Middle English Dictionary Entry
yōke n.
Entry Info
Forms | yōke n. Also yok(ke, yoc, yock(e, youkke, yekke, ȝok(e, ȝoc, ȝock(e, ȝouke, jocke & (early) geoc, ioke, ioc, (infl.) ȝeoce & (in place names) yox-, joke-, iokes-, roke & (?error) ȝolke; pl. yokes, etc. & yoke, ȝokke(s, (N) jokis, (early) giokes. |
Etymology | OE geoc, gioc, ioc, iuc. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A collar or other similar apparatus attached to a team of animals and used to form a connection to a wagon, plow, etc., yoke; also fig. and in fig. context; ~ boues, the rounded portions of the yoke, shaped to conform to the animals’ necks; ~ stikke, ?a stick for driving yoked animals; leden (the) ~, to work in a yoke;
(b) a team of draft animals harnessed in a yoke; also, a team of chariot horses; ~ of oxen (chares);
(c) fig. the bonds of matrimony; also, the commitment to a religious vow;
(d) an image, a model, or other representation of a yoke;
(e) a yokelike topographical feature; specif. a ridge, height, or slope; ~ of the hille;
(f) ~ wimble, ?an auger for boring holes in a yoke.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225 Wor.Bod.Gloss.(Hat 115)23 : Iuce: ioke.
- c1225 Wor.Bod.Gloss. (Jun 121)25 : Iuc: ioc.
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Arun 220)p.169 : Les boufs portunt les juges [glossed:] the yokkes.
- a1333 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Add 46919)p.70 : Jues: Yocbowen [vr. yokis].
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)859 : Iugo et arsoun: Ȝok and oxebowe.
- (1362) Invent.Monk-Wear.in Sur.Soc.29159 : In curia sunt…iiij paria de plughirenes, ij paria de somes de ferro, xij yokes, [etc.].
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)7.102 : Þe kyng [shall be] sytting vp on þe colt, sonne of þe sche ass usid to ȝouke.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21267,21288 : O þaim i sal tell after mi maght, Quat þai bitaken and quat þair draght, Quat mai be yock and quat mai be quele…þe carter self is iesus crist, His bodi es yock [Göt: ȝock] he has stablist.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)188/6 : Bere ȝe no ȝok wiþ folk of fals bileue.
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)2 Cor.6.14 : Lede not ȝee þe ȝok with þe vntrewe.
- (1444) Will York in Sur.Soc.30113 : Item, to William Semer…my wayn, jokis, and ropis.
- 1483 Cath.Angl.(Monson 168)427 : A ȝoke styke: fisticulus.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)132.3 : Tha that ere in ane, withouten dew of charite, ere as a wylde beste in the ȝoke, for thai draghe noght bot lettys othere.
- a1500(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Dub 213)818 : He…fair enformed þam of fight & fetez of armez For ȝapest in hys awne yoke ȝarly to drawe.
- a1500 *Medulla (Hrl 1738)40b/b : Iugum: a jocke.
b
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)195 : vii milia ouium…et L iuga boum…þat waren seuen þusend shep…and half hundre giokes of ocsen.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 8.4 : Taken to dauyþ on hys partie a thousend & seuene hundrid horsemen & twenti thousend of feet men, kutte of bi þe kne alle þe ȝokes of charis; he lafte forsoþe of hem an hundrid charis.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1358/22 : Þey beþ yholde wiþ þe fyue wise maydenes and þe fyue ȝokke of oxen.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)14118 : He had in hyllys and daylys depe fyfty yoke of oxyn, in ylkon two.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.82.56a : He hadde y-bouȝt fife ȝokkes of oxen.
- 1483 Cath.Angl.(Monson 168)427 : A ȝoke of Oxen: iugum.
c
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.113 : Boweth youre nekke vnder that blisful yok Of souereynetee noght of seruyse Which that men clepe spousaille or wedlok.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1837 : In trewe wedlok coupled be we tweye, And blessed be the yok that we been inne.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1480 : Þe holy ȝok [rime: wedlok] Of prestehode is…þe more commendabil.
- (1475) Stonor1.158 : Tyll þat tyme þat þat youkke of wedlokke ly in my nekke as hyt dose now in yours, þat youth shall rene in me.
d
- (1415) Will in Bdf.HRS 228 : Y will…þt Edward my sone haue a grene bed of borde alisaundre…wt ye holme and ye armes of John Cheyne Squier stondynge in a ȝok wt iij corteyns reed.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)450 : Pygge rosted, and endored and served with the ȝolke on his neke over gilde, and hernesewes.
e
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 16.13 : Semei forsoþe wente cursynge aȝens hym bi þe ȝok of þe hil aside.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.37.24 : I steȝede vp to þe heiȝtis of mounteynes, ȝokis of liban.
f
- (1446) Will Durham in Sur.Soc.295 : ij rastra, ij yoke wymbils, j restwymbyll.
2.
