Middle English Dictionary Entry
wikked(e adj.
Entry Info
Forms | wikked(e adj. Also wikket, wikketh, wiked, wikit, wicked(e, wicket, wek(k)ed(e, wekith, wokkid, wuckud, vikked, vikede, (K) wikhed, (N) wikcud & (error) kykkyd. |
Etymology | Prob. from wik(ke adj.; also cp. OE wicca wizard. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of a person, the soul, etc.: morally perverse, iniquitous, bad; also fig.; of a demon, the devil: evil; of God: capable of evil; ~ hals, ?one meant to hang by the neck, specif. one who is obdurate in vice; also, a traitor;
(b) of an action, a practice, thought, etc.: prompted by an evil impulse; sinful; also fig.; also, barbaric [quot. a1450 Mandev.(3)];
(c) tending to spread malice; also fig.; also, insidious in promoting evil, pernicious; of a planet: malign; ~ tonge;—also person.; ~ tonged men;
(d) resulting from or permeated with sin;
(e) as noun: one who is iniquitous or evil;—also coll.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)7475 : Hercne ou ȝeo tock an, þes wickede wifman; In hire bosome ȝeo bar bi-neoþe hire tyttes one ampulle of hatter ifulled.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)1/3 : Ich bidde þe hit by my sseld auoreye þe wycked uend.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)43/3 : Ich clepie wychkedhede huanne þe man is zuo wykhed and zuo moche dyeuel þet him ne dret naȝt to done ane greate zenne dyadlich and orrible.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.140 : Þorouȝ…wickednesse of wicked Men comeþ mysbileue in alle manere men.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)482 : Nay, my wille wol nouȝt asent to my wicked hert.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2142 : A wykkeder man þan he was on nas non on al hure lawe.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 8.2 : Summe wymmen…weren heelid of wickide spiritis.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.3.5 : Wher God is wickid that bryngeth in wraththe?
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.899 : Right as a free bole is ynough for al a toun, right so is a wikked preest corrupcioun ynough for al a parisshe.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)170 : Iesus quen he lange had fast was fondet wit þe wikket [Vsp: wik] gast.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.303 : Þe erles of Scotlond þat atteynt wer of treson, þe kyng…deliuerd þam fro prison…Here of þis wikked hals…To France þei ȝede, þo fals.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)855 : He wonded no woþe of wekked knavez.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Prelates (Corp-C 296)76 : Of siche vikede men seiþ god bi his prophete.
- a1450 Lordyngis leue (Bod 48)107/603 : Þey…wile be schrewes…wikkeþ and vnwrast.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)65/10 : He shal…takyn hese frendys and ledyn hem to ioye withoutyn ende, and iuge the wekede men withoutyn ende.
- c1450(c1400) Rev.Jul.Norwich (Add 37790)79/7 : A wikkyd spiritte…schewed hym in liknes of a goode angelle.
- a1450 Enmy herowde (Sln 2593)1 : Enmy herowde, þu wokkyd kyng, qwy dredes þu þe of cristes comyng?
- c1450 Mannyng HS (Yale Osborn a.2)165/103 : Drounken lewyde man es a wykkyde hals; Ful seldome es any þat he na es fals.
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)21/25 : Vykked men ar as londe or erth, for they thenke alway apon erthely thynges.
- c1425(a1400) Wycl.Conf.(Dub 245)327 : Wuckud aungels han myche kunnyng, but þei han nouȝt of hoolynesse.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.308 : In alle þingis takith to ȝou þe scheld of feith with whyche ȝe mon qwenchyn alle þe brennynge dartis of þe wyckyd fend.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)1/11 : Deme all wikytdoers ynto þe pyt of hell for euermor.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)132/1 : Wite thow well that the honnoure and glory of a kynges [?read: kyng is] to enchu folargesse and scarsite, as two wickyd enemys to mayntene a roialme.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3063 : Wicked soule of man ywis Is þe foulest þing þat is.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)25/25 : He that hath adversite, they sayn he is weked and hath deserved thilke anoy.
b
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)415 : For wikkede dede Muche worþ among ham loue yhated.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)17/8 : Prede is king of wyckede þeawes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)229/11 : Ac saint bernard zayþ and spekþ of ham þet zuo ham sseweþ ine wykkede onderstondinge and doþ more þanne hare stat acseþ.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ps.24.4 : Confoundid be alle doende wickid thingus ouer veynly.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2482 : Ne yeldeth noght harm for harm ne wikked speche for wikked speche.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6822 : Þou folu þam na mar þan þi faas, þat til wikcud dedes gaas.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)5.435 : With wikked wille and wraththe my werkmen I paye.
