Middle English Dictionary Entry
thǒu pron.
Entry Info
Forms | thǒu pron. Also thoue, thouȝ, thowe, thu(e, ðhu, thugh, tho, thogh, (N or NEM) you, (early SW) þe(o)u & (chiefly after -s, -t, -d or in contractions) tou, towe, tu, -touȝ, -to, -te. Contractions: artou (art thou), connowustou (knowest thou), dorstou (dorst thou), hastou (hast thou), havedestou (havedest thou), maisto(u (maist thou), miȝtouȝ (might thou), neltou (ne wilt tho), thatou (that thou), þerftou, ðertu (therf thou), therstou (therst thou), thertestou (thertest thou), wiltou (wilt thou), wostou (wost thou) & comste (comest thou), wilte (wilt thou), wolte (wolt thou) & thall (thou will), thart, thert (thou art), þut (þou it). For forms du, yhou, yhu, yo, yu, ȝou, ȝu see LALME 4.260-61. |
Etymology | OE þū̆ |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
As subject of a verb or occas. an implied verb: thou, you: (a) used for an offspring, a disciple, subject, one who is of a lower social rank or in a disadvantageous position, etc.; also in apposition to thou as subject [quot. a1382]; (b) used for a parent, master, lord, king, one who is in a position of power or authority, etc.; also in apposition to the subject [quot. ?a1300]; (c) used for God, Christ, Mary, a pagan deity, etc.; the which ~, you who; (d) used for a spouse, lover, colleague, an opponent, one who is equal in status, etc.; (e) used for someone as the subject of reproach, scorn, threat, challenge, etc.; (f) used for a bird, an object, a place, an abstraction, a personification, etc.; (g) used indefinitely in addressing the reader or an imaginary audience in narratives, instructions, discourses, etc.: thou, you.
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.656 : Saxulf la leof..ealle þa þing þet..ðu geornest..swa ic..tyðe.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)9/30 : Ic eam þin God..Nafe þu ælfremode godes ætforen me nateshwan.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)19/14 : Godes hehængel Gabriel..cwæð, 'Ne beo þu afyrht, Zacharia, se Aelmihtige Wealdend..geherde þine bene.'
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)26/17 : Ic habbe under me moniȝæ cnihtæs..& ic cwæðe..'Cum þu,' & he cymæð sonæ.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)12760 : Þu nemmnedd arrt Symon, & tu Þurrh Johanna wass strenedd.
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)221 : Ælra þara þinge þe on paradis beoð þu most bruce and alle hi beoð þe betehte buton ane treowe..ne hrepe þu þes trowes westm.
- a1275 *St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)81 : Meiden Maregrete, my leuemon þou scal bee.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1481 : Sei me..Hu mochel worȝ leste þu me to walden kineriche.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)38 : Do nou, mi sone dere, God leue þe so to speke, Þat tou in none worde his heste ne tobreke.
- c1300 SLeg.(Hrl 2277)521/193 : 'Clement,' quaþ seint Peter, þo, 'Þerftou þi moder pulte? Cri hire merci.'
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)527-8 : Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral, Wilte don mi wille al..To-morwen [i] shal maken þe fre.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)361-2 : For ðhu min bode-word haues broken, Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)36/421 : What man artow Þat art hider y-comen now?
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)285 : Þerfore, couherde, I þe conjure and comande..þatow telle me tiȝtly truly þe soþe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.15.20 : Þu shalt ete hem by eche ȝeer in þe place þat þe lord haþ chosyn, þou & þyn hous.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.215 : Doghter..Ther been two weyes, outher deeth or shame, That thow most suffre.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4163 : Messagere..after mete þouȝ shalt bere To þi lorde aȝein ansuere.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)471 : O Cordoil..Of þin wordys I myght hafe lered Qwen I þe askyd..Qwat þoue me lofed wyth wylles fre.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.4.194 : Yif thou conferme thi corage to the beste thinges, thow ne hast noon nede of no juge to yeven the prys.
- 1448 Rich.(Arms 58)260/1,3 : Sey thugh me..Who shal be borgh other waraunt Of the tresour thogh [vr. þou] byhotest vs?