In extended senses;—sometimes used fig. or in fig. context: (a) discipline, control, or a restraining impulse; a restraint upon one’s behavior, attitudes, etc.; ~ of the laue;
(b) the moral responsibility enjoined upon mankind by God, that self-control that God requires of humanity;
(c) subjugation, bondage; thraldom, servitude; also, political or military oppression; under ~;
(d) that which binds one to a fate or condition; an attachment to something; also, a heavy responsibility.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225 Wint.Ben.Rule (Cld D.3)117/24 : Heo fræm þem daiȝe on þam mynstre fare ne mot, ne heore sweren ascacan ne acyrian fram þam ȝeoce þes halgan reȝulam.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)255/28 : Do to þine mouþe a dore and a loc, and to þine wordes a waye and a yok.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.19.22 : Camyn men of þat cite þe sonys of Belyal þat is wiþ oute ȝok.
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)161/7 : We excusen vs & putten fro vs þe softe ȝok of obedience.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)32/14 : Spirit ariseþ aȝeins þe fleisch wiþ hate…tredynge her down vndir þe ȝok of resoun.
- c1450(?c1408) Lydg.RS (Frf 16)3193 : Women thanne koude abyde And loveden hem as wel ageyn Of feythful hert…Vnder the yok of honeste.
- a1500(a1400) Wycl.FHC (NC 95)354 : As þis first ȝock bigynniþ wiþ paciens & siþen goiþ into worchinge of a mannus soule, so mut þis oþur ȝoc forsake yuel wiþ-inne.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)99/18 : This asse betokeneþ the Jewis, the whiche were vndur hym [?read: the] ȝokke of the lawe.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)61/22 : The soueraigne goodnesse of yong men is to represse their willfull desire through constreynte of peyne…beryng the yocke of subieccion in the heete of youthe.
b
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)71/30 : Bereð min ȝoc uppe ȝeu, of hersumnesse, þe is softe.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)82/15 : God hit is i silence ikepen godes grace & þæt me beore godes ȝeoc anan from his ȝuheðe ant þenne kimeð þrefter.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.11.29,30 : Take ȝe my ȝoc vpon ȝou and lerne ȝe of me…For my ȝoc is swete…and my charge, liȝt.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)959 : Mi ȝok is softe inowh to weren.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)528 : If thou wil hald [in] thi hert how y for the sal fiȝt, Mi ȝok sal ay be swete to the.
- c1452 Capgr.Aug.Orders (Add 36704)145/9 : Þan ran he fro þe Deuel and took up-one him þe swete ȝok of our Lord Ihesu Crist.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)119/20 : The yokke of good lyving wiche is oure lordis yokke is ful esy.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)128/23 : He hatȝ born þe ȝook of oure lord from his ȝougthe.
- a1500 Teche ich man (Lamb 491)390 : Comforth al men in crystes lawe, Þat þei his ȝoke lof jnne to draw.
c
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)9286 : Wanne ich am encheson of such peril ywis, Verst icholle þer inne do mi sulue…& verst asayli þen false king & bringe him to ȝoke [rime: broke].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.9.4 : Ouer-comers…whan þei deuyden spoilis, þe ȝok…of his charge…þou ouercame.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.367 : Þo was þe kyngdom of Italy unȝoked and delyvered of þe ȝokke of Constantynnoble.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)761/29 : Him is leuer deye þan to be vndir þe ȝoocke of þraldome.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)63a/b : Subiugo: putte vnder ȝoke [Hrl 1738: Ȝocke] or make þral.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)80 : Þe apostil biddiþ men stond and not be holden aȝen wiþ þe ȝok of seruage.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)5 : In þe tyme of…Dioclician and Maximian…many a Reme þat were soget to Rome put away þe ȝook of here seruage and rebelled openly.
- c1450 Lydg.KEng.(3) (BodAdd E.7)102 : Edward the Furst…made subiecte All Walys, and put hem vndur yekke.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)f.81ra : Their god shal gyue them in to thy hondes & they shal be subdued vnder þe yock of thy power.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)239/33 : In that tyme come in-to Engelonde two wyckyd Danes namyd Hyngar and Hubba…purposyng to gete vnder here ȝokke this kyngdom.
d
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)4045 : Tanne shollde itt lesedd ben Fra dæþess ȝocc þurrh Criste.
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(1) (Vrn)700 : Heil, Modur of þe lord…Þe whuche brac in his dyȝing Of bondage ȝokkes fele.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.1.14 : Thow, byhooldyng ferst the false goodes, bygyn to withdrawe thy nekke fro the yok of erthely affeccions.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)90/19 : Þe ȝok of all þis birden was leid in his nek for þe Pope comitted all þis cure on-to him.
3.
In surnames and place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.199].
Associated quotations
- (1200-1213) in Coplestone-Crow PNHerf.()107 : La Yoke.
- (1203) in Ekwall Dict.EPN520 : Jokeford.
- (1222) in Ekwall Dict.EPN520 : Yoxhal.
- (1242) in Ekwall Dict.EPN520 : Iokeshale.
- (1254) in Ekwall Dict.EPN520 : Iokesford.
- (1304) Close R.Edw.I148 : Richard atte Yoke.
- (1307) EPNSoc.7 (Sus.)300 : Yocherst.
- (1310) Feet Fines Kent in Archaeol.Cant.11340 : Roger atte Yoke.
- (1358) EPNSoc.7 (Sus.) ()300 : Yokehirst.
- (1361) in Coplestone-Crow PNHerf.()107 : Le Roke by Burleye.
- (1390) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames (3rd ed.) ()508 : William Yoke.
- (1397) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)6.182 : [A yoke called] Northyok…[a yoke called] Elwynyok…Braddeyyok.