Middle English Dictionary Entry
povre adj.
Entry Info
Forms | povre adj. Also pover(e, poevre, poevere, power(e, (error) pawre & pōr(e, porre, poer(e, pour(e, poir, (N) pūr(e, puir; pl. povre, etc. & povren, poveren; comp. poverer, etc. & powerar; sup. poverest, etc. & (errors) porerste, porys. |
Etymology | AF povers, pore & CF povre(s. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Lacking money or material possessions, destitute; needy, indigent; also, less wealthy in comparison with somebody else; (b) ~ and nedi, ~ nedi, etc.; ~ and riche, riche and ~, etc.; for richere for poverer; (c) fig. spiritually poor or lacking; also, miserly, stingy; (d) voluntarily devoid of possessions; deliberately poor in conformity with Christian virtue; ~ prest, a member of an itinerant preaching order established by Wyclif; (e) devoid of material possessions at birth or death; (f) maken ~, to impoverish (sb., oneself), reduce to poverty; (g) of low degree, common, ordinary; (h) in proverbs and proverbial phrases.
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)47 : Hie..brohte þat child mid hire in to þe temple and offredde loc for him..gif hie was riche wimman, a lomb..gif hie was poure, two duue briddes.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2179 : Hu sulde oninan [read: oniman] poure for-geten Swilke and so manige sunes bigeten?
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)167 : A pouere wydewe þer com and offrede a fferþing.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2534 : He mai gete so moche gold þat pore worþ he neuer.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.381 : Herodes Agrippa was..fre of ȝiftes, but he was poore.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.260 : He was nat lyk a cloystrer With a thredbare cope, as is a poure [vrr. pore, pouer] scoler.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.450 : I wol haue moneye..Al were it yeuen..of the pouereste [vrr. porest, poorest, pourest] widwe in a village.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.996 : A povere lazre upon a tyde Cam to the gate and axed mete.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)7106 : What ys loue vnto men pore? Almes to hem ys recouere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4375 : Leuer es me be pour [Göt: pouer; Trin-C: pore] and lele þan wikudli at win catell.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1074 : Þaȝ þay pover were, Watz never so blysful a bour as watz a bos þenne.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)123/1 : Þe lowere, þe porere, þe lasse a man haþ, þe bettur welcome.
- (1404) Will York in Sur.Soc.4527 : Y pray myn exec. to pay v lib. to his executors, or to the porest men that they may wyte yt he aught any trewe dette to.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1321 : Diomede, pore and destitut, May in Salerne fynde no refut.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)27/21 : Euere þe porere þou art þe lesse art þou charched.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)511 : Nowe þai me suffer pure þis qwyle Out of ther landys becom exile.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)20/11 : If any derth com in þe cuntree, þan pure knyghtes and sodyours selles þaire hernays.
- (1429) RParl.4.344a : He shal..loke which is the poverest sutours Bille, that furst to be rad and answerd.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)409 : Pore, nedy: Pauper, codrus.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)47/21 : Som tyme..a grete prince is bettir loued and more trewli of his poore kyn than of a ful myghti man.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1447 : A celerer aw to be myld & meke For to serue..gestes pore and oþer þat askes at þe dore.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1661 : Was nane sa pore [Dub: pure] in þat place bot he his purse fillis.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)63/8 : He was poore and poorly arayde.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)119 : Such maner of borowynge makith the grete lordis to be pouerer than thair tenantes.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)100b : Pwyr [Monson: Pure]:..Pauper.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)337 : Yf..he were man poreste And y maydyn feyreste..Y myght not hym loue werne.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)103/11 : Yette was he but a powr laborer, a man vnknowen.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)11335 : Al þat Arður isæh, al hit him to bæh, riche men and pouere [Otho: pore], swa þe haȝel ualleð.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)138 : He sende writes..after hise baruns, riche and poure, Fro rokesburw al into douere.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 12.1 : Two men weren in oon cite, oon riche & an ooþer pore.
- ?c1430(?1382) Wycl.Pet.Parl.(Corp-C 296)518 : Tyþis or offringis shulde be wiþdrawyn..and be ȝoven to poeure, nedy men.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Prelates (Corp-C 296)69 : Alle þis þei taken bi extorsions..be þe peple neuere so poer, neuere so nedy.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)87/19 : I take þe, Margery, for my weddyd wyfe, for fayrar, for fowelar, for richar, for powerar.
