Middle English Dictionary Entry
wrēken v.
Entry Info
Forms | wrēken v. Also wrek(e, wrekin(e, wrekke, wreck(en, (16th cent.) wreake, wreike & (early) wrec(a(n, (SW) wrekie, (SWM) wreoke(n, wræken, whreken, (early infl.) wrekende & (?errors) wroken, wærken; sg.3 wreketh, etc. & (early) wrecð; p.sg.1 or 3 wrek(e, wrak(e, wrac, (early) wrec, wræc & wreked & (?error) warc; pl. wreke(n, wroken; ppl. i)wreke(n, i)wroke(n, (NWM) wrekun & iwrekid & (?error) wræce, (error) iweke. |
Etymology | OE wrecan, wreocan; sg.1 wrece, wreocu, (Nhb.) wræco; p. wræc; pl. wrǣcon, wrēcan; ppl. wrecen. Forms in -o- in the p.pl. and p.ppl. are, by analogy with the corresponding forms of class 4 strong verbs such as bēren (1), brēken, etc., derived from the -o- of the OE p.ppl. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. awreken v., iwreken v., wraken v.
1.
(a) To drive (sb. or sth.) out or away, remove; also fig.; also, expel (sb.), banish; convey (sb. to a place unwillingly) [quot. a1450 Dial.Bern.& V.(2)]; ~ awei (oute);
(b) to cast up (sb. or sth.) [cp. wrek(k)id ppl.]; ~ oute (oute of), cast (sth.) out of (a place);
(c) to wrest (sb. from woe or danger), rescue, deliver; also, recover (stolen property) [1st quot.];
(d) ben wreken, to have forced a way (into a place);
(e) to utter (sth.);—also without obj.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)132/1 : Hwær beoð heoræ ofermedo, buton mid molde beþeaht, & on wite wræce [?read: wræcen]?
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)61/216 : Sche halpe þe pouer and þe lame Þe deuel fram hir for to wreke.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)189/33 : He his ssel wreke out of his uelaȝrede.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)215/6 : God nele naȝt þet me maki his hous marcat…huerout he wrek þo þe zyalde and boȝte ine þe temple.
- a1400 Ancr.(Pep 2498)110/30 : Swich þouȝttes oiþer while wreken out fleschlich temptaciouns.
- a1450 Dial.Bern.& V.(2) (Cmb Dd.1.1)707 : Euere hem þouhte hire hertis breke…Nerþeles to towne þei me wreke Mor wiþ strif þan wiþ my wille.
- a1450 Haile be þou hende (Corp-O 155)8 : Wreke awaye my warkes wylde.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4428 : All ȝoure wisdom I-wis…is wroken to ȝour tongis.
b
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3148 : Ilc folc is to fode framen, And eten it bred, and non bon breken, And nogt ðor-of vt huse wreken.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3191 : He…hauen up brogt Ðe bones, ut of ðe erðe wroken.
- c1475(a1400) Amadace (Tay 9)p.44 : The broken schippus he ther fonde…He fond wrekun a-mung the stones Knyȝtes in meneuere…Stedes quite and gray.
- c1450 Eglam.(Clg A.2)894 : Þe kyng of Egypt…syȝ þe lady…Was wroken [Thrn: Castyn vp] on þe sonde.
c
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2876 : Ic [Moses] warc [?read: wrac] al ðat ðu was binumen, And swanc and michel sorwe dreg.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)375 : Þou watz wroken fro vch a woþe, I wyste neuer quere my perle watz gon.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)26/314 : Thow þei bothyn my byddyng haue brokyn, out of whoo ȝet art not wrokyn.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)148/55 : Wyse god from woo us wreke.
d
- a1425 PPl.C (Hnt HM 143)9.259 : Many wakere wolues ar wroken into [vr. vnto] thy foldes.
e
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.VA (Vsp D.14)13/21 : Swa hwæt swa he wreca, wreca [OE wrece, wrece; Lamb.Hom. 111: speke to his men sterliche, do hit] for rihtwisnysse, na for his agene yrre, ac for Godes ege.
2.
In phrase: ben wreken oute, of a period of time: to have passed.
Associated quotations
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1547 : Quen sa fele yeier ar wroken oute, þe mikel spere es rune aboute.
3.
(a) To take vengeance, mete out retribution; take vengeance or revenge (on sb.); take vengeance (on someone’s misdeeds) [quot. c1350]; ?also, seek vengeance [last quot.];
(b) to take revenge on account of (a death, an injury, one’s sorrow, etc.), avenge; punish (sin, a misdeed, etc.); also, mete out revenge or punishment for (sth. upon sb., someone’s life, a city, etc.);—also with that clause as object;
(c) to take vengeance upon (sb.), punish; also, condemn (sb.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)4/22 : Forber oð þæt þu eaðe wrecan muge; Geðyld byð mihtene mæst.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)35 : For þat he [Adam] dide þise synnes, god wrac and binom him þese mihtes alle.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)77/18 : Lat him wreke ðe is riht deme ouer ðe liuiende and ouer ðe deade.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Bod 34)106/747 : Hu wrakeliche…wule he al wraðe wreoken o þe, wrecche?
