Middle English Dictionary Entry
candel n.
Entry Info
Forms | candel n. Also candle, condel, chaundel. Pl. candles, candlen, chandellen, condlen. |
Etymology | OE candel, condel; also, L candēla & OF chandoile. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
(a) A candle, a taper; wax ~ [see also wax n.(1), sense 2a.(a)]; (b) a medicinated candle; (c) a candelabrum; (d) fig. a star; ~ of jelousie, the sun.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1140 : Me lihtede candles to æton bi.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)47 : Alse wex on þe candele sene, þe wueke wiðinnen unsene, and þe fur on boðe.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)427/224 : A lof and wyn and a candel of wex to þe weued heo wolde bringue.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5890 : Þat child heo bet so stronge mid þe condlen [vrr. candlen, candles, candels] longe & towe.
- a1350 Dream Bk.(1) (Hrl 2253)209 : Caroles make & condles lyhte, þat is ioie & murþe bryhte.
- ?1316 SMChron.(Roy 12.C.12)503,505 : He made thre condlen [Auch: candels] by wyht, That schulde berne day and nyht; When the on condle [Auch: candel] wes ydo, The aht tiden weren alsuo.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)206/16 : Zuo long uliȝþ þe ulindre aboute þe candle þet hi bernþ.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.221 : Man..sette hit on þe fire wiþ a candel.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.954 : By stikynge of a candele..is the wal blak.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)20718 : Wel mani kandels [vrr. serges] was þer light.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)162b/a : Suppositoriez bene made to þe maner of a candel of o fyngere.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Satan & P.(Corp-C 296)267 : Þei demen of o mone or candel to be two.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)60 : Candylle: Candela.
- a1450(?c1343) Rolle EDormio (Cmb Dd.5.64)62/26 : Als þe sonn es bryghtar þan a kandele.
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.143r : Yerd ne founde sheo .. this childe for to bete; An handfull of wex chandellen [Glo.Chron.A: condlen, vr. candlen; Glo.Chron.B vr. candles] that tough were she gete And the childe so sore bete with thees candellen towe That sheo ne let ar he lay at hure fote aswowe.
- (1454-5) Acc.St.Ewen in BGAS 15157 : For wax condels v d.
- (1465) Acc.Yatton in Som.RS 4103 : For candels to the trendel.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)365/275 : Brether, eche of you a candele takyth.
- a1500 Rule Minoresses (Bod 585)107/24 : Þat þer be had an cierge or a chaundel of wexe.
b
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)98/8 : Take þe seed on hennebelle..virginewax and richell and make a candill þer-of, and holde þi mowth ouer þe candill, þat þe hete of þe smoke come to þe toth.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)8/13 : Take þe sed of hennebane and red purmele of þe heþ and virgine wax and recheles and make a candel þer-of.
c
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.23 : Yei shulle offren a candel of fyue lightes, brennande aforn ye heye Auter.
d
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1020 : The brighte Venus folwede..And Signifer his candels sheweth brighte.
- c1450(c1385) Chaucer Mars (Benson-Robinson)7 : Lo! yond the sunne, the candel of jelosye!
1b.
(a) midsomeres ~, a candle used on Midsummer Eve; rolle ~, ?a twisted candle; studie ~, ?a study candle (used in the choir of a church); tenebres ~, a candle used at services of Tenebrae; wir (wired) ~, ?a candle designed to be fixed upon the pricket of a candlestick; ?a candle stiffened with wire [cp. wired ppl. (b)]; writhen ~, a twisted candle; (b) bi ~, by the light of candles, by candlelight; holden ~, to hold the candle (while sb. does sth.), act as a servant, be in an inferior or inactive position; lighten ~ at (someone's) lanterne, fig. to have intercourse with (another man's) wife; offeren ~, to present a lighted candle as an act of worship; setten ~ biforen the devel, to make an offering to the Devil, choose the least of two evils, compromise; tenden ~, to light a candle as as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer;--used iron. with laumpe-light ~ and bok, with all of the ceremonies appropriate to baptism; bok and ~, ~ bok and belle [see bok n. (1), sense 4].
Associated quotations
a
- (1401-2) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100393 : Torchis factis pro summo altari, cum 6 libr. de wrethyn candell.
- (1408-17) Rec.St.Mary at Hillp.xcvi : Item, small wex Roll Candelles.
- (1413-16) Acc.St.Michael Oxf.in OAST 784 : Item, pro xiiii libris de wyryd candel, ii s.
- (1434-5) Acc.St.Michael Oxf.in OAST 7832 : Item, to the tenebre candell..item, for i lib. of wyre candell of wex..for i lib. of stody candell on to the quere..for i lib. of wyre candell of talow..for i lib. stode candell.
- (1446) Acc.St.Mary Thame in BBOAJ 856 : Halso for ij li. wyr kandyl at the same tyme, iij d.
