence, peine), to take pains, work hard, be diligent; -- often with gen.
1d.
(a) ~ dede (werk), to perform an action, do a (good, evil, etc.) deed; carry on an activity or function; (b) ~ dede, to have sexual intercourse.
1e.
(a) ~ god (godnesse), to do a good deed; do a kindness (to or for sb.), help (sb.); live virtuously; (b) of things or actions: to be beneficial, benefit (sb.).
1f.
(a) ~ justice (laue, right, rightwisnesse), to administer justice, enforce the law; ~ laue, punish (sb.); ~ justice of (upon), ~ rightwisnesse to, enforce the law against (sb.), punish; (b) ~ laue (right), to do justice on behalf of (sb.), treat (sb.) justly; (c) ~ laue, to obey the law.
1g.
(a) ~ nede(s, to perform a necessary act, transact (one's) affairs; attend to (someone's) needs, conduct (someone's) business; ~ god (gret) nede, accomplish something great; (b) ~ nede, to evacuate (one's) bowels.
1h.
(a) ~ profit, to be beneficial or useful, accomplish something, be successful; benefit (sb.), work for (someone's) benefit; ~ avauntage, ~ note, be useful; (b) ~ profit, ~ avauntage, to derive benefit (for oneself), make (one's) profit; ~ note, get benefit, acquire gain.
1i.
(a) ~ wille, to do (someone's) will; ~ commaundement, obey (someone's) command; ~ counseil (lore, red), follow (someone's) advice or counsel; (b) ~ wille, to do (one's own) will, do as one chooses; God dide his wille of hir, she died; if God do his wille of him, if he dies; (c) ~ wille, to have (one's) way (with a woman), have intercourse.
1j.
(a) ~ wrong (gilt, il, ivel, sinne, trespas), to commit a sin or crime; do evil, behave wickedly; ~ harm, do harm; ~ offence, commit an offense; (b) ~ thefte, etc.; to commit (a specific sin or crime); ~ glotonie, to be gluttonous; ~ lecherie, commit adultery or fornication; ~ maumetrie, worship idols; (c) ~ harm (to, on), ~ il, ~ ivel (to), ~ loth, ~ offence (to), ~ unright, ~ wo, ~ wrake, ~ wreke on, ~ wrong (to), to wrong (sb.), do harm to (sb.); ~ hardnesse to, deal harshly with (sb.); ~ hindering, hinder or injure; ~ pine (on), torture (sb., one's body).
2.
(a) To complete (a task, an enterprise, etc.), finish (a meal, fight, etc.); ben don, be finished, be done; (b) ben don, of life, love, power, a season, a time, a tide, etc.: to be ended or passed; of things, food, etc.: be used up; of a person: die; it worth don mid him, he was dead; of me don it is, it is all over with me, I am done for; (c) haven i)don, to be finished with a task, etc.; (d) have i)don, have done with it!, get finished!, hurry up!
3.
(a) To make (sth.), produce, establish, construct; bring forth (fruit); wel don, well made, well built; (b) wel don, well trained, well educated, able.
4.
(a) To cause (sth.); make (sth. happen), cause (sb. to do or experience sth.), have (sth. done); ben don, happen; be it don, so be it; as it was don, as it was; it is (was) ~, it came to pass; (b) to cause (sb.) to be (sth.); make (sb. beautiful, dark, a bishop, etc.); (c) ~ (to, til) understonden (kennen, knouen, witen), to give (sb.) to understand (sth.), cause (sb.) to know, let (sb.) know, inform, show; (d) don don, to cause (sth. to be done), have (sth. made or done); -- with inf.; haven don, to have caused (sth. to be made or done); -- with inf. or p.ppl.; leten ~, let (sth. be done), cause or command (sth. to be done); -- with inf.
5a.
To place (sb. or sth.), put, take, bring; ~ to, to put (hand) to (mouth), apply (medicine) to (eye), fasten (sth.) to (sth.); ~ to hors, put (sb.) on horseback, order (sb.) to mount; ~ abouten, ~ adoun, ~ among, ~ at, ~ bitwene, ~ in, ~ into, ~ on, ~ under, ~ withinne, ~ withouten.
