Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius anglo-latinus princeps, auctore fratre Galfrido grammatico dicto, ex ordine fratrum Predicatorum, northfolciensi, circa A. D. M.CCCC.XL. Olim ex officina Pynsoniana editum, nunc ab integro, commentariolis subjectis, ad Fidem codicum recensuit Albertus Way, A. M. | Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse | University of Michigan Library Digital Collections

1

This term of reproach occurs in Piers Ploughman and Chaucer,

"Thou dotest daffe, quod she, dulle are thy wittes."

Chaucer uses the expressions, "a daffe, or a cokenay," in a similar sense, and "be∣daffed," made a fool of,

"Beth not bedaffed for your innocence." Clerkes Tale.

In the "seconde fyt of curtasie" occurs the following advice:

"Let not þe post be-cum þy staf, Lest þou be callet a dotet daf." Sloane MS. 1986, f. 28, b.

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2

DRAGGYDE, MS. daggyd, K. P. Chaucer, among the costly fashions of the reign of Richard II. which are satirized in the Parson's Tale, speaks of "pounsed and dagged clothing;" this custom of jagging or foliating the edge of a garment had commenced in the previous reign, and is curiously represented in the History of the Deposition of Richard, Harl. MS. 1319. Archaeologia, vol. xx. Chaucer uses also the diminutive dagon; thus in the Sompnoures Tale the importunate Friar, who went from house to house to collect anything he could lay hands upon, craves "a dagon of your blanket, leve dame." Ang. Sax. "daȝ, anything that is loose, dagling, dangling." SOMN.

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1

A bed-covering, or a garment formed of frize, or some material with long thrums like a carpet, was termed a daggysweyne; lodix is explained in the Ortus to be "quic-quid in lecto supponitur, et proprie pannus villosus, Anglice a blanket." Horman says, "my bed is covered with a daggeswaine and a quylte (gausape et centone) some dags∣waynys have longe thrumys (fractillos) and iaggȝ on bothe sydes, some but on one." So likewise Elyot gives "Gausape, a mantell to caste on a bed, also a carpet to lay on a table, some cal it a dagswayne." Andrew Borde, in the Introduction of Knowledge, 1542, puts the following speech in the mouths of the Frycelanders:

"And symple rayment doth serue us full well, With dagswaynes and roudges we be content."

Harrison relates in the description of England, written in Essex during the reign of Elizabeth, that the old men in his village used to say, "our fathers (yea and we our selues also) have lien full oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats couered onelie with a sheet under couerlets made of dagswain, or hopharlots (I vse their owne termes) and a good round log vnder their heads insteed of a bolster." Holinshed, Chron. i. 188.

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2

"The dayng of day," Anturs of Arther, edited by Mr. Robson, st. 37. See DAWYN̄.

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3

The Council of Worcester, in 1240, ordained regarding the Clergy, "nec ludant ad aleas vel taxillos;" the latter game was probably the same which is here termed DAYLY, but in what respect it differed from ordinary dice-play has not been ascer∣tained. Ducange supposes it may have been the same as the French "trictrac, ludus scrupulorum." Horman says that "men pley with 3 dice, and children with 4 dalies, astragulis vel talis. Wolde God I coude nat playe at the dalys, aleam. Cutte this flesshe into daleys, tessellas."

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4

Delk, according to Forby, signifies in Norfolk a small cavity either in the soil, or the flesh of the body. In this last sense the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth inter∣prets the expression "au cool troueret la fosset, a dalke in þe nekke." Arund. MS. 220, f. 297, b.

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5

The dalmatic is a sacred vestment, so named, according to St. Isidore, from its having originated in Dalmatia, and was introduced into the Christian church by St. Silvester, P. P. in the 4th century, as stated by Alcuin, who describes it as "vestimentum in modum crucis, habens in sinistrâ suâ parte fimbrias, dextrâ iis carente, inconsutile, et cum largis manicis." It was specially appropriated to the deacon, who was vested there∣with at the time of his ordination, and therefore St. Stephen and St. Laurence, who were deacons of the Church, are always represented as wearing this vesture. A very interesting portraiture of the former will be found in a MS. of XIth cent. Calig. A. XIV. In early times the dalmatic was ornamented with longitudinal bands, called clavi, which were either of gold, as in the illumination just mentioned, or purple; "Dalmata, vestis sacerdotalis candida cum clavis purpureis." Gloss. S. Isid. Orig. Hence the epithets auroclavus, chrysoclavus, and purpurâ clavatus. To these bands were attached at intervals the plagulae, as exhibited in the illumination of the Bible of Charles the Bald at Paris, executed in the IXth century, engraved in Montfaucon Mon. Franc. tom. i, and the splendid work published by the Comte Bastard. See also the curious German Missal, Xth cent. Harl. MS. 2908, and the illumination in Cott. MS. Claud. A. III. supposed to represent St. Dunstan. In the Ang. Sax. Inventory of sacred ornaments given by Bp. Leofric to the church of Exeter about A.D. 1050, occur "2 dalmatica, 3 pistel roccas." Mon. Angl. i. 222. These last were probably tunicles, vestments appropriated to the order of subdeacon, as was the dalmatic to that of deacon; in effigies and representations that exist in England of ecclesiastics in pon∣tificalibus, both vestments are almost invariably exhibited. The Legate Ottoboni or∣dailed, A.D. 1268, that if any Prelate neglected to punish the immoral conduct of his clergy, "Episcopus a dalmaticae, tunicae, et sandaliorum usu sit suspensus donec duxerit quae statuta sunt exequenda." Wilkins, Conc. xi. 5.

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1

DRAPYR, or party, MS. dapyr, or praty, K. P. Palsgrave gives "daper, proper, mignon, godin; dapyrnesse, propernesse, mignotterie."

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2

A very usual sense of the verb to dare, in the old writers, is to gaze about, or stare; Palsgrave gives "to dare, prye or loke about me, je advise alentour. What darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh thou woldest catche larkes?"

"With woodecokkys lerne for to dare." Lydgate, Minor Poems, 174.

The same signification has been assigned, by Tyrwhitt and the commentators on Chaucer, to an expression occurring in the Shipman's Tale, the true import of which appears above to be made clear. Dan John rallies the old merchant's wife on the slug∣gishness of her spouse:

"an olde appalled wight. As ben thise wedded men, that lie and dare, As in a fourme sitteth a wery hare."

