Middle English Dictionary Entry
turning(e ger.
Entry Info
Forms | turning(e ger. Also (N) turnand, (early) turnunge. |
Etymology | From turnen v.; also cp. OE turnung. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Movement about an axis or central point, rotation, revolution; also, a whirling about; also, the circular passage of time; an annular cycle; ~ abouten; ~ up and doun; (b) in cpds. and combs.: ~ broche (spite), a spit for roasting food, broach; ~ morter, a mortar used for grinding; ~ staf, ?a club wielded with a turning motion; ?a mace [could also be construed as ppl. and belong to turnen v.]; ~ ston, a whetstone; (c) the dizzying sensation that one's immediate surroundings are spinning or turning, vertigo, dizziness, giddiness.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.138 : Every climat hath his diel After the tornynge of the whiel, Which blinde fortune overthroweth.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.56 : Fortune..vs hath holp wele With þe turnynge of hir double whele To hiȝe comfort and consolacioun.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)761 : Tho myghtist thou karoles sene, And folk daunce..And made many a faire tournyng Vpon the grene gras springyng.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)507 : Turnynge a-bowte: Versio, giroversio.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.MRose (Hrl 2255)61 : Tellus and Imo be dullyd of ther cheere By revolucioun and turnyng of the yeere..Al stant on chaung like a mydsomyr roose.
- ?c1450(a1388) Wallingford Exafrenon (Dgb 67)183 : It is nedful for to knaw the entrynge of the Sonne in to the first minute of Arietis, For thare begynnes principaly the chaungynge of the turnynge..abowte of the hole yere.
- c1450 Chaucer Fort.(Frf 16)11 : So moche hath yet thy turnyng vp & doun ytaught me to knowen in an houre.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)1284 : Mighte any man saile night and day..So longe þat þe ship cam vnrent To þe torning of þe firmament?
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)23/62 : Olde doinges and by many turninges of yeres used, and with the peoples maner proved, mowen nat so lightly ben defased.
b
- (1397) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)6.223 : [4] tournyngbroches.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)69a/a : Teru: a turnynge spete.
- (1466) *Acc.R.Shirborn : Assault cum un Turnyngstaf.
- (c1470) Paston (EETS)1.436 : Item, a tornyng morter of free stoon wyth iiij holis.
- a1475 Herkyn to my tale (Brog 2.1)p.86 : The hare come with a long goude, drywyng the harrous; Ther com trynkettus, and tournyng-stonys, and elson bladys.
c
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)32/516 : Þin ehnen schulen doskin & underneoðe wonnin, & of þi breines turnunge þin heaued aken sare.
- c1325 Corp-C.388 Recipes(1) (Corp-C 388)163 [rec.1] : Quo so haues werk and turning in his hed...
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)857/29 : If the pow[d]er þerof is yspronge and yþrowe vpon coles in foure corneres of þe house, it schal seme to hem þat ben in þe house þat þe hous schulde falle anone, and þat semynge is by moeu ynge þat comeþ by tornynge of þe brayne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5776 : Bachus make hem for to schake..with Bachus myȝty Iows—And afferde of tornyng of þe hous.
- a1475 Gilb.Angl.(Wel 537)7/4 : Turnyng of þe brayn makeþ a man semen þat al-þinge þat he seeþ as it semeþ to dronken men.
2.
(a) The act of working or shaping an object on a lathe; also, work turned on the lathe; ~ iren; (b) fig. the rhetorical shaping of words.
Associated quotations
a
- (1341-2) Sacrist R.Ely 2117 : In le turning xxx bases pro columpnis in le parclos, 2 s.
- (1389) Doc.in Riley Mem.Lond.513 : [No one in the said trade shall make any manner of] moldyng, turnyng, ffilyng, garnesshyng.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)66a/b : Tornus: a turnynge yre[n] of a turnour.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)507 : Turnynge or throwynge of treyn vessel: Tornatura.
b
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)67b/a : Tropilogus: turninge of words [Add 33534: word].
3.