5b.
(a) ~ a(wei, to remove (sb. or sth.), put away, take away; also fig. turn (the heart) away (from God); ~ fro, remove (sth.) from; ~ of, remove (sb.) from (sth.), strip off (skin); ~ out of, remove (sb. or sth.) out of; (b) ~ awei, ~ out, to drive (sb.) out or away, send away, expel; ~ fro, drive (sb.) away from (sth.); ~ out of; (c) ~ on, ~ upon, to put on (one's clothing, a garment, armor, etc.), gird on (one's weapons), put (a garment, spurs) on (sb.); also fig. [cp. don v. (2)]; ~ of, take off (one's clothes, shoes, armor, etc.), remove (clothing) from (sb.) [cp. doffen v.]; fig. put off (the old man), abandon (the old life or habits); ~ doun, take off (one's clothing, hood), let down (one's breeches); (d) ~ to, to add (sth.) to (sth.); ~ togeder, put (things) together, combine; ~ with, mix (sth.) with (sth.).
5c.
~ up: (a) to raise (a timber); erect (a gallows); (b) to raise or open (a gate, window); (c) to put (sb. or sth.) in safekeeping, lock up, incarcerate.
5d.
Refl. (a) To betake oneself, go; ~ doun, come down; ~ in the wei, ~ on gate, begin one's journey, depart; ~ up, start up; (b) to get ready (to go, flee, sail), prepare, begin.
6.
(a) To put or take (sb. or sth. into, or out of, a state or condition) [often a fig. use of sense 5]; -- with in, into, to, under & fro(m, of, out of; refl. put oneself (in a state), devote oneself (to activities); ~ of live, put (sb.) out of life, kill; ~ out of doute (drede), put (sb.) out of doubt, assure; (b) ~ to (the) deth, to put (sb.) to death, or to a (certain kind of) death; (c) ~ a)wei, to do away with (sb. or sth.), blot out, destroy, abolish, remove; put a stop to (behavior, an action); (d) ~ a)wei, stop!, enough of this!; (e) ~ doun, to depose (sb.), overcome, conquer; ~ under, get the better of (sb.); (f) ~ on, ~ upon, to place (a question, case, problem) before (sb.) for decision, refer (sth.) to (sb.); (g) ~ out, to extinguish (a torch, etc.).
7.
(a) To give (alms, charity), offer (sacrifice, an offering); ~ largesse; (b) to give (a reward, esp. a spiritual benefit); grant (forgiveness, pardon, remission of sins); give (thanks); (c) to give (pleasure, comfort, entertainment, etc.); ~ chere, ~ comfort, ~ disport, ~ ese, ~ game, ~ gladnesse, ~ mirth, ~ plesaunce, ~ plesure, ~ solace, ~ sport; -- usually with obj. or to phrase; (d) to spend (money); ~ cost(es, ~ costages, ~ expense(s, pay costs or expenses, pay or expend money; ~ godes, spend the proceeds or income of property; (e) ~ wherfore, ~ whi, to pay a fee for a privilege or service, pay (sb.) a fee, give a bribe (to sb.); also, provide justification for (a punishment) [quot.: a1425].
8.
To show or exhibit (a feeling, quality, attitude); ~ courtesie, show courtesy, be courteous; ~ frendshipe, show (sb.) friendship, perform friendly acts (for sb.); ~ grace, show favor, be gracious (to sb.); ~ merci, show mercy, be merciful, perform merciful acts; ~ reverence, show respect or reverence; ~ felaushipe, ~ honour, ~ love, ~ milce, ~ mildhertnesse, ~ pite, ~ worshipe. [Sometimes hard to distinguish from senses 1 & 9.]
9a.