Chaucer appears evidently here to use dare in the sense given to the word in the Promp∣torium of lying concealed, as an animal in its den, which is termed hereafter DWERE, or dowere. "Dilatesco, to biginne to dare. Lateo, to lurk." MED. Cotgrave gives "blotir, to squat, ly close to the ground, like a daring larke, or affrighted fowle."

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1

The derivation of this word appears, according to Skinner and Junius, to be from Ang. Sax. dwaes, hebes, stultus; the Teut. daesen, insanire, phantasmate turbari is more closely assimilated to it. In the Wicliffite version Gen. xxvii. 1 is rendered thus: "Foresothe Isaac wax eld, and hise iȝen dasewiden." The word is repeatedly used by Chaucer.

"Thin eyen dasen, sothly as me thinketh." Manciple's Prol.

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2

"Duribuccus, þatn euer openeþ his mouþ, a dasiberde." MED. "A daysyberd, duri∣buccus." CATH. ANGL. "Dastarde, estourdy, butarin." PALSG. See DAFFE and DUL∣LARDE.

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3

Palsgrave gives the verbs "to dawbe with clay onely; to daube with lime, plaster, or lome, that is tempered with heare or straw. Dauber, placqueur." Forby states that a dauber in Norfolk is a builder of walls with clay or mud, mixed with stubble or short straw well beaten and incorporated, and so becoming pretty durable; it is now difficult to find a good dauber. This mode of constructing fences for farm-yards and cottage walls is much used in Suffolk, as appears by Sir John Cullum's account of the process, Hist. of Hawsted, 195, and Moore's explanation of the term "daabing." The proverb given by Ray, "there's craft in dawbing" would make it appear that this mode of construction was once more generally known; in the western counties it is still in con∣tinual use, being known by the appellations cob, or rad and dab, a curious article on which, and on the use of concrete in building generally, will be found in Quart. Rev. vol. lviii, 524.

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4

"To dawe, diere, diescere, diet, impersonale." CATH. ANGL. This verb is used by Chaucer:

"Thus laboureth he, till that the day gan dawe." Marchant's Tale.

Palsgrave gives "to dawe as the day dothe, adjourner, l'aube se crieve. To dawe from swounyng; when a dronken man swouneth, there is no better medecyne to dawe hym with, than to throwe maluesy in hys face. To dawne or get lyfe in one that is fallen in a swoune; I can nat dawne hym, get me a kaye to open his chawes." Compare DAYYN̄, or wexyn day. Ang. Sax. daȝian, lucescere.

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1

DAWNCYN', MS. "To dawnte, blanditractare." CATH. ANGL. In N. Britain to dawt has the same signification. See Jamieson. In the vision of Piers Ploughman to daunt appears to mean to tame by kind treatment; the allusion is to the dove which was trained by Mahomet to come to his ear for her food.

"Thorugh his sotile wittes He daunted a dowve." Vision, line 1042.

In Norfolk to daunt is used in the sense of knocking down, Fr. dompter, as by Pals∣grave, "To dawnte, mate, overcome, je matte. Lydgat. This terme is yet scarsly admitted in our comen spetche."

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2

See BARATOWRE. In "the Charge of the Quest of Warmot in euery Warde," given by Arnold, in the Customs of London, p. 90, inquiry is ordered to be made "yf ther be ony comon ryator, barratur, &c. dwelling wythin the warde." The term is taken from the French, barateur, in low Latin, baraterius, which have the same meaning.

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3

"To defy, degere, degerere. A defiynge, digestio." CATH. ANG. This word occurs in Piers Ploughman, where repenting Gluttony makes a vow to fast, and that

"Shal never fyssh on Fryday Defyen in my wombe." line 3253.

See also line 457. In the same sense it is used in the Wicliffite version, and by Gower. To defy has also the signification of dissolve; thus Master Langfrank of Meleyne in one of his prescriptions, directs certain substances to be compounded, and "make pelotes, and defy one of heme in water of rewe." MS. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps. See FYIN̄, or defyin̄ mete and drynke.

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1

Drynge, MS.

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2

Jamieson observes that deaf signifies properly stupid, and the term is transferred in a more limited sense to the ear. It is also applied to that which has lost its germi∣nating power: thus in the North, as in Devonshire, a rotten nut is called deaf, and barren corn is called deaf corn, an expression literally Ang.-Saxon. An unproductive soil is likewise termed deaf. The plant lamium, or archangel, known by the common names dead or blind nettle, in the Promptorium, has the epithet DEFFE, evidently because it does not possess the stinging property of the true nettle.

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3

"Androchia, a deye." Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002. "A deye, Androchius, androchea, genatarius, genetharia. A derye, androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum." CATH. ANG. The daia is mentioned in Domesday, among assistants in husbandry, and the 2d Stat. 25 Edw. III., A. D. 1351, occasioned by exorbitant demand for wages made by servants after the pestilence, enacts that "chescun charetter, caruer, chaceour des carues, bercher, porcher, deye et tous autres servantz" should be content with such rate of wages as had been previously usual, and serve not by the day, but the year, or other usual term. The term is again found in Stat. 37 Edw. III., A. D. 1363, c. 14, "de victu et vestitu," which defines the homely provision and attire suitable to the estate of "charetters, &c. bovers, vachers, berchers, porchers, deyes, et touz autres gardeinz des bestes, batours des bleez, et toutes maneres des gentz d'estate de garson, entendantz à husbandrie," not having goods or chattels of 40s.. value. The word is rendered here in the translations "deyars," and "dairymen," and by Kelham is explained to signify drivers of geese. The Stat. 12 Ric. II. c. 4, A. D. 1388, fixes the wages of all servants for husbandry, and rates the porcher, femme laborer, and deye at vjs. each by the year. The word is here translated "deye" and "deyrie woman." In the Stat. 23 Hen. VI. c. 12, by which the wages of such servants were assessed at double the previous rate, the term deye is no longer used. It appears by Fleta, l. ii c. 87, de caseatrice, that the androchia was a female servant who had the charge of all that pertained to the "daëria," and of making cheese and butter. A more detailed account of her duties is given by Alex. Neccham, Abbot of Cirencester, A. D. 1213, in his Summa de nominibus utensilium. "Assit et androgia (vne baesse) que gallinis ova supponat pullificancia, et anseribus acera substernat; que agnellos morbidos, non dico anniculos, in suâ teneritate lacte foveat alieno. Vitulos autem et subrumos (sevlement dentez) ablactatos inclusos teneat in pargulo juxta fenile. Cujus indumenta in festivis diebus sint matronales serapelline (pelysains) recinium (riueroket) teristrum. Hujus (androgie) autem usus, subulcis colustrum et bubulcis et armentariis, Domino autem et suis collateralibus in obsoniis (supers) oxigallum sive quactum in cimbiis ministrare, et catulis in abditorio repositis pingue serum cum pane fulfureo porrigere." Cott. MS. Titus, D. xx. f. 15 b. The French interlinear gloss which gives here baesse, signifying a female servant of an inferior class, is not contemporary with the MS. This account satisfactorily illustrates Chaucer's description of the poor widow who lived on the produce of her little farm, her three sows and kine, and one sheep; her fare was milk and brown bread in plenty,

