Middle English Dictionary Entry
frēten v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | frēten v.(1) Also vreten, freoten. Forms: Sg. 3 frēteth, vrēteth, frettes, fret(t, vret; p. sg. frēt, vrēt, frā̆t, frēted, pl. frēt(en, frāte; ppl. i-)frēte(n, i-frette, i-)fretted. |
Etymology | OE fretan; frǣt, frǣton & frēt, frēton; ge-freten. An AF *freter, corresp. to Prov. fretar rub (from VL *frictare), may have contributed to sense 2; cp. F frotter. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
(a) To devour (something), to eat up; (b) to eat (something); esp., to eat hungrily or greedily; ~ fil, to eat (one's) fill; ~ of, to partake of, eat of; ~ up, to eat up, devour; (c) to bite (something), to tear (with the teeth), to chew or gnaw; of a dart: to pierce; (d) to gnash the teeth.
Associated quotations
a
- a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1127 : Eall þæt þa beon dragen toward swa frett þa drane & dragað fraward.
- c1225 Body & S.(2) (Wor F.174)5/2 : Þu scalt fostren þine feond þet þu beo al ifreten.
- a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)155 : Sum fel bi þe wei..and fugeles it freten.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)102b : Ȝunge impen me bigurd wið þornes, leste beastes freoten [Nero: ureten] ham.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)287 : Oþer seue..frete þe seue fatte kyn eueruchon.
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)303 : A souwe astrangli it anon and fret it in a stounde.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)381 : He drinkeð his blod..& ðo freteð hem al.
- ?c1335 Whose þenchiþ vp (Hrl 913)p.137 : And þat ich ȝiue al for law Þat his fleis be al ifrette.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4166 : Some he mid strencþe nom & al quic hom vret.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)7153 : It [a dragon] freteþ [Cai: eteth] men & bestes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)39 : Þo byeþ þe wolues þet ureteþ þe ssep.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3294 : He slow the cruel tyrant Busirus And made his hors to frete hym, flessh and bon.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.475 : Euery wight, saue he..Was with the leoun frete er he asterte.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)79.14 : A beste Frate [L depastus est] it.
- c1400(?a1300) *KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5155 : Ypotamous comen..And freten þe kniȝttes euerychon.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1951 : Into a prysoun, fetered, cast is he Tyl thilke tyme he sholde freten be.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)844 : He has fretyn of folke mo than fyfe hondrethe.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)119a : Þe bodyes vnburied ben out cast ouer þe bord, and þere þei ben Ifrete of fisches.
- a1456 Affter þe stormy tyme (Trin-C R.3.20)68 : Wormes..shoul þy flesshe vnto þy boones frete.
- c1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Tbr A.7)18401 : I schal be grave In eerthe lowe, ther to be ffreete.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)391/128 : His flesh shall frete away With many a wofull wight.
b
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)12/104 : Tadden & froggen..freoteð [Tit: freten] ham ut te ehnen.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)16a : Kimeð þe kaue ananriht & reaueð hire hire eairen & fret [Tit: fretes] of þet schulde forð bringe cwike briddes.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)128 : Þe uox is ec a wrecche urech best & fret swuðe wel mid alle.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)373 : Doð ge hire non oðer god bute fret hire fille & dareð siðen stille.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)154/720 : Opone þy wombe þou schalt glyde And erþe frete.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)87 : Þe best..fret oft of þe erþe.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)21.202 : Adam afterwarde..Faste fret of þat frut.
- c1400 Wit & W.(Cmb Res.b.162)G/13 : Alle þis..Robbes and reues..Als foules and fischis fretes of þe lesse.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)2474 : Syth þou desyryst flessh for to eet..Haue of þine own & faste gyne to frete.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)9895 : She & hyr maydyns oftyn dede frete The most groos metys þat myht be founde.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)729 : Þey freten vp þe fu[r]ste froyt & falsliche lybbeþ.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)31677 : Let þu þa hundes hannen togaderes, eiðer freten oðer swa hund deð his broðer.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)40/431 : Mohðe fret te clades & cwalm sleað þet ahte.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)89a : Þe hund þe fret leðer oðer awurið ahte.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8632 : To þe rode he sturte & bigan to frete & gnawe Þe armes vaste & þies.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)539 : And wolues him frete wiþ teþ so scharp.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.171 : Anon wormes sprang out þerof and frate [L corroserunt] so Iulianus his neþer ende þat he myȝte nevere be delivered þerof.