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.515 : So schalt thow kepen there with the Of knyhtes and Seriauntes half my Mene.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.9/17 : I charge the þat..þou make to be ȝelde oon crofte of londe of Walton..to the church of seynte george.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)44/37 : Thu art my suete childe.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)92 : But ȝyf thou haddyst spylt..Harm schal tou none wynne.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1541 : Tow schalt wende by-fore..And an c Ml. schulle folowe thy Banere.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.192 : Þu shalt nouȝt makyn to me an hous.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2188 : Þou my son..Ector the eldist..Thou shuld hede to my harmes.
b
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)39/17 : Ne dwele þu, la, cyng.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)18268 : Maȝȝstre, þatt mann þatt wass wiþþ þe..Whamm þu barr wittness to þe follc, He takeþþ nu to fullhtnenn.
- a1275 *St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)203 : He is iborsten a two; ibounden hauestou me.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)751 : Hal beo þu, Brutus; Þu ert þe hexste of us.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1487 : Þeou ært leouere þene mi lif.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)42 : Me þuȝte, ase ich slepte, afeld þat we were, Þou & mi moder & mine breþren here.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7389 : Hold vaste willam nou Engelond, uor þer nis no king bote þou.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)367 : King, þou art aboue, Þenke what we dede for þi loue.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)366 : Gode sire..greteþ wel..my freyliche felawes..and alle oþer frely felawes þat þou faire knowes.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)326 : Vnderstond..fader myn! Þow wost þat I am douȝter þyn.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)9118 : Þou askedest veniaunce, þou hast þy bone.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1409 : Welkum ertou, Kyng Arthoure.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)4877 : Ȝif þou wilt come eft ageyn, Of Kent ne þertestow fle þat cost, Þaw y were þere wyþ al myn host.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2088 : Who was hier in philosophie To Aristotle, in our tonge, but thow?
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)95a : We preyeþe þy gret lordship..þat þowe..comaunde him þat he come and stonde tofore þe whanne þow sittest in doome.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)194/1299 : Wenyst þow, sir, I were woman?
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.259 : Þu myȝt nout fyllyn þin wombe of me, Y am so lytil.
- c1500 The shype ax (Ashm 61)6 : Bot for all þat euer þou kane, Thall neuer be thryfty man.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2070 : Thow se not þat sothely said ys of olde.
c
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)86/3 : Nu we synden..ofercumene, Ac sege us hwæt eart þu?
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Evang.(Bod 343)22/2 : On þam we ilyfæð þat ðu from Gode come.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)110/26-7 : Drihten, þu bihuddest þine halȝæn on þines andwlitæn wuldre & þu heom bewrohtest on heofenæ rice.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10288 : Seȝȝ uss, arrt tu profete?
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)7 : Drihten..wu [?read: þu] warpest þene alde feont for þine feonden and þine feond þu biscildest.
- a1250 Cristes milde moder (Nero A.14)84 : Ich ðe bidde, holi heouene-kwene, þet tu..iher mine bene.
- a1275 Of on þat is so fayr (Trin-C B.14.39)23 : Bi-hold tou him wid milde mod þat for us alle scedde is blod in cruce.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12763 : Lauerd Drihten Crist..let þu mi sweuen to selþen iturnen.
- a1300 I syke (Dgb 2)29 : Mari, þw wepe sor.
- a1300 I syke (Dgb 2)43 : Þe naylis beit al to longe..þue bledis al to longe.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)31 : Almigtin louerd..Ðu giue me seli timinge To thaunen ðis werdes bigininge.
- c1350 Heile sterne (Bod 425)13 : Show þe for modir als tou is, Oure preiere take þe þorou þi blis.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)73.19 : Be þo þenchend on þys þynge; þe enemy reproued þe, our Lord, and þe folk vnwyse en-engred þy name.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)692 : Jhesu Crist, justice, now jugge þouȝ þe riȝt.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.48.5 : Who mai lijc maner glorien to þee, þe whiche þou [WB(2): which; L Qui] beere vp þe deade fro helle.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2304 : Chaste goddesse, wel wostow that I Desire to been a mayden al my lyf.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)15/40 : Sir, ich see wel þat tou art a prophete.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.712 : Yet, blisful Venus, this nyght thow me enspire.
- c1425(c1400) Primer (Cmb Dd.11.82)p.37 : Lord, haue þou merci on me, for y am siyk!