"Seinde bacon, and sometime an ey or twey, For she was as it were a maner dey." Nonnes Priest's Tale.

The deye was sometimes a male servant; thus in the commentary on Neccham it is stated that "androgia dicitur ab andros, vir, et genet, mulier, quia id officium exer∣cetur a viro et muliere," and Bp. Kennett cites the "compotus Henrici Deye et uxoris de exitibus et provenentibus de dayri." A. D. 1407. See the word kevere in his Glos∣sary. Palsgrave gives "dey wyfe, meterie," i. e. métayère, and Shakespeare speaks of the "day woman," Love's Labour's Lost, i. sc. 2. See Douce's Illustrations. Jamieson has discussed the obscure etymology of the word dey. In Gloucestershire and the neighbouring counties day-house signifies dairy house, and many instances are met with among names of places. See Hartshorne's Salopia Antiqua.

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1

See hereafter EYȜTYNDELE, mesure, and HALVUNDEL. In the Rot. Parl. A. D. 1423, mention is made of a "thredendels, or tercyan," 84 gallons of wine, or the third part of a "tonel." The Ortus gives "sepile, somdele ofte; sobriolus, somdele sober." In the Legenda Aur. occurs the word "euerydeale," which is rendered by Palsgrave "tout tant qu'il y a." He gives also "by the halfe deale, la moitié; any deale, goutte; neuer a deale, riens qui soyt; somdele grete, small wyse, quelque peu." Ang. Sax. dael, pars.

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2

In the Legenda Aur. it is related of St. Genevieve, that "in her refeccyon she had no thynge but barly bread, and somtyme benes, y^e whiche soden after xiiij dayes, or thre wekes she ete for all delyces."

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3

"To dele, distribuere, dispergere, erogare." CATH. ANG. This verb in its primary use has the sense of division or separation. Thus the Gloss on Gautier de Bibeles∣worth,

Car par bolenger (baker) est seueree (to deled) La flur, en fourfere (bran) ainz demoree." Arund. MS. 220.

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1

This word appears to be taken from the French, delivre, and is very frequently used in old writers. "Industris, sleyghe, bisy, or deliuur." MED. GRAMM.

"Deliuerly he dressed vp, er the day sprenged." Gawayn and Grene Knyȝt, 2009.

Palsgrave gives "delyuer of ones lymmes, as they that prove mastryes, souple; de∣lyver, redy, quicke to do anything, agile, delivré; delyuernesse of body, souplesse." Thomas, in his Italian Grammar, renders "snello, quicke, deliuer." BEYN, or plyaunte, has already occurred, and bain is still used in Norfolk in the same sense; the word has also, as shown by Jamieson, the sense of alert, lively, active, or of prepared, made ready, as has been observed above in the note on BAYNYD, as benys or pesyn.

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2

The verb to delve, Ang. Sax. delfan, appears to have become obsolete in Norfolk, and is now rarely used in Suffolk, but the substantive delf, a deep ditch or drain, is still retained. The verb occurs frequently in early writers. In the Legenda Aur. occurs this expression, "I have dolphen in the depe erthe;" and it is related that when St. Donate conjured his wife, after her death, to reveal where she had concealed some treasure, "she answered out of the sepulcre, and sayd, at the entre of the hous, where I dalue it." In the Wicliffite version, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 10, the expression occurs, "stonys hewid out of þe delues (eþer quarreris)." Cott. MS. Claud. E. II. "Aurife∣della, a gold delfe." Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002. Delph and delf occur not infrequently as names of places in the fenny districts of the Eastern counties.

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3

"To departe, abrogare, disjungere, separare. Departiabylle, divisibilis. To departe membres. To departe herytage, herecescere. Departyd (or abrogate) abrogatus, dis∣plosus, phariseus, scismaticus. A departynge, hoeresis, divisio, scisma," &c. CATH. ANG. In the will of Lady Fitzhugh, A. D. 1427, is the bequest, "I wyl yat myn howsehold s'uantz haue departed emāg theym a C. marc." Wills and Inv. Surtees Soc. i, 75. So it is said of Christ in the Legenda Aur. "he shall departe the heete of the fyre fro the resplendour and bryghtnesse." Palsgrave gives the verb, "to departe, deuyde thynges asonder that were myxed or medled together; departe this skayne of threde, désmesler. Departe or distribute the partes of a thynge to dyuers persons, mes∣partir." Fr. départir, to separate or distribute, in low Latin, dispertire.

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1

The verb to dere, or hurt, is commonly used by Chaucer, and most writers, until the XVIth century.

"Fyr ne schal hym nevyr dere." Coer de Lion, 1638.

Fabyan observes, under the year 1194, "so fast besyed this good Kyng Rycharde to vex and dere the infydelys of Sury." Palsgrave gives "to dere, or hurte, or noye, nuire; I wyll never dere you by my good wyll. To dere, grieve, blecer; a lytell thynge wyll dere hym." Sir Thomas Browne mentions dere among words peculiar to Norfolk, in which county it still has the sense of sad or dire. See Jamieson. Ang. Sax. derian, nocere, derung, laesio. NOYYNGE occurs hereafter.