- c1440 Treat.PN(2) (Thrn)263 : He assayes..Relegeous and vertuouse mene and womene, pure and riche.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2529 : If þou be pore and nedy in elde, Þou schalt oftyn euyl fare.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)49/3 : It shulde be tolde him of the pour and nedy people.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2794 : It is greet shame to a man to haue a poore herte and a riche purs.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.40 : So is he [Avarice] povere, and everemore Him lacketh that he hath ynowh.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1187 : He that coueiteth is a poure wight, For he wolde han that is nat in his myght.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5695 : An usurer..Shal nevere for richesse riche be, But evermore pore and indigent.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)31/36 : Such goodes are vertues; Who so hath non of hem is not only pore, but a verrey wrecche.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Arun 507)135 : Þi lauerd made þe riche, & þou art bicomen a pouer wreche.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)7057 : Þe pouere soule þat synful is Shal haue neiþer ioye ne blis.
d
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)30/277 : Ich iseh þe apostles, poure & lah on eorðe, ifullet & bigoten al of unimete blisse sitten i trones.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10032 : Greye monekes, þat newe come & pouere þo were, Ȝeue al hor wolle þerto of one ȝere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)13312 : To petre þat he pouerest fand, Of all he mad him mast weldand.
- a1400 Nou ȝe alle (Hrl 7322)7 : Ho art þou þat comest so pore And al weldynge?
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)20.49 : He þat wrouȝte al þe worlde was wilfullich nedy, Ne neuer none so nedy ne pouerere deyde.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)4/3 : Ȝyue þiself holly, bodi and soule, parseuerauntly to Crist þat was most pore for oure loue.
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)342 : Cristis viker shulde be porerste man of oþir.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.PPriests Benef.(Corp-C 296)248 : Ȝit þouȝ pore prestis myȝtten frely geten presentacion of lordis to haue benefices wiþ cure of soulis, þei dreden for myspendynge of poore mennus goodis.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Prelates (Corp-C 296)79 : Þei wolen suspenden pore prestis fro masse & prechynge.
- c1440(a1350) Isumb.(Thrn)580 : Bryng a chayere and a qwyschene, And sett ȝone povre palmere ther-in.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)21/21 : Oure Lord Ihesu Crist..in ensaumple to vs pore bicome.
- a1500(c1380) Wycl.Papa (Ryl Eng 86)460 : Ground of cristenmennus bileue seiþ þat crist is god and man, and was porerste man of lif.
e
- a1275 *Body & S.(4) (Trin-C B.14.39)146 : Þu [read: Wu] pouerre in þis world þu were ibrout!
- a1300 Worldes blis ne last (Rwl G.18)7 : Worldes blis..at þe laste pouere ant bare, hit let mon wen hit ginnet gon.
- ?c1335 Swet ihc hend (Hrl 913)p.82 : Pouir was þin incomming, So ssal be þin outegoing.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)509 : Naked we come hider, and bare And pure, swa sal we hethen fare.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)35/17 : Þou were bore wel porer & so schalt þou passen.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)177/255 : Now is he as pore as I; wormys mete is his body.
- a1500 All hyt is (Cmb Ee.1.5)2 : Naked and poure henne we shul fare.
f
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)58 : Ne funden he non þat dede hem sham Þat he ne weren sone..pouere maked and browt to nouth.
- ?c1335 Lollai lollai (Hrl 913)20 : Þe rich he makiþ pouer, þe pore rich al so.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 2.7 : Þe lord makeþ poere [L pauperem facit] and richeþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)105a/a : Ofte tymes þilke þat he most bereþ up with riches..he makeþ most pore and beriþ hem doun at þe laste.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)2 Esd.5.18 : Y axide not the sustenauncis of my duchee, for the puple was maad ful pore [L attenuatus erat].
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)90/12 : I make riche men pore, & þoo þat be exiled riche.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)30/14 : Þou madist þiself pore & mysese here in erþe for man.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.38/21 : Peece be of oure lorde Ihesu criste, þe which, when he was riche, for vs was i-made powre.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)175/199 : Or I [Mors] hym part fro, I xal hym make ful pore.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)100b : To make pore [Monson: Pure]: Apporiare; depauperare; pauperare.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)8891 : For þi gelousie She putteþ hir to do folie And for þine yuel demynge makest þou [read: þe] pore.