- ?a1300(c1250) Prov.Hend.(Dgb 86)st.34 : Rape þou nohut al to raþe To resen and to wreken.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)98.9 : Þou, God, was mercyful to hem and byginnand to wreke [L ulciscens] in alle her fyndeynges.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)570 : Wonderly he wrak on wykked men after.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2149 : Myn herte gynnyth to breke, For Charyte þat stondyth so stowte; Alas, myn herte gynnyth to wreke.
b
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)6/21 : God wrecð unrihte domes.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)111/11 : On hwan wræc þes mann his teona?
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)17844 : Sume þede…tokenn till…To wrekenn onn hemm sellfenn Þatt teȝȝ swa lannge inn hæþenndom Soþ Drihhtin haffdenn wraþþedd.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)161 : Godes wrake cumeð on þis woreld to wrekende on sunfulle men here gultes.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)171/3 : Þu…haldest godd to nessche forte wreoke [Cai: wroken] sunne.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)171/5 : Godd…wrec in adam þe bite of an eappel.
- a1250 Lofsong Louerde (Nero A.14)209 : Ne bi-hold þu ham [sins] nout leste þu wreoke ham on me.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)9662 : He þohten hider wenden & wræken [Otho: wreke] his fader wunden.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)327 : Non ne micte comen hire to…þat heuere micte hire bale wreken.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3067 : So sal ðin hardnesse ben wreken.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)3266 : On him he wrake his wrong.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.49 : Hou longe wiltou abide þat þou ne wreke oure blood of hem þat wonen in erþe.
- 1372 ME Verse in Grimestone PB (Adv 18.7.21)p.13 : Aȝen my felawes þat I haue spoken…In endeles fir it is nou wroken.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.32.43 : Þe blood off his seruauntys he shal wreke.
- c1390 Treat.Mass (Vrn)391 : God may wreke Euerich a word þat we speke.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)17332 : Godd had said…‘Mi-self es sett to wrek þe wrang.’
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)4/4-5 : Þare slogh ȝe many sakles…And now has king Edward wroken it…It es wrokin, I wene.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.108 : If this yow displese, That shal I wreke upon myn owen lif.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)533 : Wrekyn [Win: Wrekyne], or vengyn: Vindico.
- a1450 Bot witt pas (Add 37049)170 : Caste þe not al yll to wreke.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)816 : Sone assembled hym to many sadde hundred Þat wolden wrecken þe wounde, oþer wo habben.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)51aa : Now his blood is wroken.
- a1500(?c1400) Triam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)537 : The hownd wrekyd hys maystyrs dethe.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.69 : On myself bene al my harmys wrokin.
c
- c1330(c1250) Floris (Auch)686 : Er we hem to deye wreke, We scholle heren þo children speke.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11773 : For to wreke þam was he bun þat þus did cast þair goddes dun.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)3038 : Þi son sall speke; By righwis dome þan þou him wreke.
- c1475 Prov.Wisd.(RwlPoet 32)62 : Be ware, ore þou be wreke.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)345/186 : To ded they can hym wreke.
4.
(a) To take vengeance on behalf of (sb., oneself), avenge; also fig.;
(b) to take vengeance on behalf of (sb. or oneself upon sb. or oneself); also in fig. context; also used of a boar;
(c) to take vengeance on behalf of (sb. or oneself on account of sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)179 : Ne wrec þu þe mid wussinge ne mid warienge.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)96/20 : Min is þe wrake…Ne wreoke [Nero: wrekie] ȝe nawt ow seoluen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3864 : Wið him we scullen fihten & wærken [Otho: wreken] þine cnihtes.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5392 : We sculleð wel whreken ure wines deore, & ure uulle iuan fallen to þan grunde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)6861 : Þa Peohtes neoren næuere stille, ah…wreken heore cun inoh þat Vortiger here of-sloh.
- a1300(c1250) Floris (Vit D.3)402 : To wreke him [Auch: He…had after his barenage sent To wreken him þourgh iugement].
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1875 : Aurilis Brosias…And his broþer Vter Pendragon Þere hem wroken swiþe wel Wiþ her brondes.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1111 : He…komande hem kendely here cunseile to ȝeve in what wise were best to wreke him þanne.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3095 : She…crieth, ‘false coward, wrek thy wyf.’
- a1400 Prov.Wisd.(Bod 9)48 : War wel, or þou þe wreke.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1468 : She, for that Grekis gonne hire so despise, Wrak hire in a wonder cruel wise.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)460 : Qwedyr I sall nevyr þe dayes abyd Me wrekyd in erth to se þe tyd?
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)151 : To warpe wordez in waste no wyrchipe it were, Ne wilfully in þis wrethe to wreken my seluen.
- a1450(?1404) As þe see (Dgb 102)116 : Falshed wolde trouþes tunge teyȝe…God biddeþ vengeaunce hiȝe, And helpe trouþe be wel wroken.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)205/1661 : Moder, how Shulld I wrekyn my broder now?