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2

The term dese, Fr. deis or daix, Lat. dasium, is used to denote the raised platform which was always found at the upper end of an hall, the table, or, as here in the Promp∣torium, the seat of distinction placed thereon, and finally the hanging drapery, called also seler, cloth of estate, and in French ciel, suspended over it. With regard to its etymology, various conjectures have been offered by Ducange, Menage, and others. See also Jamieson's Dictionary. Matt. Paris, in his account of the election of John de Hertford, Abbot of St. Alban's, A. D. 1235, and the customary usages on the occasion, says, "solus in refectorio prandebit (electus) supremus, habens vastellum, Priore pran∣dente ad magnam mensam quam Dais vulgariter appellamus." Ducange suggests that vastellum may here mean a canopy or hanging dais, from Ang. Sax. vatel, tegmen, um∣braculum. Chaucer, in his Prologue, describes the haberdasher and his companions, members of a fraternity, and having the appearance of fair burgesses, such as sit "at a yeld hal, on the hie deys." Gower speaks of a king at his coronation feast, "sittend upon his hie deis." In the Boke of Curtasye, Sloane MS. 1986, f. 17, written about the time of Henry VI. a person coming into the hall of a lord, at the time of first meat, is advised not to forget

"þe stuard, countroller, and tresurere Sittand at de deshe þou haylse in fere."

In the ceremonial of the inthronization of Abp. Nevill, A. D. 1464, after the Lord and the strangers had entered, the marshal and other officers were to go towards the "hygh table, and make obeisance, first in the midst of the hall, "and agayne before the hygh dease." Leland, Coll. vi. 8.

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1

This verb is directly taken from the old French descrier, and is by some writers used to denote the enuntiation, or distinction generally of the combatants by their coat armour, either previously to entering the lists, or at other times, duties which devolved upon the heralds.

"Herawdes goode descoverours Har strokes gon descrye." Lybeaus disconus, line 926.

In the Vision of Piers Ploughman occurs an allusion to the usage that heralds of arms "discryued lordes." Palsgrave gives "to descryue or descrybe or declare y^e facyons or maners of a thynge, blasonner; Ptolemye hath discryued y^e worlde."

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2

DESEEIT, MS. Desert, H. deserte, P.

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1

"To dadir, frigucio, et cetera ubi to whake." CATH. ANGL. "Barboter de froid, to chatter or didder for cold, to say an ape's Paternoster." COTGR. Skinner gives this word as commonly used in Lincolnshire, "a Belg. sitteren, prae frigore tremere." The Medulla renders "frigucio, romb for cold." In the Avowynge of King Arther, edited by Mr. Robson, to "dedur" has the sense of shaking, as one who is soundly beaten; and in the Towneley Mysteries, Noah's wife, hearing his relation of the ap∣proaching deluge, says,

"I dase and I dedir For ferd of that taylle." p. 28.

"Didder, to have a quivering of the chin through cold." FORBY. See Brockett's Glossary, the verb dither in the Dialect of Craven, and Hartshorne's Salopian Glossary.

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2

DYMYN̄', MS.

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3

This verb is given in a somewhat different sense, namely, of suffering acutely, "to dindylle, condolere." CATH. ANGL. Brockett gives to dinnel, or dindle, to be affected with a pricking pain, such as arises from a blow, or is felt by exposure to the fire after frost. In the Craven dialect to dinnle has a similar signification. Langham, in the Garden of Health, 1579, recommends the juice of feverfew as a remedy for the "eares ache, and dindling." Dutch, tintelen, to tingle.

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4

The office for the dead received the name of DYRYGE, or dirge from the Antiphon with which the first nocturne in the mattens commenced, taken from Psalm 5, v. 8, "Dirige, Domine Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam." In 1421, Joanna, relict of Sir Thos. de Hemgrave, directed daily mass to be said for his and her own souls, and the anni∣versaries to be kept with a solemn mass, "cum placebo et dirige." Among the "coosts laid out at the monthes mynde" or Sir Thos. Kytson at Hengrave, 1540, occur payments "to M^r p'sson for dirige and masse, ijs.; to iiij prists for dirige and masse, xijd.; to the clark for dirige and masse, xijd." Rokewode's History of Hengrave, 92, 112. The name is retained in the Primer set forth in English by injunction from Henry VIII. in 1546; and this Dirige, from which portions have been retained in the burial service of the Reformed Church, appears to have been only a service of me∣morial, to be used even on occasion of "the yeres mynde" of the deceased, and com∣prises a prayer for departed souls in general. "Dirige, seruyce, vigiles." PALSG. Horman says, "he must go to the dirige feste, ad silicernium," which is mentioned by Harrison in his description of England, written in the reign of Elizabeth, where he alludes to the changes that had taken place in religious observances; "the superfluous numbers of idle waks, guilds, fraternities, church-ales, helpe-ales, and soule-ales, called also dirge-ales, with the heathnish rioting at bride-ales, are well diminished and laid aside." B. ii. c. i. Holinsh. vol. i. There occur items in the Hengrave accounts, already cited, which shew the feasting that took place on that occasion.

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1

By Gower and other writers dysour is used as signifying a tale teller, a convivial jester;

"Dysours dalye, reisons craken." K. Alisaunder, 6991.

Palsgrave renders "dissar, a scoffar, saigefol," and Horman says, "he can play the desard with a contrefet face proprely, morionem representat." Elyot gives "Panto∣mimus, a dyssard which can fayne and counterfayte euery mannes gesture. Sannio, a dysarde in a playe or disguysynge; also he whiche in countenaunce, gesture, and maners is a fole." Ang. Sax. dysian, ineptire.

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1

In the Wicliffite version, disperplid, disperpriled, disparplid, and disparpoylid, occur in the sense of dispersed. In the curious version of Vegecius, attributed to Trevisa, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. the danger is set forth of surprise by an ambush, while the host is unprepared, some employed in eating, "and somme disperbled and de∣parted in oþer besynes." B. III. c. 8. In a sermon by R. Wimbeldon, as given by Fox, A. D. 1389, it is said that "by Titus and Vespasianus Jerusalem was destroyed, and the people of the Jewes were disparkled into all the world." Palsgrave gives "to disparpyll, Lydgate, same as disparke, escarter, disparser. They be disparkled nowe many a mile asonder." See hereafter SPARPLYN̄.