g
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.219 : The gentile..shal be cleped his lady as in loue, And for that oother is a poure womman, She shal be cleped his wenche or his lemman.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2098 : To so vil a povere wrecche Him deigneth schewe such simplesce Ayein thastat of his noblesce.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.3269 : Þis was þe noyse & rumur eke þat ran..a-monge þe pore sodyours.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2680 : Alle thise noble worthy werreoures, Both high and lough, and poor soudeoures Iserued weren of that they hadde nede.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)66/9 : No poore persoone schold take it [penance] on him wiþ-oute counceil of a more discrete þan himsilf.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)9988 : He thoght euer in his corage He myght not be borne of pore lynage.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)39/22 : [Thei] that be smale and powr shall haue their peyne made swete with mercy.
h
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2749 : If thy fortune chaunge that thow wexe poore, farewel freendshipe and felaweshipe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.199 : He is nat pouere that hath goode frendes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2399 : He that is riche This dai, tomorwe he mai be povere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2505 : Yit hadde I levere..To ben for evere til I deie As povere as Job.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.407 : Beggeris and þeves ben ofte porer þan Joob was.
- (c1434) Ffor þu art (BodLTh d.1)9 : Ȝif þou art pore, þan art þou fre; Ȝif þou be riche, þan woo is þe.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)200/28 : Þoo þat he lese all þat he haþ and be-com as poure as euer was Iob, euermore he thankeþ God.
- a1500 Herkyn to my tale (Adv 19.3.1)p.81 : Yf any of them be ontrue..Then wax I as pore as tho byschop of Chestur.
- a1500 Salamon sat (Cmb Gg.1.32)18 : War a man als pouer as jop & had happe to the & sudanly war waxin riche, all day þou may it se ȝif he dyd eftyr his state.
2.
In phrases: (a) ~ man, a person who has few or no material possessions, a needy or indigent man; a beggar; ~ menes hous, ?an almshouse; (b) ~ folk (peple), needy or indigent people, the poor; also, the common people; (c) ~ boren, born in humble circumstances; (d) in proverbs and proverbial phrases.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)46/1 : He preiseð þe uuele & his uuele dede as þe þe seið to þe cniht þe robbeð his poure men, 'A Sire, as þu dest wel.'
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)215/20 : Schapieð & seowið & mendið chirche claðes & poure monne hettren.
- a1275 *Body & S.(4) (Trin-C B.14.39)31 : Bodi, þu ne mait nout lepen to plaien ne to rage..Poure [vr.pore] men to þreten ne binimen har heritage.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)144 : Feste ðe of stedefastnesse..& help ðe poure men ðe gangen abuten.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)704 : Her ȝe mowe yseo..How goed hit is to ȝiue pore men of ȝoure goede.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)639 : Þe pouer man of mold Tok forþ anoþer ring.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.186 : In at þoo þre ȝates may a pouere Man come þorouȝ hungere & þrest & colde.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ruth 3.10 : Þou has not folewid ȝonge poere men ouþer riche.
- (?1387) Wimbledon Serm.(Corp-C 357)67/106 : Ȝif þou art a knyȝt oþer a lord, defende þe pore man and nedy fram his houndis þat willen harmen hym.
- (1393) Will York in Sur.Soc.4185 : I will that on the day of my byrying that ilk a pur man that es at the kyrk dor present have ane ob.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)8.16 : Maistres of þe Menoures..knowen..Bothe prynces paleyses and pore mennes [C: poure menne] cotes.
- (1414-15) Rec.Norwich 261 : [For carrying of muck out of] ye poremenys house [4 d.].
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)469,471 : Acursed may wel be that day That povere man conceyved is, For..al to selde, iwys, Is ony povere man wel yfed.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.FCLife (Corp-C 296)195 : Crist..wolde haue take þes temperal goodis to dele hem among poeuere men.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)34/29 : Sche saw hym ȝeuyn..to xiij powyr men xiij pens.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)409 : Pore manne, or womann: Pauper, pauperculus, paupercula.
- (1442) Acc.Bk.Carpenter Co.7 : Item, payed to the pawre mane, vj s. viij d.
- (1444) Acc.Bk.Carpenter Co.10 : Item, to pormen..vj s. viij d..Item, payde for ye porys man hode..v s.
- (1450) Lin.DDoc.44/8 : To the poer men of ffyshmonger Craffte..xx li.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)9/8 : How erte þou waxen riche so sodanlie, & within a while was bod a pure man?
- (1469) Will Pembroke in Antiq.439 : Item, þat my Almeshows have as muche Livelode as shall suffise to find vj power men and one to serve them.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)80b/a : Yf it be a pore man and be brusid wiþinne þe body and may not parfourme þese costis..þou schalt take comyn oyle, [etc.].