- c1390 11 Pains(3) (Vrn)218 : Wormes and serpentes on hem seeten, Euer as houndes þei on hem freeten.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.561 : Thise wormes ne thise moththes ne thise mytes, Vpon my peril, frete hem neuere a del.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)105b/a : Philosophres wolde raþere gnawe and frete here owne tongis þanne þey wolde assente þat þere beþ many heuenes.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7257 : Beggers with..greye clothis not full clene, But fretted full of tatarwagges.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)814 : Waspasian wounded was þer..an hande-darte..boot þrow þe bote & þe bone nayled Of þe frytted fote in þe folis syde.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)9.1026 : With lees and wermys maad infortunat, Thoruh skyn and flessh fret onto þe bon.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)47.207 : On his hondis he gan to frete.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)112 : The multitude of lys..fret him onto the deth.
- a1475(?1431) Lydg.Defence HC (Hrl 1245)139 : With smale wormys hym fretyng manyfolde.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)11806 : I mene the werm..That ffreteth the herte off a tre.
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)265b/a : Whanne þat þe bore is wroth he freteþ and fomeþ at þe mouth.
1b.
Fig. To consume, swallow up; destroy.
Associated quotations
- ?a1300 11 Pains(1) (Dgb 86)182 : Wen hoe habbeþ Ifreten ewche on, Eft hoe beþ Ihole anon.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)404 : On folde no flesch styryed Þat þe flod nade al freten wyth feȝtande waȝez.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Mic.5.6 : Thei schulen frete the lond of Assur bi swerd.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)387 : Ther may nothing as tyme endure, Metall, nor erthely creature; For alle thing it fret and shall, The tyme eke, that chaungith all.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)20a/b : Demolior: to destrie or frete or defoule.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)13 : That elde, which that al can frete and bite, As hit hath freten mony a noble storie, Hath nygh devoured out of oure memorie.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4400 : Ȝe with wodnes of weris all þe werde fretis.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9691 : The sent ffor a tru to be takon..þaire men for to bery, And to frete hom with fyre þat were fey worthen.
2.
(a) To file or scrape (something) away; rub to pieces, destroy by scraping; (b) to rub or chafe (something), to polish or cleanse by friction; ~ on, to rub (something) onto (a surface); (c) to preen (feathers); (d) cook. to force (through a sieve) by rubbing or grating.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)49b : He fret [Nero: uret; Tit: frettes] him seoluen, weilawei, as þe file deð, ah he makeð smeðe & brihteð þi sawle.
- ?c1225 Ancr.(Cleo C.6:Morton)284 : Þe file fret of þe irn þe rust..& makeð hit hwit & smeðe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)142b/b : Þe Egle feþire haþ a priuey fretynge vertue..Isette among feþires of wynges of oþir briddes [it] corrumpiþ and fretiþ hem.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2142 : Thes frekk byernez..Foynes ful felly with flyschande speris, Freten of orfrayes feste appon scheldez.
- c1475 Mankind (Folg V.a.354)349 : A-lasse, goode fadere! Þis labor fretyth yow to þe bone.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)142 : Til tyme þat þe pavement have I-frett the fleshe fro the bone.
b
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)9b : Frett with that þe teþe.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)13.330 : Auenge me fele tymes other frete my-selue Wyth-inne, as a shepster shere.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)155b/a : Yfreted or rubbed [L fricato] & bounden on þe partie aboue wiþ a liste.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2708 : Be it frette on his flesche..The freke schalle be fische halle with-in fowre howres.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)5/23 : Stampe þam in a morter of lede with vnslekked lyme, & frete it þer-on ofte.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)199/7 : Þen frett þe gomys and the tethe with powder [o]ff myntis.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)209/4 : Þerwith frete well hys lippys.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)92/26 : Þer I fande a serpent, & I tuke it vp in my hand & fretid itt.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)51b : To ffrete: ffricare, vbi to rube.
c
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.35 : In thair birdis kynd [they] arraid Thair fetheris new, and fret thame in the sonne.
d
- ?a1475 Noble Bk.Cook.(Hlk 674)121 : Tak appelles and sethe them and lett them kelle, then fret them throughe an heryn syff.