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2

This verb is used by Chaucer, and occurs in the Wicliffite version. "And they seynge him walkinge on the see weren disturblid." Matt. xiv. 26. So also in the version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. it is said that a young soldier should be taught "that he destrowble nat the ordre of ordenaunce." The Mayor of Norwich, on being sworn, made proclamation "that iche man kepe the pees, and that no man disturble, ne breke the forseid pees, ne go armed." A. D. 1424, Blomf. Hist. ii. 100.

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3

In the Household Book of Sir John Howard, A. D. 1467, among expenses incurred for one of his retinue, is entered this item, "My Lady paid a surgeone for dytenge of hym, whan he was hurte, 12d." Palsgrave gives the verb in its more usual sense, "to dyght, or dresse a thynge, habiller. A foule woman rychly dyght, semeth fayre by candell lyght." Ang. Sax. dihtan, disponere.

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4

The place in which this word is found in the alphabetical arrangement seems to indicate that it was originally written dywere, or divere, which may be derived from the old French, "divers, inconstant, bizarre, incommode." ROQUEF. It occurs, however, written as above, in a poem by Humphrey Brereton, who lived in the reign of Hen. VII. which has been printed under the title of "the most pleasant song of Lady Bessy, eldest daughter of King Edw. IV."

"That time you promised my father dear, To him to be both true and just, And now you stand in a disweare, Oh Jesu Christ, who may men trust!"

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1

"A dublar, dualis, et cetera ubi a dische." CATH. ANG. The Medulla gives the following explanation of Parapsis, "proprie est discus sive vas quadrangulum, ex omni parte habens latera equalia, a dobuler." The term is derived from the French doublier, a dish; it occurs in Piers Ploughman, and is still retained in the Cumberland and Northern dialects. See Ray and Brockett.

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2

It appears that the compiler of the Promptorium assigned to baltheus, which pro∣perly signifies the cingulum militare, the unusual meaning of a garment of defence. Thus COTE ARMURE previously is rendered baltheus. The Catholicon explains "di∣plois, duplex vestis, et est vestis militaris," but it does not appear to have been ori∣ginally, as it subsequently became on the disuse of the gambeson, a garment of defence. The dublectus mentioned in the Constitutions of Fred. II. King of Sicily, in the XIVth century, was a garment of ordinary use by nobles and knights, as were also, it is pro∣bable, the rich garments provided for John II. of France, in 1352, when Stephen de Fontaine, his goldsmith, accounts for the delivery of "un fin drap d'or de damas, et un fin camocas d'outremer, pour faire deux doublés." At this period wadded defences were made in Paris by the armuriers, and the tailors were divided into two crafts, pourpointiers and doubletiers; it was only in 1358 that the Regent Charles, on account of the use of the doublet becoming general, permitted the tailors to exercise also the craft of doubletiers. See the Reglemens sur les Métiers, edited by Depping, p. 414. Shortly after, however, the doublet appears as a military defence; "25 doublettes, 24 jakkes," and other armours, are enumerated among the munitions of Hadlegh Castle granted in 1405 by Henry IV. to his son Humfrey. Rymer, viii. 384. The importance at this time attached to the manufacture of this kind of armour appears by the privileges conceded in 1407 to the "armurariis linearum armaturarum civitatis Londonie." Pat. 9 Hen. IV. confirmed 18 Hen. VI. and 5 Edw. IV. It is related that the Duke of Suffolk, when murdered at sea in 1450, was attired in a "gown of russette, and doblette of velvet mayled;" Paston Letters, i. 40; and in the curious inventories of the effects of Sir John Fastolf, at Caistor, in Norfolk, 1459, occur "j dowblettis of red felwet uppon felwet; j dowbelet of rede felwet, lynyd with lynen clothe." Archaeol. xxi. 253. See further Sir Samuel Meyrick's valuable observations on military garments worn in England, Archaeol. xix. 228. At a later time the doublet seems again to have become a vestment of ordinary use, the military garment which resembled it being termed a coat of fence. "I wyll were a cote of defence for my surete, loricâ lintheâ." HORM. Caxton says "Donaas the doblet maker hath performed my doublet and my jaquet, mon pourpainte, et mon paltocque." Book for Travellers.

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1

DORCERE, MS.; but this reading is evidently erroneous, and the word is derived from the French, dossier, or Latin, dosserium. See DOSSE, and DORCERE, which occurs afterwards in its proper place. In a Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 144, occur "auleum, scannarium, a dosure;" and another makes the following distinction: "anabatum, hedosour, dorsorium, syd-dosour." Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. The term occurs in the Awntyrs of Arthure, 431, where a costly pavilion is described;

"Pighte was it prowdely, withe purpure and paulle, And dossours, and qweschyns, and bankowres fulle bryghte."

Sir F. Madden explains it as signifying here a cushion for the back, but in its usual sense it seems to denote the hangings or "hallyngs" of tapestry, which, before the use of wainscot, were generally used to cover and adorn the lower part of the wall of a chamber. Chaucer uses the word "dosser" in a different sense, speaking of sallow twigs, which men turn to various uses,

"Or maken of these paniers, Or else hutches and dossers." H. of Fame, iii. 850.

Panniers are still called, in many parts, dosses, dorsels, or dorsers. See Ray and Moore. Hollyband renders "hotte, a basket, a dosser."

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2

Dodded is used in the North in this sense; see Brockett, and the Craven Dialect. Jamieson gives doddy and dottit with a similar signification. In Norfolk doddy still means low in stature. Phillips has dodded, lopped as a tree, and in Suffolk scathed or withered trees are called dooted, in the North, doddered, words which appear to be derivable from the same source. Skinner suggests "Belg. dodde, caulis, fustis, paxillus."

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3

This word does not occur in the other MSS.; the reading is probably corrupt, and from the place in which it occurs, DOGON' may be suggested as a correction. This term of contempt seems to be derived from the French "Doguin, brutal, hargneux." ROQUEF. See Dugon in Jamieson's Dictionary.