- a1450 Of alle þe ioyus (Cmb Dd.11.89)383 : Thy loue maketh me ful hardy to be In Thy mercy to leue..For alle Thy passiouns..That Thouȝ tholedest.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)159/245 : Lorde..Sote encence I offere to the, Thow xalte be þe fyrst of hyȝ degre.
- c1475 O lord of loue (Vsp D.9)3 : O Lord of loue..Why suffers thou me to be ataynt?
- a1500 Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149)119 : Ho ys God saue only thou, whych takest a-wey..þe trespassynge of synnes.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)2 : [F]adir and sone and holy goost, As þou art lord of mightes moost..Now and euere this werke now spede.
d
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)116/11 : Ne beo þu afæred, for þan þe ic aras of deaðe.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)126/23 : Heo..hine mid heora worden tregedon..& cwæden, 'Wite com ofer þe & þu ateoredest.'
- c1175 Body & S.(1) (Bod 343)17 : Ðus ðu bist ileȝd and ladæst þine fronden.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.11 : Nu..broþerr min Affterr þe flæshess kinde..i Crisstenndom..&..i Godess hus..Icc hafe don swa summ þu badd.
- c1225 Body & S.(2) (Wor F.174)64/2 : Þu were leas and lutiȝ and u[n]riht lufedest.
- a1275 *Body & S.(4) (Trin-C B.14.39)54 : Vi ne auedestu þe biþout þat tu and þine uerkes, hal solde uende to nout.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1669 : Lauerd, beo þeu stille, let me al iwurþen & ich ham wulle atwailden.
- a1300(c1250) Floris (Vit D.3)73 : Þou were ibore of gode cunne.
- c1305 Als i me rod (LinI 135)17 : Thou mirie mai, hwi sinkes-tou ai?
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)767 : Heraud, frende myn..Þou schalt kepe mi sone Gij.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)50/35 : Þou ne sselt ac et longe and a-trayt.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)665 : I meke me in þi merci for þow me miȝt save!
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.359 : I and þow be here allone, iliche wel i-horsed and i-wepened.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3158 : I haue a wyf..as wel as thow.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1569 : Wiser men than thow..assenteden right now To my purpos.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2160 : Now wyf..here nys but thow and I.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2324 : I haf a stroke..with-oute stryf hent, & if þow rechez me any mo, I redyly schal quyte.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)911 : How hasto farn þis day?
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1458-9 : O brother deere, If thow a soth of this desirest knowe, Thow most a fewe of olde stories heere.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)8015 : Þer wot no man of wham þart come.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)322/3 : Thou to love that lovyth nat the is but grete foly.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)356/40 : A, sere..art thou ferd of a wenche?
- a1500(?a1425) Chester Pl.Antichr.(Pen 399)515/697 : Thowe take hym by the tope and I by the tayle.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)736/12 : Thow schalt take me vpon þi bakke & þou schalt ber me.
e
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)102/3-4 : Gif þu eard Godes Sune, þenne asend þu nu þe adun of þissere uppon.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)15598 : Tu darrst ȝellpenn þatt tu mihht Itt i þre daȝhess reȝȝsenn?
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)9/28-9 : Ðar ðu luȝe..and swa ðu diest ȝiet, of al ðat tu aure behatst.
- a1275 Judas (Trin-C B.14.39)20 : Wolte sulle þi louerd þat heite iesus?
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)347 : Niðing, þou ært al dead buten þou do mine read.
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)590 : 'Hou darst þou [Hrl: therstou; Corp-C: dorstou],' þe feon[des] seide, 'bi-fore him nemme is name?'
- c1300 SLeg.Jas.(LdMisc 108)349 : Ȝwi hast þou mine pilegrim bi-traid? gret schame þou dest me.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9372 : Abide, traitour!..wroþer hole [?read: wroþer hale] þou Rion seiȝe!
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)166/10 : Wrechche, huet wyltou do, hueruore þe yelst þe zuo?
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2155 : Thow shalt abye this fart, if that I may.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)6.158 : Wiltow or neltow, we wil haue owre wille Of þi flowre and of þi flessche.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)5/21 : Fals wretche and forsworn, whider wiltou fare?