(a) The twisting of a strand of something; fig. the intertwining of thoughts; (b) ~ abouten, the act of wrapping something by rolling or twisting something else about it; ~ oute, the removal of something through use of a rotary motion, twisting or boring out of something; (c) the waving of a sword.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.85 : Whan I ne may my ladi se The more I am redy to wraththe, That for..the torninge of a stree I wode as doth the wylde Se.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)8666 : In an herte..Ther tourneth many a dyuers thouht, Lyk a corde..For cordys be sayd..Off offte tournynges in an herte..And thus thow shalt aboute brynge, Off thy thouht to make a slynge.
b
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)164b/b : Be þai [cauteries] impressed and holden with a reuolucioun, i. turnyng about, þat þai cleue nouȝt to þe flesh.
- c1450 St.Eras.(Add 36983)p.202 : These he suffred of þe turmentours..xxxv was turnyng oute his ien withe wymbles.
c
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)670 : Now con Alisaundre of skyrmyng, And of stedes disrayng, And of sweordis turnyng, Apon stede, apon justyng.
4.
The act of changing position by rolling over; ~ abouten, the turning over of a hand; ~ hok, an instrument used for turning an object over.
Associated quotations
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)23223 : Of helle..þe toþer pyne is colde so kene..Þat þouȝe a fire were made..And þourȝe þulke watir past, In turnyng of þin honde aboute Hit wolde be colde.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4134 : Long wacche on nyghtis and no slepinge, Thought in wisshing, torment and woo, With many a turnyng to and froo.
- (1427) Let.Bk.Lond.K (Gldh LetBk K)66 : [8] turning hokes..anfeldes..clene hamers.
5.
(a) In phrase: ~ up-so-doun, the upsetting of something, specif. the churning of the stomach; (b) fig. mental turmoil or derangement; ~ of herte (minde, thought); (c) ~ up-so-doun, fig. the undoing or ruin of someone.
Associated quotations
a
- a1475 Gilb.Angl.(Wel 537)153/20 : Oþir greuaunces..ben..wille forto caste, turnyng vpsodoun of a mannes stomake, grete hete of þe stomake.
b
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)39b/b : Mania: turnynge of þoȝt [Hrl 2257: hert or thought].
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)469/2100 : Alienacion in þis mater is turnynge & wendynge out of mynd, as when an ravys & is out of hys wyt.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.1.28 : Wrathefulnesse..of þe wilfulnesse or hardinesse of hym is his turnyng vp so doun [WB(2): the destriyng of hym].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.5.15 : Þe tunge forsoþe of þe vnprudent is þe turnyng vpsodoun of hym [WB(2): is his distriying].
6.
(a) The act of changing the direction in which one faces; also fig.; ~ abouten (awei); ~ times, the times during a ritual at which one changes position; (b) rhet. a digression from a discourse, esp. in the form of an address to someone not present.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)7.78 : Sche smot þe chekebone of þe iuge of irael..& after his tornyng awey spekiþ loo vpon þe hillez.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1151/36 : Some wilde oxen beþ wonderliche huge..insomoche þat þe dritte þat he schiteþ in tornynge aboute falleþ on here hornes er it may come to grounde.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)8840 : Þe dekene þat serued seynt Ion At here turnyng tymes echon, He behelde þys womman weyl.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)8875 : Þe dekene loked at þe nexte turnyng..She was a-wey, he sagh no þyng.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2173 : Kayous at the income was kepyd vnfayre With a cowarde knyghte..At þe turnynge that tym the traytoure hym hitte.
- a1450 Gener.(1) (Mrg M 876)3967 : In his turnyng He smote so without lesing That many nales of his hauberk Al to-brast.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)38/5 : Charite is a verry trew tornyng from al erthly þingis.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)107/8 : Yif it be not good ne trew þat is seyde, þou shuldist raþer amende him paciently by tornyng away and bi meke schewyng of þe trewthe.
b
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)131b : Turnynge agayn: Apostropha.
7.
