Middle English Dictionary Entry
whītnes(se n.
Entry Info
Forms | whītnes(se n. |
Etymology | From OE hwītness & ME whīt adj. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) The quality of whiteness; the condition of being white; the color white, a white color; also, an off-white or whitish color, the white or whitish color (of teeth, hair, a bodily fluid, morbid bodily tissue, etc.); donish ~, a dull whiteness;
(b) fig. moral or spiritual whiteness, purity, freedom from the stain of sin;
(c) alch.?a silver or silvery color; ?the substance of silver;
(d) a lack of discoloration, colorlessness.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)45/2 : Þa rosene blostmen getacnigeð mid heora readnysse martyrdom, & þa lilian mid heora hwitnysse getacnigeð þa scinende clænnysse ansundes mægeðhades.
- c1175(?OE) HRood (Bod 343)16/27 : Ða þe heo up arisene wæron þa wearð all heoræ swartnysse on hwitnesse iwænd.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)136/19 : Coolde is þe modir of whiȝtnesse & of paleness.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)588/32 : Wiþ litil hete snowe meltiþ into watir and he chaungiþ sone boþe out of hardnes and whitnes.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1195/7 : Here [elephants’] ȝouþe is yknowe by whitnesse of teeþ.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1284/14 : Whitnesse is a colour ygendred of moche light and clere in pure matiere.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)34/340 : Let faire lynnene towayles ligge vppon þyn awter…þe whiche for here whitnesse and clennesse mowe signefie…chastete and simplenesse.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4077 : Þer was no lylye flour Nor snowe þat flakeþ from Iubiteris tour Of whitnes fressher on to sene.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)197/1791,1792 : Þat qualite is cald evermare in als mykyll as in þam is caused whitnes in uryn…& þarefore sais Galien: albedo erit filia frigiditatis, whytnes is caldhedys doghter.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)102a/a : Ane enpostume þe which is cleped vdimia oþer zimia…is softe be cause of softenesse of flewme & it is white be cause of whitenesse of flewme.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)249/12 : Þi bodily iȝe seeþ noþing ellis but whitnes of breed…and þe taast sauereth noþing ellis but þe sauour of breed.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)47/7 : Þe wondes haþ hardnes wiþ whitenes and redenes.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)449/26 : Of fallyng of þe heres, of whitenesse, and of lyse…The heres ben made blakke, after Jesus, as it was saide of horenesse of þe hede…þe enoyntynge wiþ oyle or with gose grece þat be rubbede strongely in lede is aproprede by hym.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)50.257 : Be his [white hart’s] whitnesse vndirstondeth ȝe his Modris and his virgynyte.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)33/3 : Take a pound of salt gemme…and late it sethe…till þat it be turnyd in-to whytnesse.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)139/19 : It is as gret differens betwene virginyte and chastite as it is betwene whitnes of kynde and whitnes made be craft.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)140/4 : First þe flex…is grene as gresse & þan it is dryed; after þat, beten and so made cloþe, wiche clothe is ofte waterid and sonned vnto the tyme it hath cawth whitnes.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)52b/a : Colera Eruginosa is…engendrid by þe latter brennynge of Colera prassiua, þe whiche, whanne he ys in so myche forbrent þat hise humouris wexiþ drie…his colour drawiþ to a maner of whitnesse aftir þe colour of aischen.
- c1475 St.Anne(2) (Trin-C R.3.21)464 : She hath made Of whytenes the colour incomperable.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1506 : Where colde werchith in mater moyst & clere…of such worching whitnes wil apere, As it shewith in Ise and frostis hore.
- a1500 Bod.EMisc.Lapid.(BodEMisc e.558)36/372 : The crepaude is found in the forehede of the Toode…He is rounde & broune, but she hathe a dounyssh whitenesse abowte hire.
- a1500 *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1207 : Dygestyon fyrste done in the stomake, in wyche is drynes, causythe whytȝness…lyke as ye iid dygestyon causythe Rednes complete jn the lyuer.
b
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)34/341 : Let faire lynnene towayles ligge vppon þyn awter…þe whiche for here…clennesse mowe signefie and schewe to þe þe whitnesse of chastete and simplenesse.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)34/351 : We takeþ sumwhat off whitnesse in þe wasschyngge awey of þe vielþe of synne, bote, certes, al parfytly clene and whith be we not imaad, for þe enclinaunce þat we habbeþ…to synne.
- c1400 Apoc.(2) (Hrl 171)114/16 : Þe liȝt of þe citee…was lijk to iasper & cristal…þe vertu of holy chirche is in grenenes of trewe feiþ, & in whiȝtenes of þe clennesse of baptym.