(a) To act, behave, proceed; act or behave (in a certain manner); ben doing, be active; also, to act, proceed; (b) ~ wel, to act or behave well, do the right thing, be valiant; ~ bet, ~ bettre; ~ best, do the best thing, do (one's) utmost; wel doing, doing or behaving properly, valiant; as noun: valiant one (s); the best doing, the most valiant ones; Do-wel, Do-bet, Do-best, allegorical characters in Piers Plowman; (c) ~ after (bi), to act in accordance with (someone's advice, counsel, teachings, or desires), follow, obey; follow the advice or wishes of (sb.), obey (sb.); ~ after red, ~ bi counseil, act prudently; ~ ayen(es, disobey (sb., a command), disregard (advice), oppose (sb. or sth.); (d) ~ bi (of, til, to, with), to act in regard to (sb. or sth.), do with or to, deal with, treat; ~ wel bi, treat (sb.) kindly, be a benefactor to; wel don to, well treated; (e) ~ for, to act on behalf of (sb.), help; provide for (sb.), take care of; (f) to be sufficient or satisfactory, serve; ~ not worth a tord, be ineffectual.
9b.
(a) Inf. to don(ne, necessary to be done, obligatory; also, advisable to do, appropriate, proper, desirable to do; ben to ~; (b) haven to ~, to be obliged to do (sth.), have to do; haven nought (nothing) to ~, be under no obligation (to do sth.), have no reason (to do sth.), have no reason to be (in a place), be out of place; (c) haven to (at) ~, to be busy, have business to attend to; attend to or transact business; haven inough to ~, be fully occupied, have one's hands full; haven muche to ~, haven to ~ swithe, have much to do, be very busy; (d) haven to ~ with (of), to have dealings with (sb.), have occasion to use (sth.), be concerned with (sb. or sth.); haven nought (not, nothing) to ~ with (of); (e) haven to (at, a) ~ with, haven to ~ mid; to have sexual intercourse with (a woman); -- also used of deer; (f) maken to ~, to make a to-do; also, keep (oneself) busy.
10.
To fare, get along, live; -- of persons or things; ~ wel, get along well, do well, be well off, prosper, be in good health; ~ bettre, ~ worse; ~ withouten, get along without (sth.), do without; hou (what) dest thou, how are you?
11a.
As an emphatic [stressed] auxiliary verb expressing actuality, insistence, pleading, etc.: (a) in statements; (b) in requests and commands; (c) in questions. [Some of the examples may belong to 11b, below.]
11b.
Unstressed don plus inf., used as the equivalent of the simple verb [hard to distinguish from the empahtic do phrase, occasionally even from the causal do phrase].
12.
Used as a substitute for a specific verb or verb phrase: (a) in the as (so, swa) clause, which usually follows the main clause; (b) in the as (so, swa) clause, with change of the object or of the construction of the verb phrase; (c) in the than clause following the comp. of an adv.; (d) in other subordinate clauses; (e) in a following verb phrase introduced by and (ac, yet); (f) in a following independent clause; (g) in a preceding independent clause.

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • a1475 Sidrak & B.(LdMisc 559)408/5902 : The child..in the modir..is sometyme brouȝtt to nouȝtt ..; by thre skylis may hit come to why hit is don for [Lnsd 793: fordone] alsoo.
Note: This appears to be a use of p. ppl. don for in a sense usually reserved for the compound fordon (killed, destroyed, etc.), though the sentence may possibly be otherwise construed.

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • a1400 Trin-C O.9.39 Recipes (Trin-C O.9.39) 5/38 : Do out þi fire and lete þi leed akele.
  • Note: Antedates sense 6.(g).
  • a1400 Trin-C O.9.39 Recipes (Trin-C O.9.39) 13/21 : Vnknytte þy skyn and do out þe mader þerof into a vessel.
  • c1475 Yale-BA.Artist.Recipes (Yale-BA R486.M43 1450) 101/14 : Take alom glas and brasyl and sethe hem wel togyder in wel water, and than do oute þe water by hymselfe into anoder vessel.
  • Note: ?New sense, or ?poss. modify sense 5b.(b). Clarke gloss = 'pour out'