With ref. to a vertical axis (including top-to-bottom or head-to-foot orientation), chiefly with stative verbs or verbs of positioning, placing, etc.: (a) indicating elevation of position, absolute height: on high, in the heights, up above, up;—freq. with limiting prep. phrase; (b) indicating elevation relative to a fixed point of reference: ~ of lond, ?on high ground; ?inland; ben ~, of a river: to have risen to a high level, be running high; (c) indicating elevated position or upward orientation of a part of the body: raised, up; holden ~, to hold up (one’s head); also, keep (one’s hand) raised, stay; also with verb implied [last quot.]; (d) indicating position, sometimes elevated, on something so as to be supported from beneath: up; ?also, mounted, on horseback [quots. c1330 & a1500(?a1400)]; beren (holden, railen) ~; (e) indicating position, often elevated, so as to be suspended from above: high, up; hongen ~; (f) indicating a raised position of something that closes an aperture or opening when lowered: open, up; of tombs or graves: ?with slabs, coverings, etc. raised; ?dug up; (g) in phrase: ~ so and doun, indicating reversative position: upside down [cp. up-so-doun adv. phr. 1.(a)].

With ref. to a vertical axis (including top-to-bottom or head-to-foot orientation), chiefly with verbs of extending, reaching, etc.: (a) indicating extension through space to a higher position, level, etc.: extending upward, leading up; passinge ~, extension in an upward direction; risen (arisen) ~, of the sea: to swell, become higher; (b) with prep. phrases specifying the upper limit to which an action, a state, or condition extends: ~ to (at, in-to, til, unto), up as far as (a point on a body, structure, etc.), up to; (c) with prep. phrases specifying the lower limit from which an action, a state, or condition extends: from the middel (middes) ~, from the middle up to the top; (d) in phrase: ~ and doun, implying extension: from top to bottom; also, from head to foot [sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 12.(j)].

With ref. to a vertical axis (including top-to-bottom or head-to-foot orientation), chiefly with verbs of motion;—freq. with limiting prep. phrase specifying direction or destination: (a) indicating upward locomotion, flight, ascent, etc., or movement toward an elevated destination: upward, up; also, with verb implied: ~ and doun; ~ upon, to get up on (a horse), mount; knelinge ~ and doun, ?genuflecting; (b) indicating locomotion or movement up from sea level: on or onto land, toward higher ground, ashore; also, to town [quot. ?1475]; (c) indicating direction of the gaze, one’s attention, etc.: skyward, toward the heights, up; also, up from the ground; ~ and doun, high and low, in all directions; (d) indicating the moving or repositioning of a part of the body so that it is above its resting position or oriented upward: up higher, up; also, with verb implied: ~ with, to raise (one’s fist) [quot. ?c1450]; casten about ~ and doun, direct (one’s eyes) all around, look in all directions; (e) indicating the conveyance of something to a position of greater elevation by propulsion from beneath or drawing from above: upward, up; to the heights; also, to an upper chamber [quot. c1475]; also, with verb implied: ~ mid (with), to brandish (a weapon), raise; (f) indicating the raising of a movable part of something that closes an aperture when lowered: up; also, indicating the unfastening of a lock or latch by upward movement of a part: up; (g) indicating the repositioning of normally lower elements into elevated positions, indicating or implying reversative motion: upside down, up; turnen ~ .

With ref. primarily to a horizontal orientation, with stative verbs or verbs of positioning, placement, etc.: (a) indicating perpendicularity or uprightness of posture: upright, erect, up; righte ~, ~ righte (q.v.); (b) indicating the abandonment of a recumbent posture, esp. a sleeping or resting position: up on one’s feet, out of bed, up and about; sitten ~, to remain awake during normal sleeping hours, stay up late.

With ref. primarily to a horizontal orientation, with verbs of erecting, building, causing to arise: (a) indicating the building or setting up of something visually prominent against the horizon or a horizontal point of reference: up; bilden (reren, setten, etc.) ~; (b) indicating the engendering of high seas, etc.: up; casten (stiren) ~; (c) flusshen ~, to send (a flock of birds) skyward from the ground, flush.

