Middle English Dictionary Entry
rau(e adj.
Entry Info
| Forms | rau(e adj. Also rauȝ(e, raugh, rauh(e, reu, roue, ra, (N) rae, (early) hreawe. |
| Etymology | OE hrēaw, hrēow; cp. OI hrār. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Uncooked; -- also in allegorical context [quot.: c1390]; (b) of cream: not thickened by cooking, uncooked; (c) of clay or a clay vessel: unfired, unbaked.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)103.70/2 : Wið stanes on bladra nim þeos wyrt; sile etan ȝesodone oþþer hreawe.
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.MQuad.(Hrl 6258B)12/18 : Hit his ealtewa ȝif hi man hreawe swelȝeð.
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)152 : Heo hadde fisch and drinke; ȝe wuten wel it was ravȝ.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)320/160 : Fret al rau þi nowe fleiss and þin owe blode!
- a1350 Of Rybaudȝ (Hrl 2253)8 : Þe deuel huem afretye, Rau oþer a-roste!
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.265 : In þe norþwest side of Germania is a peple þat..eteþ rawe flesch.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.901 : Thise shrewes ne holden hem nat apayed of roosted flessh and sode flessh with which the peple feden hem in greet reuerence, but they wole haue raw flessh of folkes wyues and hir doghtres.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)243a/b : Leek y-eten rawe helpeþ aȝeins drunkenesse.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)323b/b : A raw ȝolk of an ey y-medlid wiþ salt heleþ þat posteme.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1668 : Þare he lifed a grete sesowne With rotes and raw venysowne.
- a1425 Roy.17.C.17 Nominale (Roy 17.C.17)662/16 : Caro cruda: ra flesche.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)198/20 : Þei eten boþe flessch & fissch all raugh [Man.(2): rae].
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)170b/b : Þing cocte is lesse suspecte þan crude, i. rawe, for it abideþ al grene.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)151b/a : Leie to rawe broken benes wel chewed.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)8.135 : Of squyllis whyte, alraw, taak of the hardis.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)25/22 : Ette a fewe rawe pese & it sal ga awaye.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)121/16 : Botoris, eglis, rauenys, and puttokys..flyeth ther aboutyn for the blod and the rawe flesch that thei se.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)3431 : Lay euery hed on a platere; Bryng it hoot forþ..And loke þey be nothynge rowe.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)143/6 : It makyth a wymmannys mylk to waxin quanne it is takyn half raw.
- c1450 Mandev.(4) (CovCRO Acc.325/1)2362 : In that ile beth geauntis stronge..man or beeste what thei mowe geten Anone alle rawe thei wille ham freten.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)15295 : Thow sawh neuere..Houndys in the bocherye Mor gredy rawh flessh to ete.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.St.Giles (LdMisc 683)86 : Toward dissert the Iourne thou dist dresse With cold water and herbis rauhe and grene.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)105b : Rowe: Crudus, Incoctus..to be Rowe: Crudere, Crudescere.
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)344 : Faunos..lividen only bi Raw fissh and drynkyng of water.
b
- c1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(2) (Hrl 4016)75 : Temper hit with goode mylke, that hit be no thikker þen rawe creme.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)179 : Tak may buttter mad of raw crayme.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)186 : Tak raw cramyn of ewe mylke in may.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)157a/a : Ȝif a man take a vessel of þe erþe newe and rawe, [etc.].
- a1550(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Sln 1873)2791 : Dedd clay..medlide in powdire with good rawe cley Will fyre abide & not go awey.
2.
(a) Of silk: unthrown or unspun, raw; ?also of wool [lst quot.]; (b) of cloth: unfulled, untucked, or otherwise unfinished; ~ thred, ?unspun wool; (c) of hides: untanned; (d) of honey, alum, lard, etc.: unrefined.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)91/149 : Wel to conne and nauȝ [read: nauȝt] no don Nys naþer rawe ne y-sponne; Lytel hijs worþ, bote hyt endy wel, Þyng þat hijs wel by-gonne.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)790 : Bolde burnez were þay boþe, wyth berdles chynnez, Royl rollande fax, to raw sylk lyke.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)180a/b : Recipe..rawe silke propreli of þe flok or huske of þe worme smal kutted.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)185a/a : Take..rawe silke, namelye of þe peroke of þe silke worme, kit as smalle as it maye be, halfe j dramme.
- (c1445) *Plea & Mem.R.Lond.GildhA.71.11a : Rawe silk, i litill fardell; Parys silk, i litill fardell.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)131.597 (v.2:p.355) : She took rau sylke and wypte hyre leg therwith, and so gaderyd vp the onyment [?read: oynment].