- (1450-2) Doc.in HMC Rep.5 App.520b : For 2 Mydsomerys candles, for the Common House, to stand there on the night of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, 1 d.
b
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7795 : An hondred þousend candlen [B: candeles, candels, candles] & mo icholle him tende..Þat a sori chirchegong ichcholle him make ar ich þanne we[nde].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.327 : Þey moot do by candel [L cum candelis; Higd.(2): by lyȝhte of candeles] what work þat hem nedeþ.
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.14 : Alle þe bretheryn and sistyn of þe gylde..schullen offeryn a candel and to torches of wax..in wyrschipe of crist and his moder.
- c1390 St.Greg.(Vrn)78/624 : Wiþ laumpe liht, Condul, and bok, Þo was he wiþ clerkes sleih Baptized in þat holy flod.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.334 : He is to greet a nygard that wil werne A man to lighte his candel at his lanterne.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)185b/a : The sunne is nouȝt y seye þere, and so þat tyme men of þe londe mote worche by candell.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)104/30 : Also stonding on her feet til þe messe be seide, & þanne offre vp her candils to þe hiȝe auter.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)80/5,7 : Þis yong man..þoght scorn, þat he sulde hold þe candyll, & sayd..on þis maner of wyse, 'what is he, þis at syttis att supper & I holde candell vnto, and duse such serves?'
- c1450 Comp.Hope (Frf 16)39 : One me liste she neuer rewe, As vnhope hath me y-tolde, And how I moote forthe the candel holde.
- (?1461) Paston (Gairdner)4.12 : It is a comon proverbe, 'A man must sumtyme set a candel befor the Devyle'.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)2202 : Moses..Ordeyned Lystres for to rede..And somme..He made kandelys for to holde.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)48 : Wil þu offir a candil þat þu geyt merit and grace?
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)60/26 : Saynt Dunstanys modyr..offryd hyr condyll.
2.
(a) ~ bem, a bar or beam to which candles or lamps are fixed; ~ ende, ?the fag end of a candle; ~ quencheres (sheres), a pair of candle snuffers; ~ rishe, a candlewick; ~ snitinge, the burnt part of the candlewick; a candle snuff; ~ staf, the main shaft of a candelabrum; ~ stok, a candlestick; ~ weke, a candlewick [OE candel-wēoce]; the material from which wicks are made; ~ weke strete, Candlewickstreet (in London); (b) ~ weke (weke strete), a kind of cheap fabric; (c) ~ light, light from candles, candlelight; also, a lighted candle; also fig.; (d) ~ corn, ~ silver, a manorial rent: a payment of grain to an ecclesiastical landlord (?for the purchase of candles); also, a money payment in lieu of such rent; ~ livere, an allowance of (or for) candles; (e) ~ bering, the carrying of a candle at a service of worship; ~ tendinge, the time in the evening at which candles are lighted; (f) in place-names, surnames, and occupational names; ~ berere (lighter), an acolyte; ~ makere (man, wrighte), a maker of candles, a chandler; ~ wrighte strete, a street in London.
Associated quotations
a
- (1275-6) Doc.in Riley Mem.Lond.3 : [In the Parish of St.Michael], Candelwykestrete.
- (1298) Court R.Lond.10 : [Maykin le Chaundeler..allowing foreigners to trade in his Seld in] Candelwykstrate.
- (1424-5) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.103620 : Et in 11 duoden. de Candylweke, 11 s. 6 d.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ex.25.33,38 : Six yerdes..ben to be browȝt forth out of the candelstaf [L hastili]..Candelquenchers [L Emunctoria], and forsothe where the snoffes ben quenchid, be thei maad of moost puyr gold.
- (1430-1) RParl.4.370b : The Chirche of Seint Laurence of Candelwikstrete.
- (1438-9) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.9971 : In 2 dd. de candilweke emp. pro candel alb., 2 s. 6 d.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)60 : Candylrysche [Win: Candel rusche; KC: candelrushe]: Papirus. Candelbem: Lucernarium.
- a1450 Semenaunt is (Sln 2593)p.256 : It faryt as a candele-ende That brennit fro half a myle.
- (a1451) Will York in Sur.Soc.4598 : j candilstok de ligno, x d.
- (1458) Visit.St.Paul in Camd.n.s.5574 : Vna vestis pro le candelbem depicta cum passione Christi.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4939 : That they nevir suffre no werk maad abowte seynt Marie awter..ne retourne of the candilbem.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)21a : A Candyll shers: emunctorium. Candyll weke: lichinum, lichinus. A Candyll snytinge: licinus, licinum.
- (c1477) Acc.Yatton in Som.RS 45 : A candelstok in the peler next the fonte which cost ij s. j d.
b
- (c1332) Acc.Eleanor in Archaeol.77122 : iij ulne dimidia panni de Kandelwykstret, precii ulne xiiij d.
- (1334-5) Sacrist R.Ely 266 : In xiiij ulnis panni de Candelwike.