(a) A bend in a road, river, etc.; a turnoff; also, a curve forming a bay or recess in an extent of coastline; ~ (in) place, a stopping place, a lodging place; (b) the making of a circuitous course; (c) anat. a bony protuberance on the back of the neck, specif. a cranio-vertebral joint.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.4.24 : Whenn he was in þe way in þe syde tornyng place to reste, þe lord ȝede aȝeynst hym & wolde slen hym.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Kings 18.27 : Ȝoure god ys & par auenture wiþ an oþer he spekeþ, or in a turnyng in place [WB(2): herborgerie] or in þe weie.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)656/15 : Tygris..passeth into þe Rede See aftir many turnynges and wendynges.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)757/20 : Ellespontus is a cooste of þe see of myddil erþe..in þe north turnynge and wendynge in grete wendynges and turnynges bisyde Grece and Illeryke.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)507 : Turnynge, of dyuerse weyys: Diverticulum.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)116/27 : Þere were in þat place so many wondirful tornynges [vr. turnyngges] and wendingges, and þerfore it was yclepid Laberinthus.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)182 : In a forest..At a turnynge of a wente..Creusa was ylost.
- (?1486) Doc.in Bentley Excerpta Hist.232 : Then att the nexte turnyng in the strete, precession recevyd hur.
b
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)76/17 : Melchisedech..in the turninge of [Man.(2): the commyng doune fra] þat hill mette Abraham.
c
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)109/19 : Betwix the joynyng of the sholdres and nodell-is begynnyng shewith a litell tournyng; and the knottis superficie þere be sharp, proude and soleyn they ben.
8.
(a) The act of changing the direction of movement of a cart or chariot; (b) a change in the direction of the wind, sunlight, etc.; (c) med. the process of diverting and drawing off morbid or superfluous humors.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.89 : Men seen the cartere worken in the tornynge and in atemprynge or adressynge of hise cartes or chariottes.
b
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)1771 : Forthi the Prince..haue a sight to wynde & dust & sonne And on the turnyng take avisement.
c
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)137b/a : Diuersioun, i. turnyng, of þe materie wiþ ventosis bihynd þe necke & fleobotomie of veynez of þe tonge ar vsed..Rasis & Auicen wil þat þe materie be brouȝt out bi þe mouþe with spotylyng.
- ?a1425 Chauliac(1) (NY 12:Wallner)4.41/24 : Þen is gode for to mitigate & palliate it [cancer] And þat wiþ diete & purgacioun & diuersion, i. turnyng [Ch.(2): schouynge], of þe materie to anoþer party.
9.
(a) The making of a change in spiritual direction; also, the focusing of the mind or heart on someone or something; the act of causing a refocusing of someone's will [quot. c1390]; ~ awei; (b) the act of misdirecting someone, deception; fals ~; (c) the act of making a spiritual conversion; a spiritual conversion; also, the act of defecting spiritually; ~ ayen, backsliding.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Prov.1.32 : Þe turnyng awei of litle childre shal slen hem.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)SSol.7.10 : I to my leef & to me þe turnyng of hym.
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)266 : Grace..haþ schewed to þe..in turnyng of þi wille enterli to his seruise & his plesaunce.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)117/27 : Alle siche turnen hem aftir dyuerse stirynges..by turnynge of her affecciouns by vnordynat loue to creaturis wiþoute me.
- a1450 Ordin.Nuns(2) (Vsp A.25)147/21 : I hete my stabilness & turnyng of my maners & buxsumnes efter þe rewle of sant Benett.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)28/9 : Such prayeris is callid deuocioun purely of þe soule wich is a verry tornyng to god by meke and myld affeccioun.
b
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)16a/a : Commentus: gyling, fals turing [read: turning].
c
- c1390(c1350) NHom.(2) PSanct.(Vrn)309/65 : Þis Publicanes goode turnyng..Ȝif to publicanes hit schalle And to oþur synners alle Ensaumple, for to take penaunce And haue forȝiuenesse.
- c1390(?c1350) SVrn.Leg.(Vrn)66/303 : Loue hed him take And brenneþ him wiþinne for Godus sake, And his tornynge was so cler Boþe in þouȝt and in cheer.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)136/19 : Wiþ hou gret smel Holi Chirche is spreint in þe turninge of a sinful man þat openliche and parfiȝtliche doþ his penaunce.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)4111 : Thurgh his turnyng fra gode til ille..he sal þe devels wille fulfille.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)117/9 : Nedefull it is þe schelde of paciens to take & be he redyar wrongis to forget þen to knawe; pray for þare turnynge þat hym hatis & down castis.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)4/6 : Of mans turnyng to god, and what helpys & what lettys his turnnynge.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)507 : Turnynge, fro badde to goode: Conversio; Turnynge, fro goode to badde: Perversio.