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)2303 : Wit him offert was þis daye A turture-brid..for por mennes offring þat was aye.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)1110 : Deieth þe riche men also, As other pore men here do?
b
- [ (1314-15) RParl.1.291b : Ceaux qe furent sauntz coupes furent reyntz par x li. et ascuns par xx li. en destruant le poure poeple. ]
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)3211 : Was icome of þare see a deor swiþe sullich..and mochel wo hit dude to þan poure folke.
- (c1380) Chaucer CT.SN.(Manly-Rickert)G.174 : To the poure folkes that ther dwelle, Sey hem right thus.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.775 : Thilke lordes..ben lyk wolues that deuouren the possessiouns or the catel of poure folk.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)274/6 : Þei feeden not her subiectis temperaly wiþ temperal goodis, as pore folk and siche oþire nedy folk.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)47/1 : Ȝy[f ȝe] wyl don..almes-ȝeuyng to powyr folke, ȝe schal hyly plesyn God.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)105/20 : Blessid be þoo þat willyngly socoureþ poore peopill þe which be in penurie.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)390 : Yit mot he..han of poore folk compassyoun.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)4/35 : Indignacion is whan a man hath disdayn..of simple folk..& ȝet euermor he..hariowsly takyth on wt cristis pore peple.
- (1464) Paston (EETS)1.124 : Besechyth..John Paston..lettirs patentes of licence to found..a college of vij prestes, wherof on to be master, and of vij porefolk.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)81/274 : Pore ffolk ffaryn god knowyth how.
- c1475 Gregory's Chron.(Eg 1995)187 : That same yere was a gernarde be-gon for pore pepylle of the contraye that myght nought utter hyr graynys.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)3.7.53a : This it be þat, be fals meanes and sutel extorcions, haue spoyled the pouere poepill.
c
- a1400 Rolle Encom.Jesu (Hrl 1022)190 : I fande Ihesu pore-borne [vr. pure-borne] in þo worlde.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)4368 : Of Adam and Eue alle come we, And alle pouere borne we be.
d
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.323 : Als bare was his toure as Job þe pouere man.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)110/26 : Qwhat is wars þen a poyr man prowed?
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)42/14 : Þe see sall be dry when þe pore man has a frende.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.55 : Powre mennys mony is fast j-knytt.
3.
As noun: (a) coll. needy or indigent people; poor people as a class; comp. poverer, poorer people; (b) ~ and riche, riche and ~, rich and poor, everybody; riche ne ~, nobody; (c) the ~, the class of poor people, the poor; the povres, belonging to poor people; the ~ and the riche, the riche and the ~; (d) a needy or an indigent person, poor man; comp. poverer, a person of lower degree; sup. alder-mest ~, poverest, the poorest person.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230 Ancr.(Corp-C 402)134/10 : Þus bid ure riwle þet we schawin to gode freond, as oþre godes poure doð hare meoseise, wið milde eadmodnesse.
- a1275 Vid word (Trin-C B.14.39)2 : Ic warne þe..Dele al þi goid pouere þad habbit neode.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)101 : Ne on his bord non so god shrede Þat he ne wolde þorwit fede Poure þat on fote yede.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10251 : No tresour hii nadde..bote as godemen hadde Bitake hom in warde..to sousteini pouere.
- (?1387) Wimbledon Serm.(Corp-C 357)108/754 : Deþ..ne spareþ neyþer powere [vr.poyr] ne ȝougþe.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.136 : Riche men of this werd etes That pouer wit thair trauail getes.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6655 : God bad The good-man selle al that he had..and to pore it yive.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.2688 : Wast of array..Causeth also such costage spent in veyn Off othir porere to haue ful gret disdeyn.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)16090 : Manie pouere..comen on ilka syde, Of ȝoure almes help to byde.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)17/14 : Zachee..of al þat he hadde half ȝaue to pore.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)81/15 : Þan chase he swech pore whos pouerte was honest.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)8660 : She blan nether nyght ne daye Power to fede.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)9.33 : When he has beyn lord of pore, sloand thaim in body noght in saule, riche he sall sla in saule.
- a1500 Awntyrs Arth.(Dc 324)178 : Þe praier of poer may purchas þe pes.
b
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)50 : He..sende heast..þet poure ba & riche comen þer biforen him.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)482 : Þane riche & poure, more & lasse, Singeþ cundut niȝt & dai.
- a1275(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Trin-C B.14.39)114/399 : Loke..frendchipe owerlde fairest to wurchen wid pouere & wid riche.