- c1405 Chaucer CT.SN.(Elsm)G.89 : First wolde I the name of seinte Cecile Expowne…It is to seye in Englissh ‘heuenes lilie’…for she whitnesse hadde of honestee, And grene of Conscience, and of good fame The soote favour, lilie was hir name.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)7394 : She þe whytnesse fyrst of alle Off clennes had.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)204 : Aristotle seith that milk is noon oother thing but blood that is remeved and maad al whyt bi decoccioun of heete…man ful of jre hath nouht in him but red blood, the whiche shulde neuere be whyt but if charite boiled it and turned it in to whitnesse…thilke that hath swich milk foryiveth al that men han mysdon him.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)139/24 : Þe soule and body is comen to whitnes and clennes of chastite.
c
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)760 : When thy vessell hathe stonde monethys 5…And lyȝtte apperyth, then encresse ye heete…tyll bryghte & schynyng in whyttenes be thyne stone.
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1189 : Into whyeȝttnes yff yur congyll oonsse, then yu haste a stone most precyus of all stones.
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1342 : Agayne then muste thou turne thyne whelle And putryfye all that mater with-ouȝte addyscions…then into whytnes congelle vpe eche dele And by redenes in-to ye sowthe Assend; then hast yu browȝte thyn base to an end.
d
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)162/5 : The tokynnys of good watrys be þise: þat is lyght, cler, and drawyng to qwytenes [L albedo], sqwete-tastyd.
2.
(a) Anat. ~ cristalline, cristalline ~, the crystalline lens of the eye;
(b) pathol. the white scale (on the scalp resulting from a skin disease).
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)131a/b : Macule ar wiþoutforþ to þe difference of catharactez & saniei & albedinis, i. whitnez cristallium [Ch.(2): cristallyne whitenesse; L cristalline] þat ar retro, i. bihynde, corneam.
b
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B)69/8 : Wið heafodsar, þæt ys scurf…nim þisse wyrt sæd & gose smere, cnuca tosomne; hit þa hwitnysse þæs scurfes of þan heafode atyhð.
3.
(a) Fairness of complexion, a natural whiteness or paleness of the skin;
(b) an unhealthy or unnatural pallor, excessive paleness; the condition of being abnormally pale or ashen-faced.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)763/18 : Gallia is a prouynce of Europa…and hath þat name of oolde tyme of whittenes of men, For Gallia is grew and is to menynge ‘melke’.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1217/5 : His [lion’s] grece ymedled wiþ oyle rosacio…saueth þe skynne of the face fro wormes and vices and kepeþ whitnesse and heleþ brennynges and swageþ swellynges of yhen.
b
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)431/1 : Colde and leccherie and heuynesse and longe sekenesses helpen to whytenesse [of the face].
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)84b/a : He þat is stoungen of a venymous beest haþ greet akynge…and þe colour of his face chaungiþ now to whitnesse and now to grenesse, palnes, or to blacnes: To whitnesse as þe hete and þe spiritis fleen in to þe ynward of þe pacient.
- c1475 Of yiftis (Hrl 2251)21 : To spitte Invenons the flewmatik is knowe…ffatt of kynde, the flewmous, men may trace, And know hym best by whitnes of his face.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)91/20 : Whitnesse with feblenesse, and yalow in colour, shewen dymynucion of decoccion þerof…Fle þerfor fro al men of feble and yalow colour, for he is enclyned to vices and to lechery.
4.
Radiance, brightness, brilliance.
Associated quotations
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.7.26 : Forsoþe whitnesse [WB(2): briȝtnesse; L candor] it is of þe euerlastinge liȝt & a merour with oute wem of þe maieste of god.
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)12/13 : Ihesu goddis sone, souereyne god, selcouthe witenesse [vrr. whijtnesse; swetnesse; L candorem] & endeles shynynge.
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)184/12 : Þou ihesu…whitenesse [vr. briȝtnes] of endeles lyȝte and myrour wyth-outen spotte.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)11b/a : Candor: whitnes.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)186/23 : The apostles sawe hure sowle of syche whitnes that noon erþely tonge myȝt say it, for it passid…alle maner of schynyng metal in clerenys and fayrenes.
5.
The word ‘whitnesse’.
Associated quotations
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)65 : This name ‘Albanus’, bi interpretacion, Compounnyd is of ‘plente’ & ‘whitnesse’.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. whiteness.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 2.(a)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. crystalline whiteness.