- a1450 *St.Marg.(2) (Bod 779)179-81 : By leue, mayde, vppon my godis..ne myȝtouȝ nouȝt I se bote þou leue vppon my lay, aslawe þou chalt be.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)1142 : I shall the lerne a newe scole, If thoue so hardy to fighte be.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)549/18 : Hit were the more shame..to save thy lyff..And therefore thou arte worthy to dye.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1650 : A thef, glotoun!.. hastou for-sake mahoun and hys mametrye?
- a1500 Listyns lordingus to (Cmb Ff.5.48)13 : O Judas..Sore of þat bargan þu may rew.
f
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)28/5 : On summere tide wæs se Hælend farende to Jerusalem, þa þa he..heo geseh, þa weop he ofer heo þuss cweðende, 'Gyf þu wystest hwæt þe toweard is, þu weope mid me.'
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)147/19 : Fugele fæȝerest..Þu glitenest swa read gold, ealra fugela king.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)21/30 : Ic ðe bisieche ðat tu me wissi ȝiet, an hwælche wise ic mihte betst sahtlin wið mine halend.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)118/1-2 : Þe hali mon wes iwunet to seggen to þe deofles neddre..ȝef þu hauest leaue, do sting ȝef þu maht.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)173 : Ich wolde viȝte bet mid liste Þan þu mid alþine strengþe.
- a1300(c1250) Floris (Vit D.3)86 : Deþ..Mid traisun þou me has mi lef binome.
- ?a1300 Fox & W.(Dgb 86)33 : Wox..wat dest þou þare?
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)93 : Ȝif þat þou wystest þou wost wepe also.
- a1350 Ichot a burde in boure (Hrl 2253)2 : Blow, northerne wynd, sent þou me my suetyng!
- c1350 Ayenb.App.(Arun 57)264/30 : Sleȝþe zayþ, 'Huannes comste?' Drede zayþ, 'Vram helle.'
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1511 : Welcome be thow, faire fresshe May.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.244 : What, bryd..what song syngestow?
- a1400 Loue þou art (Hrl 7322)1-2 : Loue, þou art of mikel mit; Mi day þou tornis into nit.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)23 : O moul, þou marrez a myry iuele.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)848 : Wympel, allas! There is no more But thow shalt feele as wel the blod of me.
- c1450(c1400) ?Clanvowe Cuckoo & N.(Frf 16)117 : Hit thynkes me I syng as wel as thow.
- c1450(c1400) Rev.Jul.Norwich (Add 37790)75/27 : A, wriched synne! Whate ert þou? Thowe er nought.
- c1475 Earth(3) (Rwl F.32)22/69 : Think now, erthe, how thou in erthe Goist euer in dethis grace.
- a1500(c1435) ?Lydg.DM(2) (Lnsd 699)49/409 : Howe darst thou, deth, set on me arrest Which am the kyngis chosen officeer?
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)162 : Thou hast vnto thi pastur But oo place to make in thi repair.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)962 : Vyce, I the charge..thow draw nat arere But put the forthe boldly to ouerthrow Vertew.
g
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)3/18 : Þonne þu oðerne mann tæle, þonne geðænc þu þæt nan man nis lehterleas.
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)11/16 : Do eal þys innan anne niwne croccan, and amorȝen þann seoð þu hyt.
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1137 : Hi..brendon alle the tunes ðæt wel þu myhtes faren all a dæis fare sculdest thu neure finden man in tune sittende ne land tiled.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)2984 : Sinne, ȝiff þut lufesst ohht, Forrblendeþþ all þin heorrte.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)5 : Ne beo þu þereuore prud ne wilde ne sterc.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)71/20 : Habbe þu þes stan inwið þi breoste..ne þearf þu [Nero: ðer tu] noht dreden þe attri neddre of helle.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)33/30 : Hwat mihte, wenest tu, was i cud ine þeos wordes?
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15873-4 : Þu mihtes fare..seouen nihte þat no mihtest þu..finde neouwer na bred.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)150 : Bote bid tu ðe ai boðe bi nigt & bi dai.