- a1325(?c1300) NPass.(Cmb Gg.1.1)20 : Alle þei gederid ham at a feste, Riche and pouere [vrr. pore, pure], most and leste.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.104 : And alle litel & alle mychel, riche & pouere..he comaunded þat alle shulden haue þe merk of þe beest.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1060 : So wel was william biloued wiþ riche & wiþ pore.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Esd.3.19 : Of seruaunt & of free man, of pore & of riche, & alle mynde it [wine] turneþ in to sikernesse & in to gladnesse.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.461 : Alle we ben of o nature, roten and corrupt, bothe riche and poure.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1796-7 : All tok a right, bath pouer and Rike; All had a dom, bath riche and pour [Göt: pouer].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4988 : Sche was of chere þe goodlieste To riche & pore.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1872 : Ne riche ne pover he spars, hegh ne law.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1148 : Euyl & gude, al heres he, Rich & pouer in ilk degre.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)134/18 : Equite is kept in bying and sellyng to ryche and por.
c
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)8/99 : Hwen þus is of riche, hwet wenest tu of þe poure?
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)63 : Þe riche reoðeren & schep..brohten to lake, þe poure cwike briddes.
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)216/58 : Uisiti þe poure and to sike.
- a1300 PMor.(Jes-O 29)67 : Þe riche and þe poure [vr. þe lesse] boþe ah nouht alle ilyche.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)1283 : Þe riche he makede wrecches; Þe poure [Clg: hæne] hine awarede.
- a1350 Ich herdemen (Hrl 2253)25 : Þus me pileþ þe pore and pykeþ ful clene.
- ?c1335 Earth(1) (Hrl 913)1/6 : In on erþ awaked þe pore and þe riche.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)188/24 : Yef þou worþssipes þe pouere, þou worþssipes god.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)p.185 : Her ioie is as of hym þat deuoreþ þe pouer in hidels.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.373 : He herkneth nat benygnly the compleynte of the pouere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.317 : The stronge coffre hath al devoured..The tresor of the benefice, Wherof the povere schulden clothe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)74a/a : An yuel lord..defouliþ riȝt & demeþ not for þe poure.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)19766 : Cristen was she of goddis hous Aboute werkes euer of almous, But principally..To sewe þe pores [Vsp: þe pouer þair] cloþing.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)46/3 : Miȝti riche men of þis world deuouren þe pore to her bare boon.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.44 : Þe pore sche [Fortune] can enhaunce ageyn.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6728 : Þai wald gyf na mete Til þe poer.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)36/25 : When þai ta þe newe [clothes], þan salle þai yelde þalde for to giue to þe pure.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3540 : They..ryddis with his rowtte to rawnsone þe pouere.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)16/24 : If I ȝyue al þat I haue to fede wiþ þe pore..if I herto haue no charite, alle þes ne helpeþ nouȝt.
- (1463-4) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.32 : Just Jugys you shalbe vpon the complaynt of youre felyschep as well to the poure as to the ryche.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)10a/b : Contynue þat ȝe ben gracious & helpinge to þe pore for goddis sake, & to þe riche for a competent salarie.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)62/31 : The riche ought to supporte the pour.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)60/32 : Enquere of þe dysese & enuye of þe pouere and feble.
d
- [ (1343) RParl.2.136b : Le Roi desir..que la Lei eit owel Cours entre Poures & Riches. ]
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)34/585 : Þah he beo richest..ouer alle, þe alre measte poure þe him to were cheoseð is him wel icweme.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)190/8 : He ne hedde bote þri pans, uor say[n]t germayn hit hedde al yeue to pouren.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)195/24 : Me vint of ane kinge to huam a poure acsede ane peny.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 12.3 : Þe riche hadde sheep & oxen ful manee; þe pore [L pauper] forsoþe no thyng hadde outirle.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2238 : The lord nomore hath forto clothe As of himself..Than hath the povereste of the rowe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7918 : Þar was wonand wit-in a wike, Tua men, a pouer and a rike.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)127 : Þe mayster hym biþoȝt Þat he wolde..rehayte rekenly þe riche and þe poveren.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4410 : With þe tresour þat þei han hom brouȝt, Ful many pore was made vp of nouȝt.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5601 : The povre..recchith nought Save of his lyflode in his thought.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)37/33 : Þe deuoutt poyr..is noyd for defaute.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.3458 : Deth ne maketh no dyuisioun Bi synguler fauour, but twen bothe iliche, Off the porest and hym that is most riche.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)4893 : Beth wel ware..Þat your hye dygnite..No desdein [haue] of þe pores sentence.