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)660 : There com a sarsin, he felaw to haue wroke.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)262/267 : I am as wroth as I may be, and some waye I will wreake mee.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)914 : Godd wollde himm wrekenn o þe preost, Swa þatt he swelltenn shollde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)2613 : Heo wolden fære to Rome to wreken o þon folke Remus þene feire.
- c1300 SLeg.(Hrl 2277)575/108 : Þu ert an holi man þat þus þe wrekest of þi fon.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1363 : Haue merci of me, louerd, nou! And wreke me yet on mi fo.
- ?c1335 Þe grace of godde (Hrl 913)123 : Þe erþe þe watir þan sal sprede, Route, and driue al forwode; Nov Iesus Crist we sul þe wrekke Of sinful man þat sadde þi blode.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.961 : He wolde doon so ferforthly his myght Vpon the tiraunt Creon hem to wreke.
- c1390 St.Greg.(Vrn)120/934 : He wrac vs on [vrr. wreke vs of, wrek vs on] vr fo.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1118/6 : Þough it so be þat he be smyten…wiþ a spere þurgh þe body…he…takeþ…strengþe to wreke himself of his aduersary wiþ his tuskes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6281 : Þus him wreked þe lauerd o might On þam wreches.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)16497 : I sal me-seluen on me wreck For þis marchandis wrang.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)844 : He wil…wreke his fader of his fon.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2875 : Now schal þe Werld on þe be wroke, For þou hast don so gret outrage.
- a1450 Of alle þe ioyus (Cmb Dd.11.89)104 : For mannes loue He soffrede al that To wreken vs of oure dedliche fo.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)1824 : I wold fayn on hym haue ben wreke.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)145/8 : Thay had not that good Herte…forto Spare the meke and wreke Ham on the Prowte.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3616 : Sobbyng & sorow ses at þis tyme, And wreke þe on weghis þat þe wrathed hase.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)89/259 : For all my anger thow shalt ende if that thy will bee to wende and wreake mee one my foe.
c
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)105/29 : Þa ðe willeð hem seluen wreken of unrihte ðe hem is idon, hie benemeð hire hire dom.
- c1330 Þe siker soþe (Auch)79 : Y wold be wreken of mi wrong.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1173 : On his falshede fayn wolde I me wreke, If I wiste how.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.784 : On euery wrong a man may nat be wreken.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1319 : Syr Ywaine thinkes now to be wroken On þe grete wordes þat Kay has spoken.
- a1450 Bot witt pas (Add 37049)97 : He þat wil hym wreke of yll [read: ylk] wronge May not lyf in pes longe.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)82 : Ye ordeyne by youre Barons boolde To wreke the of this vilane.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)10819 : To wreke hym of þat wrang A purpase playnly hath he tone.
- a1500(?c1400) EToulouse (Cmb Ff.2.38)1034 : Cryste wreke hur of hur woo.
- a1525 Conq.Irel.(Dub 592)4/9 : He…com into leynestr for to wreke hym [Rwl: be vengyd] of his shame.
5.
Associated quotations
- (1440) Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)914 : Sathanas witȝ his leonis rage Cast him sikirly on him for to wreke.
- a1500(?c1450) Florence (Cmb Ff.2.38)104 : He was…all tobrokyn, Ferre trauelde in harnes, and of warre wrokyn.
6.
(a) To vent (anger); vent (anger on sb., a city, etc.); ~ of, refl. express (rage); ben wreken, ?be driven to anger (against sb. or oneself);
(b) to satisfy (oneself), indulge.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)19606 : Ta warrþ wraþ Herode King Wiþþ Sannt Johan Bapptisste…let he takenn himm To wrekenn hise tene.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)3253 : For þe tales he teld On him he wrake his tene.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3787 : Vn to Ierusalem he wolde eftsoone To wreken his ire on it ful cruelly.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.574 : I wolde upon miself be wroke And chyde with miselven so That al my wit is overgo.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1109 : Thei acompte here wraththe at noght Bot if ther be schedinge of blod…Be so þe have or swerd or knif Here dedly wraththe forto wreke, Of Pite list hem noght to speke.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2213 : Brothely with brown stele his brethe he þare wrekes.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3821 : He…wrekys at his wirchipe þe wrethe of hys lorde.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)290/492 : Wreke not youre wrethe nowe for-thy.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)10.26 : Swyche a man seketh hym leyser to wrekyn hys tene.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)105/27 : Why have ye slayne my howndys?…I wolde that ye had wrokyn youre angir uppon me rather than uppon a dome beste.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.85.58a : A man wrekiþ hym of his wreþe bi his armes ageins cristes forbedynge in þe Gospel.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)49/276 : Abraham…My good son, thou shal haue grace, On the now will I not be wrokyn.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3619 : We haue felowes full fele…To wreike vs of wrathe.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.860 : Hate is a wraththe…of long time gadarende, And duelleth in the herte loken Til he se time to be wroken.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.618 : Be war forthi thou be noght sik Of thilke fievere [Jealousy]…For it wol in himself be wroke.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)9.181 : Whiles þow art ȝonge, and þi wepne kene, Wreke þe with wyuynge, ȝif þow wil ben excused.