- a1450(?1409) Vision Staunton (Roy 17.B.43)75 : Þei wold..shew how ofte and þe tyme..and the degre of the person þat þei have synned with, and hire onkindnesse and turnyng aȝen to synne.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)98/14 : Vices begynne to dawe and fight with him scharply; And so þer þei first glosid him, afterward for his turnyng from hem þei ben his enemyes.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.1.2a : Wite þou wel a bodily tourning to god withouten þe herte foluende is bute a figure & a liknesse of vertues and no sothfastnesse.
- c1425(a1400) Wycl.Conf.(Dub 245)341 : Þre reisyngis of dede bodies þat crist dide, as þe gospel telliþ, may be called þre sacramentis, for þre turnyngis of man to god.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apost.(Dub 245)433 : Þus bi process of tyme is þe Chirche peyred bi turnyng fro Cristis lawe and bi love of þe worlde.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)7236 : Hadde a man do al þe synne..And he were sory in herte þerfore And wolde leue and do so no more, God wolde of him haue mercy..And of his torning bliþe wole be.
10.
(a) The act of returning to a place or position; ~ ayen; (b) ~ ayen, the reversal of a situation; (c) ~ ayen, ritual repetition; (d) ~ (in) ayen, med. the recession of a hernial protuberance.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)58/4 : A fadir of heuene, be þou fayn of turnynge-a-ȝeyn of wastour þi sone þat hath spendid al his good.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) Prol.Josh.(Corp-O 4)1.556 : The spiryt shal gouern thes lymes, to sitten to the explanacioun of the prophetis, and to turnen aȝen to the now long laft werk, as bi a maner turnynge aȝen after outlawynge.
- a1425 LOL (Wnds E.I.I)72/12 : Marie & Ioseph gesseden ech bi her while þat þe child Ihesu was wiþ þe toþer part of fadir eiþer modir, in þe turninge aȝen.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)507 : Turnynge ageyne: Reversio.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)131b : Turnynge agayn..regressus, reuersus, reciprocacio, Reciprocus.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)276 : In hire turnyng hom fro chirch, she made to be wryte vp on the chirche-dore..theise wordes.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.2.5 : Þe passing of shadewe is oure tyme, & þer is not turnyng aȝeen [L reversio] of oure ende.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.16.31 : God beheld in to þe erþe & fulfilde it with his goodis, eche forsoþe soule ful of lijf told of befor þe face of hym, & it eftson þe turnyng aȝeen of hem.
c
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)182/21 : The þridde priuelege is in regression and turnynge aȝeyn of antymes, as Seynt Poule haþ.
d
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)502/14 : A commune tokne forsothe of birstynges..is..apperynge of þe fallynge downe of some þing in þe codde and proprely at þe movynge..and turnynge yn aȝen [*Ch.(1): turnyng agayne] when þat he is leyde vpright or when þat he þirsteþ the place with his fyngres.
11.
In phrase: ~ ayen, the act of returning something to somebody.
Associated quotations
- a1450 12 PTrib.(3) (Bod 423)71/15 : Alle the graces and alle the benefetes that thou hast resceyued of God, that thow into thilke God of whiche þei comen, make thy turnyng ayen and turne into place..forto wurshipe him of his yiftes.
12.
The act of retreating before an enemy force; also, a retreat; ~ ayen; ~ ayen-ward (bihinden), the act of turning back or routing an enemy.
Associated quotations
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)9.3 : I turnand [vr. In turnyng; L in convertendo] oȝainward myn enemy, þe wicked shul ben vnstabled.
- c1400 Brut-1333 (Rwl B.171)182/27 : Þe Walshemen had so miche peple..þat þai dryuen þe Englisshe-men aȝein, so þat þere was so miche presse of peple at the turnyng aȝeyne þat þe charge & þe berdeyn of ham made þe barges..and botes synk.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)10093 : Y schal ȝelde..Þe fals oþ þey swore þe toþer day; Þer turnyng y wole rescowe Þat þey come til Dertemuwe.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)12860 : Petreus..sette his folk wysly to assaille; Wel couþe he stande..& faire wyþdraue hym & eft returne; Bytwyxt þem were many chaces, ffele turnynges, & fele wanlaces.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)9.3 : In turnand myn enmy bihynd, thai sall..perisch fra thi face.