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1

Agnes Paston writes to her son Edmund, the lawyer, respecting the dispute as to a right of way, between his father and the Vicar of Paston, who had been "acordidde, and doolis sette howe broode the weye schuld ben, and nowe he hath pullid uppe the doolis, and seithe he wolle makyn a dyche ryght over the weye." Paston Letters, iii. 32. Forby gives this word as still used in Norfolk, the mark being often a low post, called a dool-post; it occurs also in Tusser. Bp. Kennett states that landmarks, or boundary-stones, are in some parts of Kent called "dowle-stones," and explains dole or doul as signifying "a bulk, or green narrow slip of ground left unplowed in arable land." See his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033. Queen Elizabeth, in her Injunctions, 1559, directs that at the customary perambulations on the Rogation days, the admonition shall be given, "Cursed be he which translateth the bounds and dolles of his neighbor." Wilkins, Conc. IV. 184. Ang. Sax. daelan, dividere.

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2

"Dollyd, defrutus." CATH. ANG. The Medulla renders "tepefacio, to make leuke."

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3

The grammar most universally used in the middle ages was that composed by Aelius Donatus in the IVth century, and the term Donet became generally expressive of a system of grammar. See Warton's Eng. Poet. i. 281, Clarke's Bibl. Dict. iii. 144. It was printed among Gramm. Vet. Putsch. p. 1735. The rich hall prepared for the education of the son of the Emperor was decorated with symbols of grammar, musick, astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, rhetoric, and physic.

"Therinne was paint of Donet thre pars, And eke alle the seven ars." Seuyn Sages, 181.

Allusions to Donet occur in Chaucer, and Piers Ploughman. In Sir John Howard's Household Book is a payment, 1466, "fore a donet for master Gorge, 12d." and Caxton mentions it as one of the books in greatest demand, "George the booke-sellar hath doctrinals, catons, oures of our lady, Donettis, partis, accidents." Book for Tra∣vellers. "Donett, Donatus, a Donett lerner, Donatista." CATH. ANG.

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1

In the Inventory of Effects of Sir John Fastolfe, at Caistor, 1459, there appear the following items in his own chamber: "j fedderbedde, j donge of fyne blewe, i bolster, ij blankettys of fustians, j purpeynt," &c. Archaeol. xxi. 268. A previous entry mentions a "donge of purle sylke."

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2

The little Grebe is still known by the names didapper, dipper, or dobchick, the Mergulus fluviatilis of the older naturalists, Podiceps minor of Temminck. Ang. Sax. dop fugel, mergus, dufedoppa, pelicanus, according to the sense in which the word occurs Ps. ci. 7, in the Lambeth Psalter; but its derivation from dufian, immergere, would make the appellation inappropriate to that bird.

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3

Forby and Moore mention the word dop, as used in East Anglia at the present day to denote a short quick curtsy. Ang. Sax. doppetan, mersare.

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4

"Auleum, dorsarium, cortina, anabatrum, anastrum, dosure or curtayne; colate∣rale, syd-dosour." Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. "A dorsure, dorsorium." CATH. ANG. "Anabatrum, a cortyne. Auleum, an hangyn, i. indumentum aule, cortina, or a cor∣tyne." ORTUS. M. Paris speaks of the "dossale, sive tapesium in quo passio S. Albani figuratur," given to St. Alban's by Abbot Richard, who died 1119. Among the cloths of arras and tapestry work belonging to Sir John Fastolfe, at Caistor, enumerated in the curious inventories taken about the year 1459, occur several "hallyngs" of ta∣pestry and worsted, a term probably synonymous with dorsure. Archaeol. xxi. 259. See above, DOCERE.

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5

Dorlott is taken from the French dorelot, which signifies an ornament of female attire generally, but here seems to denote particularly the elegant network, frequently enriched with jewels, in which the hair was enclosed, termed a kelle, caul, or crepine; or the head dress called a volipere, which is mentioned by Chaucer. "Trica, plicatura vel nexus capillorum." ORTUS. "Caliendrum, a voliper." MED. GRAMM. In 1394 Johanna Laburn of York bequeaths "j kyngll, j dorlot, j armari . . . best volet yat se hat, and a red hude singill." Testam. Ebor. i. 196. Cotgrave gives "dorlot, a jewel or pretty trinket, as a chain, brooche, aglet, button, billement, &c. wherwith a woman sets out her ap∣parel;" and by the Statutes of the trades of Paris in 1403 it appears that the craft of doreloterie consisted in making fringes and ribbons both of silk and thread. See Ro∣quefort and Charpentier.

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6

A dormant or sleeper is a main beam that, resting upon the side walls, serves to support the joists, or the rafters of the roof. It is called in Norfolk a dormer. "Treine, a dorman or great beame." COTGR.

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7

Doss is at the present time the name given in Norfolk and Suffolk to a hassock, such as is used in church, and panniers are in some places called dosses. See DOCERE.

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1

This name for a faucet appears to be a corruption of ductulus, which in the Latin-English Vocab. Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. is rendered "dosselle," as the word is more commonly written, from the French dosil, doucil, or according to Cotgrave, "doisil, a faucet." Among the pertinencia promptuario, in another Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, is given "clipsidra, a doselpyn." In the Seuyn Sages, it is related how Ypo∣cras pierced a tun in a thousand places:

"And tho he hadde mad holes so fele, In ech he pelt a dosele." line 1150.

See dottle in Jamieson's Dictionary, dossel, Craven Dialect.

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2

This word appears here to signify a foolish person, not the stupid bird common in Lincolnshire and the neighbouring counties, the Charadrius morinellus, and the repe∣tition caused by the word "fowle" is probably here an error. "A dotrelle, desipa." CATH. ANG.

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3

In the Forme of Cury doucets are not named, but "daryols," p. 82, seem almost the same; directions are given in the following recipe, which is taken from Harl. MS. 279, f. 41, b. under the head of "Bake metis, vyaunde furnéz. Doucetez. Take creme a gode cupfulle, and put it on a straynoure, þanne take ȝolkys of eyroun, and put þer-to, and a lytel mylke; þen strayne it þorw a straynoure in-to a bolle; þen take sugre y-now and put þer-to, or ellys hony for defaute of sugre; þan coloure it wit safroun; þan take þin cofyns, and put in þe ovynne lere, and lat hem ben hardyd; þan take a dyssche y-fas∣tened on þe pelys ende, and pore þin comade in-to þe dyssche, and fro þe dyssche in-to þe cofyns, and whan þey don a-ryse wel, take hem out, and serue hem forthe." Among the election expenses of Sir John Howard at Ipswich, 1467, appears the item in his household book, "viij boshelles of flour for dowsetes;" and in the first course at dinner in Sir John Nevile's account of the marriage of his daughter to Roger Rockley, in 1526, appear "dulcets, ten of dish." Palsgrave gives "dousette, a lytell flawne, da∣riolle."