- (1463-4) RParl.5.506a : Never any thing of Silke brought into this Lande..in any wise wrought, but in rawe Silke allone unwrought.
b
- (?a1346) LRed Bk.Bristol2.7 : Ordinee est qe nul hom face amesner hors de ceste ville nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.40.4 : Gret ocupacioun is shapen to alle men..fro hym þat vseþ blu silc & berþ crowne vn to hym þat is crownyd with raw lynene.
- (1420) Plea & Mem.R.Lond.Gildh.74 : [4 1/2 ells of] rawflemmysh.. [12 1/4 ells of] Irissh..[1 1/4 ells of] Flemmysh.
- (1432) *Acc.R.Witham : i clovum de Rawthred.
- (1464-5) Doc.in HMC Rep.9 App.1141a : [Two horses were hired to carry a] rawecloth [borrowed from the Fuller].
- (1467-8) RParl.5.621b : It is daily used..to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled, and the same..rawe Cloth soo untoked and unfulled carien over the See.
c
- (a1399) Oath Bk.Colchester9 : Item, Salffel comende to towne by londe raw, for j dos., j d.; and barket, dos. j d. ob.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)97a : Loke þou ordeyne þat þe leues of þe ȝates ben keuered & heled wiþ rawe hydes or skynnes [L coriis], & aboue þat wel plated wiþ yren.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)100b : Hornes also & rawe skynnes ben profitable to ben I-gedred to keuere and to hele pauyses, scheldes, and oþre defensable gynnes of werre.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)102a : Þe gyn þat is cleped þe snail or the welk is..I-keuered & heled al aboute wiþ rawe hides.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)2387 : The bak of this tortoys..With felt & heere & hidis rawe or crude..Wel couered is.
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)317a/a : Raw hony not wel y-clarified..bredeþ swellyng and grollynge in þe wombe.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)263/29 : Take vij figis & pare awei þe ryndis þerof & grynde hem wel togidere, & do þerto as miche raw hony.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)167b/b : Enspesse honye wiþ a litil floure of whete and schal not be decocte but rawe.
- ?a1450 Arderne LW (Em 69)120 : Putte rawgh laard of a swyne in the wounde.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)78/203 : Take vj peny wight of raw alyme and xij peny wight of snayles howses.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)84a/a : Recipe reed nettil and morelle..& raw grese and þe mooste part of buttere and bete hem togidere and leye hem hoot to þe wounde.
3.
Unripe, green; ~ in colour.
Associated quotations
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)35b/b : Þat Colera takeþ strengþe of such grene herbes and rawe in colour.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)210a/b : Þe laste fruyte rypeþ nought but abydeþ rawe and grene and nought rype.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3381 : Þat first was raw in fruitis & in flouris, And watrie..He drieth vp and ripeth at þe fulle With his feruence.
- (1432) in Rec.B.Nottingham 2132 : Thomas Sharp [sold]..praedicto Thomae Abbot dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei rawe, reket et cum weselys spevelled.
4.
(a) Of humors: unready for use, undigested, unadapted; of urine: containing undigested humors, abnormal; (b) of food or chyle: undigested; of the process of digestion: incomplete.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)33b/a : Þe þridde is as it were rawhe; þat is flewme.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)35b/a : His vrine is white and þicke, rawe & euel I-coloured.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)46a/a : For whan þe stomak is I-chargid with rawe humours, kynde worchinge by þe vertue of out puttinge clensiþ þe stomake by þe office of þe mouþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)212a/a : Fruyt and leues..beeþ nought dyuers in matiere but by more digestioun or lesse of watry and rawe humour.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)309b/a : Grene colour in grasse, herbes, and fruyte is tokne of raw humour and vndygest.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)233/33 : Mater þat makiþ akinge of ioyncts is ofte tyme haboundaunce of blood, & ofte tyme it is raw fleume.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)30a/b : Verray vdimia is made of fleume naturale, which is no þing els þan blode crude or rawe or diminutely cocte, which is founden in massa sanguinaria for to noresh fleumatic membrez.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)107/3 : Þe natural [phlegm] is an humour colde and moyste, rawe in substaunce.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)107/34 : Alle þe knottes and exitures of flewme..ben gendred of a raw flewme, grete and muscilaginouse.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)62 : Sethe hem þan and drinke hem, and so shalt þou purge þe wicked and rawe humourz of þe stomak.