- a1500(c1400) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)153 : Mony porer in þis place is putte into grave, Þat merkid is in oure martilage his mynde for euer.
4.
(a) Of things, places, conditions, etc.: afflicted by poverty, poverty-stricken; characterized by poverty; of a purse: lacking money, poorly supplied; (b) of clothing: mean, shabby, indicative of poverty; (c) of a house or gate: mean, poor; (d) as adv.: poorly clothed, in shabby clothes.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)6055 : Hii wende hiderward and pore [Clg: hene] lond makede.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7617 : Vnneþe was þer eni hous in al normandie Of religion..Þat king willam ne feffede here in engelonde..Ware þoru þis lond nede mot þe pouerore be.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2071 : He wiste wel his pours was povere.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.473 : Maketh yow nat foryetful for to be That I yow took in poure estat ful lowe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)13272 : Nu ches felaus wil he bigin, Bot noght o riche kinges kin..Bot mene men o pour [Got: simpil] lijf.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)prol.81 : Here parissh was pore [vr. pure] siþþe þe pestilence tyme.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.2463 : Boþe two..gan..to enquere Fro whens he cam & also what he were, So febly clad and of so pore estate.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1992 : It were..a signe..of hatrede To interrupte my possessioun Of this litil pore Regioun.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)466 : Pover thing, whereso it be, Is shamefast and dispised ay.
- ?c1430(?1382) Wycl.Pet.Parl.(Corp-C 296)518 : Crist wiþ his apostlis lyvede most povere lif.
- (1450) Lin.DDoc.42/16 : I wol that..the remenauntz of whete..be departed in..Sulgrave, Stotesbury, and other poer townes.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1807 : His golde and his goodis grippit also, Pikked all his prouynce & full pore leuyt.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)151/150 : Fare wel, born in pore Aray.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)191/30 : So worchipfull men..wolde chese for their laste reste so pour a lyfe and so symple estate.
- a1500 St.Brendan Conf.(Lamb 541)10/121 : I haue not holde me apaied in alle tymes wiþ þe pore astaat þat þou hast sette me ynne.
b
- c1300 Body & S.(5) (LdMisc 108)p.25 : ȝwi listou þere so bareside, I pricked in þat pore schroud?
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)454/184 : Heore hors weren of him a-dradde for is pouere cloþes.
- a1350 Harrow.H.(Hrl 2253)34 : He wes bore..in þis world in pore wede.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.435 : He..ne hadde noon oother harneys but the pouere clothes of hise disciples.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2181 : Desguised in a povere arai, Thei passeden the toun er dai.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)2968 : Þai war al in pover atire; Þaire cloþes war reven on evil arai.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)33.400 : Thanne Celidoyne this kyng vnclothed Anon, and powre Clothes dyde hym vppon.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)114/67 : Vowchesaffe..That I myght þe take..And in þis poure wede to arraie þe.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)63/20 : For hys poure araymente, she thought he sholde nat be of no worship.
- c1475 Scrope DSP Abbrev.(RwlPoet 32)312/21 : A man said to hym that saw hym clothed in powr clothyng, [etc.].
- a1500 Chartier Quad.(2) (Rwl A.338)224/20 : Codrus..chaungid his royall array and put himself in pore harneys.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)130/30 : He wes beyete in zenne..and ine zuo poure house y-herberȝed.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Abp.& N.(Phys-E)p.86 : A pouer [vr. pore] hous was son purvaide.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)146 : Þou praysed me and my place ful pover and ful nede.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)906 : Þan flowe þat freke frendles alone, Out at a pore posterne.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)7/29 : A litil leerned man in carpentrie..may fynde a defaute in a kingis palice..whiche is not able to make a pore coote for þe eese and þe chering of a begger.
- a1500 Chartier Quad.(2) (Rwl A.338)212/8 : There hathe bene more suertye..a man to leue at his pleasur in the powere litle howse of a schepeherde thanne in the grette and high palayes of princes.
d
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)44 : He sendyth to hym Concyens, pryckyd ful pore, And clere Confescyon wyth Penauns-doynge.
5.
(a) Small, insufficient; of intelligence: limited, inadequate; (b) of low quality, not good; of earth, etc.: unproductive; (c) ~ of, deficient in (sth.), lacking in, devoid of; not possessing much of (sth.); (d) of color: drab; (e) in poor health; (f) of a planet: in a part of the zodiac where it has least influence.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)61/14 : Hwer wes eauer iȝeuen to eani blodleten se poure pitance?