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4

DOWME, MS. and K. downe, P.

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1

A rybbe is an household implement, which probably received its name from its form, a kind of scraper or rasp used in making bread; thus Palsgrave renders "dow∣rybbe, ratisseur à paste." The term occurs in the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth.

Vostre paste dount pestrez, (kned þi douw) De vn rastuer (a douw ribbe) le auge (a trow) moundez, Le rastel (a rake) e le raster Sount diuerses en lour mester." Arund. MS. 220, f. 299, b.

Hence it appears to have served for scraping and cleansing the kneading trough. An∣other implement, termed likewise a rybbe, was used in the preparation of flax. See hereafter RYBBE, and RYBBYN̄ flax.

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2

In the Forme of Cury, p. 20, will be found recipes for egurdouce, a compound of the flesh of rabbits or kids with currants, onions, wine and spices; and for egurdouce of fysshe, pp. 63, 113. Directions are also given for concocting "an egge dows," which seems more to resemble the mixture alluded to in the Promptorium, being composed of almonds, milk, vinegar, and raisins. Mulsus signifies a kind of mead, and dowce egyr was probably much the same as oximel.

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3

"Dughty, ubi worthy." CATH. ANG. A. Saxon, dohtiȝ, instructus.

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4

This word is still used in Norfolk, in the sense of to draggle, and a slattern is called a drabble-tail. Ang. Sax. drabbe, faeces.

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5

Draffe, or chaffe, is a word that occurs in Chaucer:

"Why shuld I sowen draf out of my fist, Whan I may sowen whete, if that me list." Persone's Prol.

In the Reve's Tale the scholar John complains of being left to lie in his bed "like a draf sak." So likewise in Piers Ploughman's Vision, where allusion is made to casting pearls to swine, it is said that

"Draf were hem levere, Than al the precious perree." line 5617.

In the Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. occurs under the head "ad brasorium per∣tinencia, dragium, draf;" and in the Cath. Ang. "draf, segisterium, acinatum, brasi∣purgium." "Segisterium, Anglice, droffe." ORTUS. "Draffe, dracque." PALSG. Ang. Sax. drof, sordidus. Matt. Paris has given a charter of Guarin, Abbot of St. Alban's, dated 1194, in which the word drascum occurs, which appears to signify the grains that remain after brewing, called in French drasche, or drague. Compare CORALLE, or drasse of corne, and DROSSE.

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1

Numerous virtues are ascribed by Macer and other writers to the herb dragaunce or nedder's tongue, called also dragon wort, addyrwort, or serpentine, arum or aron. See Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 73. Macer says that "water of dragaunce ys gode to wasshe venome soris," and it appears to have been yearly distilled in the household of the Earl of Northumberland, 1511. See Antiqu. Rep. iv., 284. "Dragence, or nedder gryffe, dragancia, basilisca, herba serpentina." CATH. ANG.

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2

This word is taken from the French dragée, a kind of digestive and stomachic comfits anciently much esteemed. Chaucer says of the Doctor of Phisike,

"Ful redy hadde he his apothecaries. To send him dragges, and his lettuaries." Cant. Tales, Prol.

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3

In the XIIIth century the grains chiefly cultivated in England, as appears by the accounts of the bailiff of the royal manor of Marlborough, Rot. Pip. 1 Edw. I., were wheat, "berecorn, dragg," or a mixture of vetches and oats, beans and pease. The regulations for the brewers of Paris, in 1254, prescribe that they shall brew only "de grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, de mestuel, et de dragée;" Réglemens sur les Arts, ed. by Depping. Tusser speaks of dredge as commonly grown in the Eastern counties.

"Sow barly and dredge with a plentiful hand."

"Thy dredge and thy barlie goe thresh out to malt."

Bp. Kennett, in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, mentions "dredge mault, malt made of oats mixed with barley malt, of which they make an exellent fresh quick sort of drink," used in Staffordshire. "Dragée aux chevaux, provender of divers sorts of pulse mixed together." COTGR. See MESTLYONE, or monge corne.

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4

"Drake, or darnylle, zizannia." CATH. ANG. The gloss on Gautier de Bibeles∣worth makes a distinction between these two weeds:

"Le yueray (darnel) i crest, et le betel (drauke)."

Gerard assigns the name to a species of bromus sterilis, which he calls small wild oats, in Brabant called drauich, and Skinner suggests that the name may be derived "a Belg. droogh, siccus, quia et actu et potentiâ siccum est." Drawke or drake is well known in Norfolk and Suffolk, and Forby says it is the common darned grass, lolium perenne.

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1

The Medulla renders "fecula, a little traist, feculentus, fulle of traiste," (Harl. MS. 2257); in the Ortus, "dregges." Amurca is explained by Elyot to mean "the mother or fome of all oyles," in Harl. MS. 1002, "drastus." Palsgrave gives "dresty, full of drest, lieux." Horman says "the drastys (floces) of the wyne be medicynable." Ang. Sax. dresten, faeces.

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2

This verb is used by Chaucer, and other writers, in the sense of being disturbed by dreams.

"This chaunteclere gan gronen in his throte, As man that in his dreams is dretched sore." Nonne's Priest's Tale.

"And if it so bytide this nyght, That the in slepe dreche ani wight, Or any dreamis make the rad, Turn ogayn, and say I bad." Ywaine and Gawin, line 480.

It has also the sense of to delay or hinder, in several passages of Chaucer and Gower. See also Piers Ploughman's Crede, where the baneful conduct of the Friars is exposed, who desert the rule of their order and "dreccheth the puple," lin. 924, 1004. Ang. Sax. dreccan, turbare. See Jamieson.

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1

The drift of the forest, agitatio animalium in forestâ, is a legal term which implied a view taken of the cattle feeding in the chase, forest, or waste, at certain seasons when they were driven into an enclosure, in order to ascertain whose they were, and whether legally commonable. The Stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13, among various clauses, devised for the improvement of the breed of horses, directs the drift to be made at Michaelmas, and other convenient times, and under-sized horses to be de∣stroyed. The word is used by Horman metaphorically, in its more ordinary acceptation, "subtyle dryftis (callida consilia) ought nat to sette a iudge out of the ryght wey." Elyot renders "adpulsus, the dryfte of shepe to the water."