- c1400 Apoc.(2) (Hrl 171)40/4 : Þat þe hail & þe fier weren medlid togidere wiþ blood is þe wickid wordis & þe greet wraþþe of þe Iewis.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3025 : For with hym were other twoo Of wikkid maners and yuel fame.
- a1450 Dux Moraud (BodPoet f.2)53 : Saue me fro wykyt thowtys.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)97/12 : The folk that I speke of han a wekkede custome…for they wele gladly etyn manys flesch more than ony othir flesch.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)13882 : I knaw to god my gylt and all my weked toyȝt.
- c1450 Dives & P.(Lchf 35)1.31 : Wykkyd vowes and wykkyd behestes been to be broken.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)174/174 : Of his wykkyd wyl lurdeyn ȝitt he lyede.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.243 : Þe periurie is mor synne be God þan be creaturis or be nyce oþis, but boþin arn wykkyd.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.306 : He [Cain] wolde nout kepyn hym in þe sadyl of pacience ne refreynyn þe wyckyd desyr of his flesch.
- a1500(?a1425) Chester Pl.Antichr.(Pen 399)504/366 : Falsly thrughe thy wykkyd redde the peple ys put to pyne.
c
- 1372 Al oure wele (Adv 18.7.21)p.56 : Wikked þing is coueytise.
- c1390(?c1350) SVrn.Leg.(Vrn)77/945 : Wikked-tonged men Wolde speke vuel of hem.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.320 : A wikked tonge is worse than a feend.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.498 : This synne is ful greet and ay encreseth after the wikked entente of the bakbitere.
- (a1392) Clanvowe 2 Ways (UC 97)64/277 : Þe feendis teechyng is fals and wykkede aȝens oure trewe bileeue.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3474 : Many man…rake falsly þe wikked couert fire…of envye.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3027 : That oon was clepid, by his name, Wykked-Tonge, God yeve hym sorwe!
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)43/11 : Sum bownyd with þe wikkid sprete of pride thinkis thame-selfe als gude os thayre abbes.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.4.35 : A fortunat ascendent clepen they whan that no wicked planete, as Saturne or Mars…is in the hous of the ascendent.
- a1450 Þer is non gres (Sln 2593)p.233 : Wykkyd tunge brekit bon.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)139/4 : The fourthe vertu is þat it kepith a soule fro þe wikkid enemy of luste.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.15.9a : Bi meditacion schalt þou sen…wikkede steringes of enuye.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)48a/a : Saturne is a planete malancolie and wickid.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.179 : Mest sekyr it is þat he ȝeue non þanne ne for þanne, for it is lyk symonye, and Sent Powil byddyth þat men schuldyn abstynyn hem from euery wyckyd lyknesse.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)10799 : Of a wicked tunge…Þe deuel haþ miche ioye and blis.
- 1532(?a1400) RRose (Thynne)7422 : They to Wicked Tonge comen That at his gate was syttyng.
d
- ?c1430(c1383) Wycl.Leaven Pharisees (Corp-C 296)24 : Marchauntis…of þis wikkid world fallen in moche ypocrise.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Obed.Prel.(Corp-C 296)37 : Deuelis…may bynde men more to here wickid lawis & wrong execucions of hem.
- a1500(?a1400) Torrent (Chet 8009)2302 : Now a man in wekid lond Hath myn armour and stede in hond.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)5.9.93a : Sche praieth for synners, þat the Lord haue hem not hevy at herte for hire wiked erroure.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3167 : Children þat shal come of þe In God of heue her truþe shal be…But þilke þat shal come of hem þo Shal torne into wicked lawe.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)9327 : Helle…is a ful wicked citee Made to þe deuel and his meyne.
e
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)52.2 : Þe wicked ben corrumped and made loþeliche and [read: in] wickednesses.
- c1390 11 Pains(3) (Vrn)253/81 : Wikked wiþ wikked also…schul…to-gedere go.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)18279 : Mony wickede & mis dedy Hastou lost.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)1.122 : Whan thise wikked went out wonderwise þei fellen.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)197/4 : I saw a wicked arered.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.6697 : Goode and wikked abide in eueri place.
- a1450 Thenke hertely (Dgb 102)63 : Þe wikked, in helle for to brenne, In endeles pyne, deþ shal hem fede.
- ?a1475 LDirige(2) (Dc 322)597 : The wikked than, withouten delay, As arowes, to helle they shullen fle.
- c1475 3 Consid.(UC 85)192 : As good peeple will be and abide amonges the good…the perverse and wykked will be with evyll and maliciouse.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.130 : Þe goode shulden nought…been to proude…ne þe wyckydde been to sory.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3265 : Þus may þe wikked als wel alday Haue Goddes loue as þe gode men may.
2.