With ref. primarily to a horizontal orientation, chiefly with verbs of motion: (a) indicating motion toward perpendicularity, uprightness, or erectness of posture: up; also, indicating the notion of bestirring oneself to action, initiating motion, etc.;—usu. with verb implied; arisen (breiden, setten, stonden, etc.) ~, to get to one’s feet, stand up, assume an upright stance, leave one’s bed or sickbed; risen ~, get to one’s feet, etc.; also, bestir oneself; (b) indicating motion from the posture of death, prob. with allusion to sense 6c.(a): risen ~, to arise from death, be restored to life; (c) indicating a change of grade toward the perpendicular: the stiinge ~, the upward slope (of a specified mountain); (d) indicating the positioning of something so that it stands perpendicular to the earth, floor, deck of a ship, etc.: upright, up; also, with impv. verb implied: ~ with, set up (a cross), let us erect; (e) indicating the raising of someone to an upright posture: up from the ground, to one’s feet; also, indicating the raising of the dead: reisen ~, to restore (a dead man) to life.

With ref. to a dorsal-ventral axis: (a) with verb of position implied: facing upward, up; (b) with verb of motion: comen (ben comen) ~, of an object used to cast lots: ?to land face up.

With ref. to an internal-external axis, with stative verbs: of a plant: up out of the ground; stikinge ~, of hair or eyebrows: ?projecting from the head or face, bristling [quot. may belong to sense 1a.].

With ref. to an internal-external axis, usu. with verbs of motion;—freq. with limiting prep. phrases specifying origin or destination: (a) indicating emergence or propulsion out of an internal space or region: out, up; comen ~, to emerge; also, of a boat: emerge from under the sea; of a plant: sprout; also, indicating escape from a place of confinement, concealment, etc.: breken ~, break away, burst forth; (b) indicating propulsion into an internal region: up inside, back up; (c) indicating motion from within up to a surface or so as to raise a surface from beneath: upward, outward, up; ben heied ~, to be made level; (d) indicating upward and outward motion from a surface or motion extracting someone or something from an internal space, from beneath a surface, etc.: out, up; (e) indicating the removal of a body from the earth or out of a tomb: nimen (taken) ~, to disinter (sb., a corpse), exhume; also, remove (treasure) from a grave [quot. a1387, last].

With ref. to a point loosely defined by the location of the narrator or speaker, site of the action, etc.: (a) with verbs of seizing, collecting, gathering, etc.: to oneself, into someone’s grasp, control, keeping, etc., up; also, with verb implied: he ~ with, he snatched up (a stone); (b) with verbs of drawing or pulling: back, up; (c) with verbs of locomotion, usu. with prep. phrase specifying the destination: forward (toward a place, to a place), forth, up; also, with verb implied: ich wille ~, I want to go; bothe) ~ and doun, doun and ~, nou doun…nou ~, back and forth, here and there, up and down; ?also, from every direction [quot. a1475].

Used nonliterally or in fig. contexts, with ref. to a vertical axis, in uses parallel to those of senses 1a.(a) & (d): (a) indicating elevation: in an exalted state; also, in a state of heightened emotion [2nd quot.]; (b) indicating a position atop or supported from beneath by someone or something; holden (beren) ~.

Used nonliterally or in fig. contexts, with ref. to a vertical axis, in uses parallel to those of sense 1b.: (a) indicating upward extension: grouen ~, to grow toward adulthood, achieve maturity; waxen ~, of a tree: grow in height; (b) with limiting prep. phrase specifying an upper limit of extension: ~ in-to (to), all the way up to (a roof, heaven), as far as.

Used nonliterally and in fig. contexts, with ref. to a vertical axis, in uses parallel to those of sense 1c.: (a) indicating upward locomotion, ascent, etc.: upward; also, to a happier or better state;—freq. with prep. phrase specifying the destination; (b) indicating general upward motion as contrasted with downward motion: ~ and doun, nou ~ nou doun, up and down, first one way, then another; what ~ what doun, ?what with one thing and another; ?the long and short of it was; (c) indicating conveyance of something to an elevated position: upward, up; also, to a position of prominence, a higher position, a happier state, etc.;—used with both verbs of motion and verbs of rearing, fostering, etc.; (d) indicating reversative motion: her ~ her doun, nou is ~ nou is doun, all is topsy-turvy; turnen ~ and (that is) doun, to upset (an institution, a law, the world, etc.), turn upside down.