- a1300 Loke to þi louerd (StJ-C A.15)2 : Loke to þi louerd, man, þar hanget he a rode, and wep, hyf þo mist, terres al of blode.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)45 : Of hise word ðu wislike mune.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)35/981-3 : Te [þe] mo prestes þat þart ischryue Myd alle y-hole schryfte, Þe clenner þert a-ȝens god.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)148/4 : Zorȝuol sselt þo by to þe kuedes þet oþre ueleþ and doþ.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)38 : Þat barn..wepte so wonder fast, wite þou for sothe, þat þe son of þe cry com to þe cowherde evene.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1655 : Thou myghtest wene that this Palamoun In his fightyng were a wood leoun.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3932 : Ȝyf þou forþenke a mannys prowe, þat he haþ hegher state þan þow..Dedly synne ys swyche enuye.
- a1400 Dice(2) (Boston 100)p.32 : Schaunge yi thoght, you [vr. þou] hart at blame.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)87b/a : Take þi fynger oþer þine honde aweie as liȝtlye as þu kanne.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)226/37 : Today þou, tomorowe I, but if þe grace of God kepte me.
- c1425 Lin-O.Accedence (Lin-O Lat.130)147 : How many maner clynyng ys þer..How knowust tow ryth..How connowustow vnryth?
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.53 : Thow shall do as þe preste says, but not as þe preste doos.
- c1450 Holy Writ seyȝt (Eg 3307)p.206 : Yf thou se I do amysse, And no man wot bo[t] thou of this, Mak it noght so il as it ys.
- c1450 Yale 163 Cook.Recipes (Yale 163)61.55/5 : Yf thu wilte, thu may endore hem & make hem a service.
- a1475 Limn.Bks.(Brog 2.1)73 : Take the juce of wortys and vetegrece, and medylle heme welle togedyre, and thou schalt have a good grene.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)6112 : Ihesu Crist that offring was, offrer al-so..To restore vs as he may to his fader that offring taas; thus offring, offrer..and offring-taker eke towe has.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)767/9 : Byfor or þou come to þe paleis of hevene, Thow be-hoveth to passe þe see of þis worlde in a bothe of holy lyfe.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)94 : Bothe of truse & trayne þe truthe shalt þu here.
2.
As vocative with following name, noun, or noun phrase in apposition or occas. with following rel. clause: thou, you: (a) used for an offspring, a subject, subordinate, etc.; also without noun in apposition [quot. a1438]; (b) used for a king, parent, or one who is in a position of power; also, used for God, Christ, or a pagan deity; (c) used for a friend or companion, one who is the object of the speaker's respect, concern, etc.; (d) used for someone to whom reproach, scorn, contempt, etc. is directed; (e) used for a bird, an object, a personification, etc.; (f) used indefinitely in addressing a reader.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)32/6 : Ealæ, ðu yfelæ ðeowæ, ic forȝeaf þe ðone sceat, swa swa ðu me bæde.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)17/17 : Andswere me nu, þu un-ȝesælie saule..hwat hafst ðu swa lange idon on ðare woreld?
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)329 : Þou swete sone, seþþe þou schalt hennes wende, whanne þou komest to kourt..bere þe boxumly.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2063 : Þou damisele, deliverli do telle me now ȝerne whider is mi douȝter went.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1689 : Hold up thy tayl, thou Sathanas..Shewe forth thyn ers.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)125/22 : Why, þow, what sey men of me.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2184 : Þat greuys me full gretly..Hit shuld come you by course..To be sory for my sake..And þou my son..sonest of other.
b
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)33/36 : Þu Ælmihtige Drihten, gemiltse us synfullen.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)133/3 (1st occurrence) : Eala, þu king, hwæt wylt þu to mede gesyllan þan þe þe fram þyssen uneðnyssen alyseð?
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.VA (Lamb 487)113 : Alle we cleopiað to gode and cweðað pater noster, þet is, 'þu ure feder þe ert on heuene.'
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Roy 17.A.27)35/282,284 : Crist..þu al-weldende godd..þu þe tahtest þine þet ha ne schulden..dreden for teone..lauerd, wune wið me.
- (a1333) Herebert Cryst (Add 46919)5 : Þou lyht, þou uaderes bryhtnesse..Lust what þy volk þorou-out þe wordl to þe byddeth.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)8.1 : Ha þou, Lord, our Lord, ful wonderful hys þy name in al þerþe.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)312 : Gracious gode God! þouȝ grettest of alle! moch is þi mercy and þi miȝt.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1559 : Allas, thou felle Mars, allas, Iuno! Thus hath your ire oure lynage al fordo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.124-5 : O thou Cupide, O thou Venus, Thou god of love, and thou goddesse, Wher is pite?