(a) Causing harm, pain, or injury; distressing; also in fig. context; also, unwholesome, unhealthful;
(b) ferocious; also, fierce;
(c) unpleasant, loathsome, noisome;
(d) tending to cause disease, pathogenic; also, resulting in ill health [quot. a1425].
Associated quotations
a
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)148 : He wold…wayte hire sum wicked torn what bitidde after.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1626 : Who so wicked Ale breweth, Fulofte he mot the werse drinke.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6511 : If that wikkid deth hym haue, I wole go with hym to his graue.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.10.2 : Cometh alle to-gidre now, Ye that ben ykaught and ybounde with wikkide cheynes by the desceyvable delyt of erthly thynges.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)164/34 : He bryngeth…no poysoun ne venym ne no wykked þing þat myght be greuance to the lord.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)756 : Every day this wal they wolde threte And wisshe to God that it were doun ybete; Thus wolde they seyn, ‘Alas, thow wikkede wal!’
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)145 : Also wele kepe hem alle the bochieres…that non of hem shewe to sellyn flessh of morreyn, stynkkyng, ne corrupt…ȝif ony wil sellyn such wikked flessh…thanne stonde vndyr the pyllorye of the toun with a tabele aforn hym.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)777/4 : He schuld be dampned to wykkyd detþe.
- ?a1525(?a1475) Play Sacr.(Dub 652)347 : All wykkyd metys yt wyll degest.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7765 : The warlagh with a wicked arowe woundit hym.
- 1600(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hrl 2013)7/151 : Yf that ye in thrall you bringe, Then shall you have a wicked fall.
b
- a1350 Ich herdemen (Hrl 2253)70 : Ruls ys oure ruȝe & roted in þe stre, for wickede wederes by brokes & by brynke.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)124/23-4 : Strengþ aye þe norþ aye þe wyckede cheles. Iustice ay þe west aye þe wyckede raynes.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)5638 : A wicked strok he him hit.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)16665 : A wicked werre thei ther by-gan.
- c1440(a1400) Eglam.(Thrn)509 : That wikked wilde beste was slayne.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3232 : Woluez and whilde swynne and wykkyde bestez Walkede in that wasternne.
- a1500(?c1400) Song Roland (Lnsd 388)857 : The wekid wedur lastid full long.
c
- c1450(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy [OD col.] (Glo 19)No.1, Bk.1, ch.4, fol.5v : Yf it stynke or yf it have any wicked sauour.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)160/33 : Flyes fleeþ and voydeþ þe wicked sauour and horrible þerof.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)279/3655 : Wykked tast in mowth, mykyll spittynge…are caused throgh resolucion of gross & crude mater.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)136/14 : He hase…xii vessell…to giffe gude smell and swete and to dryfe away wikked aere.
- (1466) in Cox Churches Derb.4.87 : Of oder sepultur serges…whose names shulde lykewyse be hed expressed botte that some wyked creature hath bytte the lefe…of the olde boke.
- (a1475) Recipe Painting(2) in Archaeol.J.1 (Sln 73)153 : Thou schalt fynde a wickid breeth of smel.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3544 : Of houndes comeþ houndes flies too And wormes of wicked eir also.
d
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)987/14 : Ofte vse of þis brediþ in þe body most wikked yueles.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)276/20 : He schal caste vp al his mete…& manye wickede humours þerwiþ.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.599 : Autumpnus…is…Þe tyme…Whan wykked humours inwardly habounde.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)139/447 : If þe malady be at þe standynge…crysis comes þe same day…if it come to gode; Wykkyd crysis oft-tym comes in þe same day, & sumtyme in anoþer day.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)3b : He vnbyndiþ þe stoppyng of the lyuer and castiþ oute wekiþ wyndis of manys body.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)52a/b : Wondez of þe stomac…beþ neruous & without blode, and þe place and þe passyng is of wicked humiditeez.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)65 : Þis drieþ vp wickyd humourz.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)11072 : Kyndely swoot comeþ comenly Of wicked blood in the body.
3.
(a) Difficult, troublesome;—used with inf.; also, unmanageable;
(b) hazardous, treacherous, dangerous; also in fig. context.
Associated quotations
a
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)35 : Wyues wille were ded wo ȝef he is wicked forte welde.
- c1400 Brut-1333 (Rwl B.171)55/22 : Þat lande was strong and wikkede to wynne.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)723-5 : I can ȝeue no better rede, But sende him in a noþer stedde, Into Poynttes, þat wycked ile, To abate his blode so vyle, To kepe þat wycket countre.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)2.155 : This lond is ful wikked to be wrought, To hard in hete, and ouer softe in wete.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)664 : Was…þe burwe…Riȝt wicked to wynne.
b
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3507 : My lord…him sewed over mires and muntaynes and oþer wicked weiȝes.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.1 : Þis weore a wikked [vr. kykkyd] wei bote hose hedde a gyde.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)50 : Bi ful wikkede pases thou shalt go, and wikkede herberwes þou shalt fynde.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)72 : Garaab…wiþseith my comaundement…Of him I may not wroken be, Into his lond is wikked entre.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)6323 : A man…gooþ a wicked way In greet perelle of the day.