- a1500 *3 Inspect.Hematoscopy (Sln 3486)f.147v : Blode þat is þynne & watrie..bytokneþ þat rawe humours ben to habundaunt in þe bodye.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)103a/b : It nediþ by medicine to putte of þinges þat is defied & noȝt þing þat is rawȝe.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)30a/b : Fleume forsoþ is an humour frigid & humidus gendred of þe more rawe [Ch.(2): rawest] partie of þe chile.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)59/35 : Digestion waxeþ raw, and of rawnes of digestion is þe vryne discolored.
5.
(a) Of skin or flesh: injured, abraded, lacerated, skinned, bloody; ~ sor, ?painful sore; (b) physiol. replete with humors; of an aposteme, etc.: hard, full of humors, painful; (c) of eyes: unshaded, naked; also, protruding; of bones: bare, visible; fig. of rancor: exposed, evident.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 Talking LGod (Vrn)52/11 : Þer þow hongedest reuþly, so cold and so blodi; al rau and wori is þi swete bodi.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)702 : Corres & cattes with claures ful scharpe..knyt to Cayphases þeyes, Twey apys at his armes to angren hym mor..renten þe rawe flesche vpon rede peces.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)211/12 : Cristen men..fand þe child in þe ovyn, syttand opon þe hate colis..and hym aylid no rew sore.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)304/993 : Make the skynne raw aboute..with a rasor, and þen lay to poudre.
- c1470 Bible F.(Cleve-W q091.92-C468)85/4 : He made him alle quycke to be flayne that ther shal no partie of his body be coverid with the skynne, but alle rede, rawe fleish.
b
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)171b/b : Ane incarnatiue medicine þat is drie in þe secounde degre engenderþ fleische in a bodie þat is drie & sadde, as fraunke encense, þe whiche is drye in þe first degree, engenderþe fleische in a bodie þat is moiste & rawe.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)226/29 : Louse þinges ben gode and rawe þinges forsoþe ben euel.
- a1450 Chauliac(4) (Cai 336/725)17/9 : Þo apostymes þat ben laxe ben gode: & þo þat ben rawe or harde þei ben yuel.
c
- c1425 Evang.(BodAdd C.38)1487 : Þei..so his lymes drawe þat his bones were sene al rawe.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)223/93 : Ȝoure rankoure is raykand full rawe.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)2.934 : Eyen rawe may not abyde For to behalde agayne his bemez bryght.
- c1450 My ladyes (Frf 16)66 : Whoso that yow beholdyth well, and seyth Your roncled face and your rawe eyen tweyne..How may he lyue fro dystresse and payne But yf that he unto your grace atteyne?
6.
(a) Of the church: new, undeveloped; of an offer: crude, distasteful; of a youth: ignorant, unskilled; (b) of sins: unatoned, unmollified; (c) of a legal matter: new, unfamiliar.
Associated quotations
a
- c1475 O lord omnipotent (Trin-C R.3.21)16 : Thy sayd son..Behelde thy chyrche full rawe and yet remysse.
- a1500(?a1450) St.Dor.(1) (Hrl 5272)67 : He promysed to wed hir after the lawe And to geve hire tresoure infenyte; Alle there profers they were but rawe, Nor nothynge plesynge to hire delite.
- 1534(?a1500) Cov.Pl.W.(CovCorp(1))897 : No marvell thogh thow schuldist be rawe In soche hy poyntis for to be reysonyng, For of age art thow a vere yonglyng.
b
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1461 : If þou wylt not make þynne sowle clere But kepe hem [sins] in þyne hert cas, Anoþyr day þey schul be rawe and rere And synke þi sowle to Satanas.
c
- (1448) Shillingford38 : Afterward y spake with the ijde Chif Justise there a grete while, to whom oure mater myche was rawe.
7.
Of frost: imperfect in some sense; ~ frost, ?a black frost.
Associated quotations
- a1475 Prk.Weather & Moon in NM 58 (Brog 2.1)47 : The rawe frost ys caused of lyke sotyl vapor assendyng the fyrst region of the eyer and ther taken with gretter colde then þe dewe ys, whyche colde destroyethe all þe hete of þe vapur þat causith it to assende, and so castethe don þat vapour þer congelyd; And then þer apperithe suche a unparfite forst uppon þe erthe.
8.
In surnames.
Associated quotations
- (1313) Pat.R.Edw.II61 : Richard le Rawe.
- (1321-4) Surnames in Disc.24 : Peter rabayn.
- (1332) Nickname in LuSE 55150 : Henr. Raweknaue.
- (1352) Reg.Edw.Blk.Pr.4.50 : John le Rau.
- (1453) in Archaeol.Cant.4132 : John Rawe.