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)113 : Cytherea! thow blysful lady swete, That..madest me this sweven for to mete, Be thow myn helpe in this.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1789 : Thou Eolus, thou kyng of Trace, Goo blowe this folk a sory grace.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)132/9 : Þou man! whatt may my dede profett þe?
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)112/28 : Here, thou scorpion my mooder, woo to me, for thou haste euel deceyued me.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)752/5 : Thow Este schynyng sterre, gloriouse knyȝte, Visite us and helpe vs in þis gret drede.
c
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)21/26 : Lieue friend, ðu ðe me, senfulle saule, aweihtest of deaðe..nu ðu hafst iherd mine bemone..ic ðe besieche ðat tu me wissi ȝiet an hwælche wise ic mihte betst sahtlin wið mine halend Criste.
- a1275 *Body & S.(4) (Trin-C B.14.39)4 : Wo þurd [read: wurd] þe flecs, þu fule bodi.
- c1305 Als i me rod (LinI 135)16 : Thou mirie mai, hwi sinkes-tou ai?
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4187 : Alas, alas, þou wrecche mon, woch mesaunture Aþ þe ybroȝt in to þis stede?
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mcp.(Manly-Rickert)H.15 : Awake, thow cook..god yeue thee sorwe!
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)22123 : Fle hithen, þou man, swith hithen þou fle!
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)211,215 : Thow, Lucresse of Rome toun..Ek Cleopatre..Hide ye youre trouth in love and youre renoun; And thow, Tysbe, that hast for love swich peyne: Alceste is here, that al that may desteyne.
d
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)9/28 (2nd occurrence) : Ðar ðu luȝe, ðu lease dieuel.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)14/28 : Me, þu heaðene hund, þe hehe healent is min help.
- 1372 Sey þu vessel (Adv 18.7.21)p.25 : Sey, þu vessel of wrechidnesse, Wat profitet þe werdis richesse?
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.359 : O sowdanesse, roote of iniquitee! Virago, thow Semyrame the secounde..al that may confounde Vertu and innocence..Is bred in thee as nest of euery vice.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)13632 : Hald þe to him..þu caitiue.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)1.138 : Þow doted daffe..dulle arne þi wittes.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)4 Kings 2.23 : Whanne he stiede bi the weie, litle children..seiden, 'Stie, thou ballard! stie, thou ballard!'
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)8.541 : O thou Valeryan! Thi cruel herte of fals malencolie Made whilom deie many Cristen man.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)34 : Sey, thou horyson! ȝelde the..thy lyfe-dayes bene y-don.
e
- a1150(?OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)21/29 : Eala, þu Jerusalem, efne þin alesend cumð.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.1.2 : Heereþ, ȝe heuenes, & with eris parceyue, þou erþe, for þe lord spac.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1548 : And thow, Symois, that..Thorugh Troie rennest downward to the se, Ber witnesse of this word.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)756 : Alas, thow wikkede wal! Thorgh thyn envye thow us lettest al.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1410 : Sory synne, þou grysly gore, Owte on þe, dedly synne.
- a1450 Eagle Magic in Tul.SE 22 (Add 34111)6 : O þow Egle..now i sle þe to hele of man.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)337 : Lat be thi bost, thou Hors, & thi iangelyng!
f
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)132 : Be glad, thow redere, and thy sorwe of-caste.
3.
The word 'thou'.
Associated quotations
- c1400 Dur-C.Treat.Syntax (Dur-C B.4.19)191/34 : How mony persons has þou? Sex..Thre in þe singulere and thre in þe plurele, as 'I' and 'þow' and 'he'..and 'we' and 'ȝe' and 'þay'.
- (c1450-54) Paston (EETS)1.151 : Rith nessessary it is to knowe þe pronons..je..tu, il, nous, vous, ilz: I, thow, he, w[e], ȝe, thei.
- a1500 God of hewine (Tit A.26)190 : 'Thou' I klype the, prowde knapys, That make in holy chyrche Iapis.