- (a1349) Wardrobe Acc.Edw.III(1) in Archaeol.3154 : Bancar. de panno de Candelwykstrete.
- (a1349) Wardrobe Acc.Edw.III(1) in Archaeol.3179 : Pann. de candelwyk.
- (1351-2) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100552 : In 14 ulnis de Candelwykstret empt. pro Pagiis Prioris.
c
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)23752 : Þar was alle lange niht songes and candel-liht [Clg: caldel-liht].
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)125/2682 : Beues ȝede to bedde..wiþ candel liȝt.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)101/2111 : Wiȝ bacyn beting and kandel [Arun 140: chaundell] liȝt, þa bobbed þe pie bi niȝt.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2544 : Þay schyne..so doþ þe candeliȝt.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.419 : He [Henry I]..restored aȝen in his court candel liȝt be nyȝt, þat was i-lefte of in his fadir tyme.
- c1390 Whon Men beoþ (Vrn)122 : Children haþ bi candel liht Heor schadewe on þe wal i-sen.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3634 : He shette his dore with outen candel lyght.
- a1425(c1300) Assump.Virg.(1) (Add 10036)762 : Thei..woke þer al þat nyȝt With many torches and candle lyȝt.
- c1440(?a1375) Abbey HG (Thrn)59/34 : He þat hase a candill lyghte by-twene his handis, he may hyde it & schewe it at his owenn will.
- a1450 Pore of spirit (Dgb 102)155 : Ȝoure prechyng shal be candel liȝt.
- c1450(?c1400) 3 KCol.(1) (Cmb Ee.4.32)140/23 : Than euery frende goþ to oþirs hows with a candel liȝt in his hande.
- a1500 Stel is gud (StJ-C S.54)p.267 : Stele is both fayr and bryȝht; So be thes women be candyllyght.
- c1500 Stations Jerus.(Ashm 61)384 : Þus we woke all þe nyȝht, Euery man with a candyll-lyȝht.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.153 : With crosse and bell & with greate candill light, Thei cursed hym as ferre as the churches might.
- -?-(?a1475) Insc.Cirencester in Archaeol.15406 : What man othir woman..brenge ony candill lyght, lass or more, he shall have v Yifftis graunted of God.
d
- (1298-1300) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 227 : Cum vi d...pro candelcorn at All Saints.
- (1354-5) Sacrist R.Ely 2170 : Idem Sacrista petit allocationem de xiij s. iiij d. perditis de bidentibus empt. de Dno. Episcopo pro candelsilver hoc anno.
- (1359-60) Sacrist R.Ely 2191 : Dat Dno. Johanni de Lincoln et Clerico suo et Will. Protril pro argent. de candelcorn habend.
- (1421-2) Rec.St.Mary at Hill61 : Also receued on Estire day in Candelseluere, x s. j d. ob.
- (1452) Acc.All Sts.Tilney12 : Item, de le Candelsylvyr viz pro cereo Paschali de tota villa vij s. iiij d.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)839 : Of candel liueray squiyers schalle haue.
e
- 1389 Nrf.Gild Ret.34 : Alle the breþeren and the susteren schullen ben to-gedere on the half thursday, at þe candel berynge, and at the messe seynge and offeryn.
- (1447) Shillingford31/10 : The nyght before and that late, after candell tendyng.
f
- (1230) in Fransson Surn.73 : Candelwryttestrete.
- (1263) Close R.Hen.III260 : Willelmus Candelman.
- (1271-2) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)1.10 : [The parish of S. Swithun] de Candelwryhttestrate.
- (1289) in Fransson Surn.73 : Alan. le Candelmakere.
- (1316) in Fransson Surn.73 : Rog. le Candelmaker.
- (1327) in Fransson Surn.73 : Theophilus Candelmaker.
- (1332) in Fransson Surn.73 : Rob. Candelman.
- (c1380) Mem.Bk.York in Sur.Soc.120155 : Omnes eciam candelmakers..qui in domibus et fenestris suis vendebant candelas Parisienses.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)41.288 (v.1:p.275) : She saugh commen oute of the presbitarie two ceroferaries [L (Graesse, p. 165): ceroferarios; GL: queresters] .. and .. hir thought that Laurence and Vincent were the candelberers [L: acolitos; GL: accolites].
- (1466) in Cox Churches Derb.86 : Lawrence Luchurche, candelighter..made ye accompte..of the joels and ornaments.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)28/13 : Sche sawe by the auter two candilberers, a subdekyn and a dekyn and a preste..goynge to the auter as they wold do there masse.
- -?-(1422) Reg.Freemen York in Sur.Soc.96132 : Johannes Roos, candelmaker.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1450 12 PTrib.(3) (Bod 423)78/7 : Sory may he be that the candel of his knowing vseth al and dispendeth in othres vsage and in his owne dispendith noon.
Note: New meaning for sense 1a.(a).
Note: Add "also fig. to existing gloss.
Note: [F la chandoille de sa connoissance].--notes per MLL