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2

"To dryte, cacare, egerere." CATH. ANG. In the Wicliffite version, Phil. iii., 8, is thus rendered; "I deme alle thingis as drit;" and the word occurs also in Wicliffe's "Objections of Freres. Freres setten more by stinking dritt of worldly goods, then they don by virtues, and goods of bliss." See Jamieson's observations on the etymo∣logy of the verb to drite, exonerare ventrem. Ang. Sax. ȝedritan, cacare.

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3

Horman speaks of "a dryuyl or a drudge: he is a very dryuell, sterquilinium." Junius gives in this sense "drivell or droile, mastigia, qui ubique expulsus abactusque est. Belg. drevel." See droile in Jamieson's Dictionary. Tusser, in his Points of Huswifery, speaks of an under servant in the dairy termed a droy, or droie, whose duties appear to have been similar to those of the DEYE, described in the note on that word.

"Good droy to serve hog, to help wash, and to milk, More needfull is truly, than some in their silk."

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4

Chaucer, in the Persone's Tale, says, "he is like to an hors, that seeketh rather to drink drovy or troubled water, then for to drink water of the clere well." "Drovy, turbidus, turbulentus." CATH. ANG. "Turbidus, troubli, drobli, or dark." MED. GRAMM. "Turbulentus, i. non lucidus, drouy." ORTUS. Bp. Kennett, in his Glos∣sarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, gives "dravy or druvy, Bor. druvy, Northumb. drevy, thick, muddy as the water is. Sax. drefend, turbidus." Forby mentions drovy, used in Norfolk as an epithet of loathing, on account of filthiness of the person. Ang. Sax. drof, caenosus.

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1

Higins, in his version of Junius's Nomenclator, renders "vannus, a van wherwith corne is clensed from chaffe and drosse against the wind." Ang. Sax. dros, faex, sordes. At Hengrave Hall, in Suffolk, in 1604, is entered in account a delivery "for the swine, of dross wheat." Hist. of Hengrave, 207.

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2

This term, implying difficulty of speech, or stuttering, has not been met with else∣where. The Ortus renders "traulus, a ratelere," a word equally unnoticed by Glos∣sarists, which occurs also in Cath. Ang. "To ratylle, traulare; a ratyller, traulus."

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3

In the Anturs of Arther, where a description occurs of the King and his court going forth to the chace, it is said,

"The dere in the dellun, Thay droupun and dares." Ed. by Mr. Robson, p. 3.

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4

"Turbidus, troubli, drubli, or darke." MED. In the Ortus and Cath. Angl. drouy occurs in the same sense; Jamieson gives droubly and drumbly; and the verb to drumble, signifying to be confused, is used by Shakespeare. See Nares.

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5

This word is used repeatedly by Chaucer, and occurs in Piers Ploughman and the Wicliffite version.

"Irous Cambises was eke dronkelew, And ay delighted him to ben a shrew." Sompnoure's Tale.

Horman uses the word "dronkleu, dronkeleu." In a curious treatise on Obstetrics of the later part of XVth century, Add. MS. 12, 195, are particular instructions for the selection of a nurse, among whose recommendations are "þat sche be wysse and well a-vyssyd, and þat sche lof þe chylde, and þat sche be not dronkeleche."

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1

Gower, speaking of the vices that spring from original sin, says,

"Wherof the first is dronkeship, Whiche beareth the cuppe felauship." Conf. Am. lib. vii.

"Drunkechepe, ebrietas, vinolencia, &c." Harl. MS. 1002, f. 173, b.

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2

Chaucer makes repeated allusion to the somniferous qualities of the night-shade, or dwale, the Atropa belladonna.

"Arise (quod she) what haue ye dronken dwale? Why slepen ye? it is no nitertale." Court of Love.

A strange effect is attributed to this plant in a volume of miscellaneous collections, once belonging to William Worcestre, Sloane MS. 4, p. 2. "For to take alle maner of byrdys. Take whete, or other corne, and take guse of dwale, and menche þe corne þer yn, and ley yt þer þe byrdys hawntene, and when they have eten þer of, þey shalle slepe, þat ye may take þem with yowre handys." Higins, in the Version of Junius's Nomenclator, gives "Solanum letale, banewoort, dwall, or great nightshade."

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3

"Amphibalus, a sclaveyn, a faldynge, or a dudd." MED. GRAMM. "Lacerna est pallium fimbriatum, a coule, or a dudde, or a gowne." Harl. MS. 2257. According to the explanation given of birrus, the garment called a DUDDE seems to have been a coarse wrapper or dread-nought, probably the same as the Irish mantle made of raw wool, which was in request in England as late as the time of Charles I., as appears by the Custom∣house rates. "Birrum, vestis pilosa seu grossa, a schypper's mauntel." ORTUS. Forby gives to duddle up, or wrap up with clothes; in the North, as well as other parts of England, rags or clothes in general are called dudds; and Grose mentions a square in Stourbridge fair, where linen cloth was sold, called the duddery. See Jamieson.

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4

By early writers this word is written very variously, but approaching more or less to the Ang. Sax. dweorg, dweorh, nanus, which in the valuable fragment of Aelfric's Glossary, discovered by Sir Thomas Phillipps, in the Chapter Library, Worcester, is written "dwaeruh." Thus the gloss on G. de Bibelesworth, "Ieo vey ester un petit neym (dwerouh)." Arund. MS. 220. In Lybeaus Disconus "dwerk" occurs re∣peatedly, and in King Alisaunder we read of "durwes, the leynth of an elne." In Synonym. Harl. MS. 1002, f. 173, occurs the word "dwarof," and in Cath. Ang. "a dwarghe, tantillus." See duergh and droich in Jamieson's Dictionary. In the Catholicon is given the following explanation: "Sessillus, i. parvus staturâ, quia non videtur stare, sed sedere;" and the Ortus gives "Nanus, a dwarfe, or a lytell Turke." Compare COONYONE, or drowtly. Bp. Kennett gives the word "dwerowe" as of local use, but in the Eastern counties it appears to be no longer known; in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, is the term "durgan, of short or low stature, as, he is a durgan, a meer durgan, a durganly fellow. Isl. duergur, Kiliano, dwergh. West∣m(orland) a dwarwh."

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