Used nonliterally or in fig. contexts, with ref. primarily to a horizontal orientation, in uses parallel to those of senses 2a., 2b., and 2c.: (a) with stative verbs or verbs of placement, etc., indicating the state of having arisen from a position of dormancy, recumbence, etc.: up and about, afoot, stirring, abroad; also, in action, in progress; stirred up, roused; risen, up [quot. a1425]; of persons: risen as a military force, mustered; also, risen in rebellion; (b) with verbs of causing to arise or come into existence: into being, up; reisen ~ a hoste, to muster an army; (c) with verbs of motion, indicating assumption of an upright or standing posture: risen (arisen) ~, to assume a morally upright position; arise (from sin) [1st quot.]; achieve a position of dominance or superiority [quot. a1225]; also, rise up as a military force, rise in revolt or rebellion; also with verb implied [quot. 1401-2]; (d) with verbs of motion indicating the raising of someone to an upright posture: to a better, more blessed, morally preferable state, up from sinfulness, wrongdoing, etc., up; setten ~, to set (sb.) up (as king), elevate (sb. to the throne).

In nonliteral uses or in fig. context, with ref. to a dorsal-ventral axis, in uses parallel to those of sense 3.(b): comen ~, of an event: to happen, come up; turnen ~ and doun, ?of fate: vary from good to ill, turn out one way and then another.

In nonliteral uses or in fig. contexts, with ref. to an internal-external axis, in uses parallel to those of sense 4b.: (a) with verbs of motion, indicating emergence or propulsion from an internal space: out, forth, up; (b) with verbs of motion, indicating upward and outward motion from beneath a surface: out, up; ~ bi the ground (rotes); (c) with verbs denoting the emergence or production of sound: forth, out, up; blouen ~, to sound (a blast on a wind instrument); also, of a trumpet: sound; taken ~ song, join in singing.

In misc. nonliteral uses or in fig. contexts, with very loose ref. to the speaker, narrator, site of the action, etc., in uses parallel to those of senses 5.(a) & (b): (a) with verbs of collecting, taking in, gathering, etc., indicating nonliteral motion toward the agent: ielnen ~, refl. to collect oneself, gather one’s wits; plukken ~ chere (herte), pullen ~ herte, pluck up (one’s) courage, take heart, cheer up; reisen ~, collect (a rent); (b) with verbs of motion, indicating random or repeated motion in unspecified directions: ~ and doun, all over, every which way; with verbs of pondering, considering, etc.: from every angle, up and down, back and forth; nou ~ nou doun, first one way, then another.

With greatly diminished but essentially literal semantic force;—sometimes used in fig. context: (a) with verbs denoting the setting aside of something: away, out of use, aside, up; (b) with verbs denoting the presenting of something to an authority: to the court, king, judge, etc., forward, up; also, with verbs of summoning someone into the presence of authority: callen (hoten) ~, to summon (sb.), call forward; (c) with verbs denoting the yielding, surrendering, or giving up of something or someone to someone in a higher position: up to the crown, a conqueror, victor, etc., up; (d) with verbs denoting the release, emission, etc. of something, usu. conceived as upward: up; yelden ~ the gost (the breth), yeven ~ his gost, etc., to die, expire.

With emphatic or perfective force, sometimes nearly or entirely redundant: (a) with verbs of binding, fastening, confining, enclosing, etc.: tightly, thoroughly, securely; also in fig. context; (b) with verb of obstructing: steken ~, to stop up (pools), block completely; (c) with verbs of filling or making complete: entirely, up; (d) with verbs denoting physical processes of altering, compounding, working, effecting changes, etc.: well, entirely, till it is done, etc.; up; also in fig. context; lighten ~, to set ablaze (a fire), kindle;—used fig.; (e) with verbs denoting processes of consuming, destroying, dispensing, etc.: all up, altogether; all to pieces, utterly, completely; also, in fig. phrases: brekinge ~, the disbanding (of a law court); ben ~, of a truce: to be expired; (f) with verbs of seeking, discovering, etc.: out, up; (g) with verbs of hastening: up; (h) with verbs of reckoning, enumerating, summing: to a final total, up; haven ~ full, to have in entirety (one’s costs);—used fig.; (i) with verbs of measuring or weighing: out, up; (j) in misc. phrases: ~ and doun, thoroughly, in detail; ~ at al rightes, in every respect, completely; ~ to the ful, ?without reservation; ?unanimously; even ~ thurgh, ?all the way up; even ~ thurgh-oute, ?exactly (as much land) and no more, up to and no more (than a measure of land).

In surnames and place names [see Smith PNElem.2.227].