- a1500 Ld.Cook.Recipes (LdMisc 553)113 : Nym appeles..frete hem thorwe an her syue.
3.
To corrode (something); of stone: to rot or crumble.
Associated quotations
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)34b/b : Irne is frete wiþ roust [L ferrum rubigo corrumpit].
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)179 : Fretyn, or weryn, as metalle be ruste: Corrodo, demollio.
- c1450 Lychefelde Comp.G.(Lamb 853)345 : Þe rust þat þi siluer doiþ freete [Lamb 306: thy Rustes þat thy syluer ffreete].
- a1500(c1421) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)20 : As touching the stone of this cuntre..hit freteth and fareth so foule with himself, that, had I not ordained lynnesede oyle to bed hit with, hit wolde not have endured.
4.
(a) To sting, smart, hurt; ~ flesh, to mortify (the flesh); freting cold, biting cold; ~ etik, burning fever; (b) of emotions, vices, etc.: to vex or consume (the heart, someone); refl. be vexed, wear oneself out (by worry, fear, etc.), freten to noughtes; freting herte, vexed or fretting mind; (c) to goad or importune (someone).
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)187/95 : Þe salt scholde is woundene frete with þe brenninde fuyre.
- (?c1422) Hoccl.ASM (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)p.213 : In þat place is..no concours of clowdes, no fretynge cold.
- (?c1425) Hoccl.Jonathas (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)661 : As blyue in hir wombe gan they frete And gnawe so, þat change gan hire herte.
- c1460(?c1435) Lydg.Let.Glo.(Hrl 2255)27 : A ffretyng etyk causyd his langour By a cotidian whi[c]h heeld hym day and nyht.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)179 : Fretyn or chervyn: Torqueo.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)2.127 : The fresinge frost freted to here hertis.
- a1500(a1450) *St.Robt.Knares.(Eg 3143)70 : Robertt..dressed hym wyth deuocioune..Fretand hys fleshe wyth fastyngys sere.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)387 : And somme on hote colys brent, Fretyng salt cast in among For to make ther peynys strong.
- a1500 PParv.(Add 37789)73 : Chervyn or fretyn: Torqueo.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)16132 : Hat lufe towarrd Godess hus Me freteþþ att min herrte.
- c1350 How GWife(1) (Em 106)88 : Enuious herte Himsilf fret [Hnt: fretith], Mi leue child.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.412 : What man hath that complexion, Full of ymaginacion, Of dredes and of wrathful thoghtes, He fret himselven al to noghtes.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.239 : The Ethik of false couetise..fret so sore.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.889 : Conspiringe of fretyng fals envye.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4177 : Inwardly of hate & of wodnes In herte yfret.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4897 : He myȝt hym silf nat for anguysh kepe, Þe anger frat vpon hym so sore.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)44/341 : I haue trauailed..Myn herte inwarde ai frette with couetise.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)109/20 : Þe warld..is so full of wrechidnes..bolnand wreth & fretynge luste.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.4052 : Bewar of tungis double..So deepe fretith ther serpentyn langage.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.4286 : This froward dragoun..Whos fretyng etik ther may no plente feede.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)551 : Trouth and clennesse musten men forgete In lordes courtes, for they hertes frete.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)940 : I frete myn herte.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)3.3.49b : Ye be lene caytifes withowt flesche, & þat is of youre owne fretyng hertes.
- ?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)54/33 : Þe fretynge hate..he bare in his breste to bene avenged vppon Pompey.