- a1300 Þo ihu crist (Jes-O 29)27 : Heo nuste hwat heo mende; heo wes of wytte poure.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11307 : Pouer gift can sco for him giue þat com in pouert for to liue.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14869 : Strangli was þis folk felun, O littel wijt, o pour resun, Bitaght al to þe wiþer-win.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)10.117 : Loke þou grucche nouȝt on god þeiȝ he gyue þe litel; Be paied wiþ þe porcioun, pore [vr. porore] oþer riche.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1945 : Þis foule fox felle..is ful pore for to pay for suche prys þinges as ȝe haf þryȝt me here þro.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)31b/a : It is..þe generacioun of þam in þe selfe fleumatic humours or in metez resolute in to vapour of nedy or pouere hete.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)3/24 : God wole liȝt my pore witt þoruȝ wissynge of his grace.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)6902 : No ferrer kare bot take of me þis pure present.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)1.71 : Hit is not to take to credence after some men of pover and breve intellecte, and also of lytelle experience.
b
- a1350 Middelerd for mon (Hrl 2253)14 : Þat i telle a poure play þat furst is feir ant seþþe vnsete.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.365 : Þey schulde leve þe pore [L paupercula] feeldes of Pannonia and wende into þe noble riche lond of Italy.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2411 : There ben fulmanye yeres stole With thee and with suche othre mo, That outward feignen youthe so And ben withinne of pore assay.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)43.257 : The tothere Roses..fillen Alle down, pore and Anoyows..vndir that Rose so gloryows.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)196/6 : Mercye is a seed þat bereþ raþer fruyȝt in pore and leene erþe þan it doþ in fatt erþe.
- a1475(1430) Lydg.St.Marg.(Dur-U Cosin V.2.14)14 : A Royal Ruby..May closed ben in a ful pore sak.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)31a/b : Drynes..makeþ þe body voyde & lere & pore of fedinge.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)149a/b : In somer for fredom of flight þey beþ pore of fleische and in fatnesse.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)13.301 : Pore of possessioun in purse and in coffre, And as a lyon on to loke.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)17.161 : He þat haþ lonnde and lordshep..Shal be pourest of power at hus partyng hennes.
- c1400 Wycl.Dominion (Dub 244)287 : Clerkis ben now more pore of ȝiftis of god & more bisi aboute þe world.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)15 : Þer shal be no seson þat þe greet hert ne shal be slayne with þe oþere, nat while þat he is at the Rutte but whan he is withdraw and is poor of loue.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)7107 : He was lene and large..Of flesch he seemed poore and megre.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)28/17 : We..schulen..holde oureself synful & vnworþi wrecchis, nedeful and pore of alle goode þewes.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)496/19 : Than was he naked and waxed leane and poore of fleyshe.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)55/119 : Thow þat þi fadyr be pore of array, and þow neuer so rych..ȝitt loke þou worchep hym.
- a1500 Tundale (Adv 19.3.1)22 : He hadde ynowȝ of all rychesse, But he was pore of all godenesse.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)7037 : He þat of vertu is pore and lame, He shal suffre þere greet shame.
d
- a1500 Rule Minoresses (Bod 585)84/20 : These robis schullen be of buystouse cloþe & low prise & of pouer coloure.
e
- a1475 *Hrl.Diseases Hawk A (Hrl 2340)29a : & þi hawke be pore, þe orpyment wyll slee hir, And yf sche be ouyr gon with vermyn, sche wyll be por.
f
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1075 : Þe planetez arn in to pouer a plyȝt, And þe self sunne ful fer to dym.
6.
(a) Wretched, unfortunate, deserving of pity; (b) humble, meek [often with allusion to the first Beatitude (Mat.5.3)]; ~ in (of) spirit; ~ man; also as noun: the ~ in gost (spirit); (c) in deprecatory phrases: humble, undeserving, unworthy; as noun: humble servant.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)7695 : To ȝam saide þo þer þe pore king Vortiger.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)1621 : How miȝte so pouere deþ eny man here y-seo?
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6738 : Al pouere, louerd, ich am.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.634 : Thus was this yonge lord him one, Al naked in a povere plit.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fri.(Manly-Rickert)D.1609 : Kythe youre almesse on me, poure wrecche.
- (1422) EEWills50/18 : I bequeth to Elizabeth Ioye..a booke of Englyssh cleped 'pore caytife'.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Is.10.30 : Thou douȝtir of Gallym, weile with thi vois; thou Laisa, perseyue, thou pore Anatot.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9596 : Deffibus..Pletid vnto Paris with a pore voise.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)11/294 : How may he him diffende, þe pouer hert, Ageyn two eyen when they vpon him light?