4.
(a) Poor in quality, inferior; also in fig. context;
(b) miserable, wretched, unfortunate; also, undesirable; as noun: one who is wretched [last quot.];
(c) infected, diseased; also in fig. context [last quot.]; also, unwell; also, abnormal; ~ cough, ?consumption; ?whooping cough;
(d) disreputable.
Associated quotations
a
- ?c1335 Þe grace of godde (Hrl 913)163 : What is þe gode þat he sal hab, Oute of þis world whan he sal go? A wikid wede…For he ne broȝt wiþ him no mo.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2395 : Wiked fruit cometh of a wiked tre.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)78/28 : Of good sede he repyth wycked corn.
- ?c1450(a1388) Wallingford Exafrenon (Dgb 67)241 : Saturne…lettid the fructe that itt myght not waxe ripe, and the hervest wikkide be 3 monethis ever abowte the full Mone.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2593 : We shuln suppose that they shul come to a wikked ende.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)21a/b : Dierectus: wyckyd day.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)11/24 : As sone as we leue þe loue of hym…we…bicomen þrallis to so vyle þingis…Allas, wickid chaffare is þis.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)85/14 : Ofte-tyme þei þat wenyþ hem-silf sly beþ bi-giled with blynd hors & pursif hors & oþer wicked tacches þat men mowe noȝt redeliche se with here yȝen.
- c1475 Exemple sendynge (Vsp D.9)24 : To any so symple a wyked as I, that lustyth not to offende hys souerayn lady.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)159/11 : Yef þine eȝe is simple and clene, al þi bodi ssel by clyer and briȝt; And yef þin eȝe is wycked and dym al þi bodi ssel by þyestre and dim.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)221/5 : Þo he was in dispeir of hir lijf I was sent after & foond hir in wickide staat.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)338/21 : Basilicon minus…is good for to make a wickid enpostym maturatif.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)118b/a : If þe vlcerez be inobedient, be þai cured with cure of maligne, i. wicked, vlcerez.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)68/13 : A Rial þing expert, þat…amendeþ þe errour als wele of þe first digestion as of þe seconde, and doþ away wicked colour & vnnatural.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)94/15 : If þe place forsoþe bygynne to be wicked and to be roten, garse it al aboute and wasshe it wiþ salt water.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)123/508 : Ȝif þou wilt haue out þe wicked flesche…þen schalt þou make suche a poudur.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)192 : Liquorice…wole purge…þe wykkede cogh.
- a1475 Hrl.Bk.Hawking in Studia Neoph.16 (Hrl 2340)14 : A wykked felone is swolle of such manere couerte þat no man may it hele.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)62a/b : This oynement principaly drieþ & also he regendriþ fleisch & heliþ wickide woundis.
- a1500 As I walkyd vppon (Hnt HM 183)63 : Inuidia the third wownd is, A gritter gnawer þan ffelone or gowte…a wykkid wownd I-wis.
d
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)82.15 : Fulfil her face wiþ wicked des [vr. los; L ignominia].
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)20212 : Lo, þe saxons, so fals of fame, Of falsed and of weked name!
- a1450 Dux Moraud (BodPoet f.2)252 : Traueylyn I wyl ay For my wykyt fam.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1620 : Ye shal have…wikkyd loos and worse name.
- c1450(a1400) Libeaus (Clg A.2)17 : Hys modyr kepte hym yn clos For douute of wykkede loos.
5.
(a) The word ‘wikkede’; also in play on the name Mauni (OF mal ni);
(b) mistransl. of L nequaquam as nequam ‘vile’.
Associated quotations
a
- (?c1375-a1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3576 : The wikked nest was werkere of this nede.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)272 : Loke also suche wordis, ‘wakyng’…‘wickidnesse’ in wordis þat þei comen of, as ‘wakyng’ in ‘wake’…‘wickidnesse’ in ‘wicked’ & þus of oþire lyk hem.
b
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)116/18 : Newe and treteable be seyne to be resoluble, olde forsoþe and harde by wicked [Ch.(1): no-wise so; L nequaquam].
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1430 Chaucer LGW (Cmb Gg.4.27)756 : Alas, thow welkede wal! Thorw thyn enuye thow vs lettist al! Why nylt thow cleue or fallyn al a two.
Note: New spelling--add to form section: (error)welkede, which is to be added as a variant (from the above quot.) to the c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGWquot. in sense 2.(a).--per MLL