- c1450 ?Suffolk O wofull hert (Frf 16)3 : O woful hert..Which canst not playn..But frete thy-selfe wyth care and heuynesse.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)1573 : Fretyng detraccioun.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)27/33 : Þen wer þay more anangrede aȝeynes hym, and freton hor hertys wythyn.
- a1500 Add.Hymnal (Add 34193)477/16 : Quenche in vs, lord, enflamyng fretyng stryve, Wyth draw the fyre and hete of all noysaunce.
c
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.386 : This Manlius was fret in his corage To gretter worshepis sodenli tascende.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12846 : Hetis hom hertely to haue all hor hert wille..fret with hom so, And all your will shall ye wyn.
5.
Med. To corrode, destroy: (a) of diseases, humors, poisons, ulcers: to be destructive (of bodily tissues), to corrode, waste; (b) of medicinal preparations: to be corrosive, to consume, destroy (ulcers, etc.); freting medicine, a corrosive agent, a caustic; (c) to remove (tissue) by cutting with a loop of thread.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)58b/a : Malencolik humour fretinge þe guttis.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)98a/a : Þis grawinge [read: gnawinge] & fretinge posteme..noli me tangere is a cancry posteme in þe face and fretiþ litil..& hersipula þe holy fire fretiþ most.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)173/6 : Þe vryne fretiþ & þat lettiþ þe souding.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)203/27 : Þis maner of colre is miche freting & scharp.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)265/2 : Sumtyme a mannes teeþ ben frete & ben holow, & þis comeþ of humours corrupt.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)21.158 : Of alle fretynge venymes þe vilest is þe scorpion.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1463 : Þe fyry colre..in his hert gan to frete & bite.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4631 : He was so fret wiþ malencolye Þat no man myȝt his Ire modefie.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)58/22 : Þe substance of þe veyne yfreted may noȝt be souded without disese.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)85b/a : It is cleped corrosiuum .i. a fretynge or gnawynge vlcer.
- ?a1450 Lanfranc (Add 12056)86/21 : A ffretynge vlcus [L ulcus corrosiuum] ys yhelyde in leggynge specialiche aboute hym colde þynges.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)1971 : Froom fretyng, malencolye makith the body light.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)73.387 (v.2:p.56) : A womman .. had a legge nere frett thurgh with a cancre.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)60a : He helith all wrys of the eris and þe vretyng evyll.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)86a/a : Wiþ fretinge medicines [medicinis corrosivis].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)206b/b : Also salt freteþ away dede fleissh.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)288b/b : His galle clereþ þe sight and freteþ awey þe webbes of þe yhen.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)271/12 : Summen leien a corosif vpon þe ers..til þe skyn wiþout be frete.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)312/13 : Medicyns þat ben clepid stiptica not fretynge.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)349/20 : A poudre þat..liȝtli fretiþ awei deed fleisch.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.63 : Sche of custom can ȝeuen hem..corosyues þat fret and perce depe, And narkotykes þat cause men to slepe.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)79/29 : [Puluer of vitriol combuste] cureþ þam [ulcers] meruelously in drawyng and mortifieþ þam and freteþ þam.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)52a/b : Wiþ fretynge medecynes and wiþ corrosyues [L cum caustico & corrosiuo].
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)83b/a : Þei freten [*Ch.(1): corrode] þe vlcer and make it depe.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)147/2 : Þe fretynge poudres and scharpe of harde vndertakynges.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)70/177 : For cornes in amannes ffete..this salue..shall frete hyme owt.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)29/6 : On woundys it [aqua vite] fretyth awey deed flesch.
c
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 277)23/31 : Þan may þou chese wheþer þou will kutte it or fret it with þe þred.
Note: Quot. found under sense (b) in print MED [a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson) 5.1470] has been moved to upfreten v.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 5.(b)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. fretting medicine.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 Ashm.750 Artist.Recipes (Ashm 750) 253/16 : Forto wryte apon yrn or stele. Take hoot wex and ley it playn on a blade..than graue thy lettyrs in the wex..than ley..water apon the letres, and let it reste..til þe water be well fret into þe blade.
Note: Glossary: "fret ppl. adj. 'corroded'
Note: Additional quote, sense 3..