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)92/2741 : The cursid fortune hath..geue turment Hym forto slee and makke a porre martere.
- c1450 Lover's Mass (Frf 16)146 : The Epystel in prose ffrom the party of the por plentyff in love.
- c1475 A babe is born our (LdMisc 683)p.225 : A, pore dere sone! telle me not soo.
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)217 : Pore dame mekenes sate be syde; To her vnnethys ony wolde loke.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)676 : Brybys be so gredy, Þat [to] þe pore trowth ys take ryght nought a hede.
b
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)164 : Þouh man haue muche katel..Ȝit he may be pore of mod And low of herte.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131/24 : Huanne he y-ziȝþ..þet he ne is naȝt worþ..þanne beginþ he uor to byenne poure of spirit.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)9.12 : He ne forȝate nouȝt þe crye of þe pouer in gost.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.5.3 : Blessid be the pore [vr. pore men; L pauperes] in spirit, for the kingdam in heuenes is heren.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)890 : Þou lete me a luitel cleche Of þulke [grace] þat alle frouere Þat gostliche beoþ in herte pouere.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1923 : Blessed by they that poure in spirit been.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)773 : He syttez þer in Sodomis, þy servaunt so povere.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)45/19 : Be pore, meke, and chast of loue.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)367/30 : My seruauntis..ben..not oonly wilfully poore but poore in spirit.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)918 : Dred of God puttes fro man pride mast And makes him welemanerd, pouer in hert and tast.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)110/17 : Blissyd be þai þat ar poyr in spirytt.
- c1440(?a1400) Perceval (Thrn)2236 : One his bake he hir bare; Pure was his pryde.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)138 : Hym suwed out of an-oþer cite semeliche twelue, Pore men & noȝt prute, aposteles wer hoten.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4021 : He..entris an Ile, Quare þir Exidraces as Ermets inhabet in caues, A progenie of pore men þat neuir pride hauntis.
c
- (c1390) Gower CA 1st Concl.(Bod 902)8.3050* : This povere book heer I presente Unto his hihe worthinesse.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)615 : Passe never fro þi povere, ȝif I hit pray durst.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1538 : Gret is þe gode gle..Þat so worþy as ȝe wolde wynne hidere & pyne yow with so pouer a mon.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)877/56 : With þe scepter to rewle at þe beste Þi pore liges, þat wolde live at reste.
- (1427) *Anc.Pet.(PRO)124.6187 : Besecheth lowely youre pouere preest and bedeman William Moortoun, [etc.].
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)20/11 : Lord..I þee biseche wiþ al my pore herte þat I here may weyle my synnes.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)22/19 : Goode Lorde, haue mercy of me that am thy povere seruaunt.
- a1456 Compleyne ne coude (Add 16165)15 : Beseching yowe..Taccept in worthe this litel pore dyte.
- (1462) Paston2.273 : In hast at Norwich..Your pouere J. Gresham.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)121/6 : To yow, nobyll and gracious lorde..humbly recommendyth hym youre pouer Seruant, Iames yonge, to youre hey lordshipp.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.99 : Unto youre grace lat now ben acceptable my pure request.
7.
(a) In surnames; (b) in street name.
Associated quotations
a
- (1163) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames278 : Walter le Poure.
- (1171) in Pipe R.Soc.16136 : Radulfus le Poer.
- (1200) in Pipe R.Soc.n.s.12233 : Philippus le Poure.
- (1212) CRR(2) 6222 : Rogerus le Povr'.
- (c1240) Cart.Oseney in OHS 101102 : Genteschiu le Pouere.
- (1256) Close R.Hen.III436 : Johannes le Power.
- (1275) Hundred R.Tower 170 : Willielmus le Povre.
- (1275) Hundred R.Tower 1229 : Robertus le Pore.
- (1299) Court R.Lond.48 : Geoffrey le Power.
- (1301) Nickname in LuSE 55145 : Joh. le Pourman.
- (1322) Pat.R.Edw.II152 : John Pourfisshe.
- (1337) Court R.Colchester 1156 : Ric. le Poure.
b
- (1366) in Ekwall Street-Names Lond.201 : La Porejewerie.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.121 : Silvester was pope…He hadde þe names of pore [Higd.(2): pover] men…i-write in a book and fondede what hem nedede to liflode.
Note: Additional quote(s) sense 2.(a).