13.
(a) The undergoing of a qualitative change in shape, color, etc.; (b) a miraculous transformation; also, alch. the process of transmuting metal; (c) fig. the causing of a change in state or condition; (d) the act of perverting something; also, perversion.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1276/16 : Cytryne is furþer fro blak þan is purpure as Aristotil..spekeþ of corrupcioun of þise colours and tornyng into blak.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1279/16 : Medlyng of coloures foloweþ þe medlyng of elements by chaungyng and turnyng into þe forme of schapp of a medlid body.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)108/18 : Vdymya is termynede..moste ofte by turnynge [Ch.(1): conuersion] to knottes and to oþer growynges oute.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)186/6 : Bones hauen alwaye norischynge of þe sperme and þat by tornynge and by liknesse.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)29b/29 : He shewyd hym as a lupyn and wexithe othir while as gret as a melon or he is made of turnyng of an hard postum þat comythe of malencoly.
b
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1154/23 : Þough þe cocatrice be venymous..while he is on lyue..His aisshen beþ accounted good and profytable in worchinge of alkonemye and nameliche in turnynge and chaungynge of metalle.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)88/3 : þis turninge [vr. þus bi turninge] water into win, þou maist knowe where Crist be at þi bridale.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)263 : Taking of breed and wijn, and..þe crossing and þe blessing and halewing and turnyng of hem into cristis verry body and blood, and þe breking and þe deeling to þe peple.
c
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)79/10 : The þrid is bi wastyng, þat is, by turnyng materis of ire and wrath in to oþer materis.
d
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)167/6 : Wicckede men undurwente in turnynge þe grace of God into lecherie.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Jer.30.18 : Y schal turne the turnyng [WB(1): conuerting] of the tabernaclis of Jacob, and Y schal haue merci on the housis of hym; and the citee schal be bildid in his hiȝnesse.
14.
(a) The act of translating; the translation of a literary work; also, gram. the replacing of one construction by an equivalent one or by a form which allows for direct translation into the idiomatic construction of another language; ~ and translacioun; (b) the misconstruing of a word or deed; also, the extending of the sense of a word to cover a broader concept.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.247 : In meny translaciouns is dyuersite i-founde þat may nouþt stonde; þanne þe firste longage, þat þe tornynge and translacioun is i-made of, schal be most i-trowed.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)89a : Yf ther be eny þinge missaide in the tornynge of the langage, the wise reder..he prayeth with all his hert the fautys to a-mende.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)190/5 : Þe turnynge of þis book into Englische was writen & ended in þe vigile of alle halewes..þe tenþe ȝeer of oure kyng Harry þe Ferþe.
- a1450 WBible(2) Prol.Kings (NC 66)2.5 : What euere we han lerned in ofte turnynge of bookes and in more bisily amendynge, if we holden it in oure hertis, it is ouris.
- a1500(?c1378) Wycl.OPastor.(Ryl Eng 86)430 : Wel y woot defaute may be in vntrewe translating, as myȝten haue be many defautis in turnyng fro ebreu in-to greu, & fro greu in-to lateyn, and from o langage in-to anoþer.
- a1500 Hatton Informacio (Hat 58)116/247 : Y schall loke yf my Englyssh haue eny nede of turnyng and begynne att þe verbe inpersonall.
b
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)15.16 : Bak-bityng is..turnyng ech good word & ech good dede of him þt he hatith to þe worst entent.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)139/68 : Al thinges to werchinges of mankynde evenly accordeth, as in turning of this worde 'love' in-to trouthe or els rightwisnesse.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 Sln.962 Artist.Recipes (Sln 962) 305/1 : Tornyng for blew letteres with bys, wasche it in þe same maner as it is told beforne and þan temper it vp with gumme water.
Note: Glossary: "tornyng vbl. n. 'tracery'." See, also, "turne, torne v. inf. 'draw or paint tracery and scrollwork'."
Note: New sense.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. turning.