Middle English Dictionary Entry
whēl(e n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | whēl(e n.(1) Also whelle, wheol(e, whil(e, whille, whiel(e, wel(e, welle, wil(e, wille, qhel, (N or chiefly N) wheil(e, wheille, weil(e, qwhele, qwel(e, qweil, quel(e, quelle, quil(e, (SW) weol, (K) hueȝel & (early, chiefly SW or SWM) hwel, hweol, ȝweol(e & (in names) whiwel, whul, whe(n)les, whegel, weghel, weul, wenles, wetheles, w(u)l, wlue, huwel, quen & (error) wlele; pl. wheles, etc. & welus, (K) whewelen, (SW) woeles, (early SW) ȝweles. |
Etymology | OE hweogul, hweogel, hweowul, hweow(o)l, hwēohl, hwēol, hwēl, LOE (in place names) huel-, wol-, quel-. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A solid disk or rigid circular ring connected to a hub by spokes and attached to an axle of a vehicle or movable structure to facilitate its locomotion, a wheel; also fig. and in fig. context; ?also [quot. a1393, 2nd], the rim or outer ring of such a wheel;—used in fig. context;
(b) in cpds. and combs.: ~ barowe, q.v.; ~ bond, ?a metal wheel rim or reinforcing strip, felloe; ~ harwe, ?a harrow on wheels; ~ makere; ~ spore, the track made by a wheel; ~ timber, wood for making or repairing wheels; ~ wrighte [see whele-wright(e n. (a)]; cart ~, a cart wheel [see also cart n. 6.(a)]; also, ?as a measure of land: a carucate [quot. a1475(a1447]; gonne ~, one of the wheels on which a cannon is mounted; plough ~, a wheel at the front of a plow;
(c) ?a wheeled cart;
(d) a pictorial representation of a wheel;
(e) in proverbs, prov. expressions, and conventional comparisons.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)pref.22 : Þatt waȝȝn iss nemmnedd quaþþrigan Þatt hafeþþ fowwre wheless; & Goddspell iss þatt waȝȝn, forrþi Þatt itt iss fowwre bokess.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)181/23 : Þeose twa þinges þet is wa & scheome ifeiet togederes, beoð helyes hweoles þe weren furene…& beren him up to parais.
- c1300 SLeg.Nich.(LdMisc 108)360 : Þat o ȝweol to-brak þane false staf.
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Cmb Gg.1.1)829 : Pur un charret descrivere Le fraunceis vous met en livere, Dunt les reos [glossed:] weles [vrr. the gueles, whelys] vous di au primour.
- a1325 SLeg.Bridget(2) (Corp-C 145)22 : Þe soun of þulke weoles is vnder a god creature.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8437 : An quointe tour hii lete make eueridel of tre, Vpe four woeles al so strong as he miȝte be.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)106/223 : Þer-fore me makeþ prynses Þe host to gouerni, And ase whe-welen þe linses To-gadere heldeþ hy.
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)866 : Primes de roes nus dirrons: And of the welus.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.444 : Somme…folwen Simon…Whos carte goth upon the whieles Of coveitise and worldes Pride.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.815 : Of gold glistrende, Spoke and whiel, The Sonne his carte hath faire and wiel.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2269 : Sette hym on the wheel, right of this cart.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1214/15 : He [lion] dredeþ noyse and russhyng of wheoles.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21267,21273,21279 : Þe wangelistes, þat draues þe wain þat es cristes, O þaim i sal tell…Quat mai be yock, and quat mai be quele [Frf: quile]…Matheu takens þe first quel…þe thrid quil es won to rine.
- c1400 Femina (Trin-C B.14.40)63 : De leȝ Roos vous di primour…Of þe whyles ȝow y say fyrst.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)116/3 : Þe hors was sette vpon whelis þat rollid it forth to þe temple.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)102/24 : Þey hadde also toures of tymber goyng on wheles þat were clepen bastiles or somercastell.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)165/3 : Loke also þou haue grete wheles made & framed of grene tymber, or elles grete and huge peces wel rounded of tree þat me calleth rolleres.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1233/14 : Hym semed that he saw uppon a chafflet a chayre, and the chayre was faste to a whele, and thereuppon sate kynge Arthure.
- a1500 Add.37075 Gloss (Add 37075)6/17a : Cantus: vtter parte of…the whele.
- a1500 Add.37075 Gloss (Add 37075)35/158b : Cantus…spens rote: a spoke of a whele.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)6203 : The fre kyng…Hade a chariot full choise…the whelis full wheme, all of white aumbur.
b
- (1376) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.103584 : Rob’to Yoill, carpentario, culpanti qweltimber.
- (1393) Acc.Exped.Der.in Camd.n.s.52202/13 : Item, pro j wheleband.
- (1404) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100399 : Item, in Orreo…1 qwhele harow.
- (1417) J.Dernell in Nrf.Archaeol.15136 : Item, a payr of plow whelys, iiij d. ob.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)524 : Whele spore: Orbita.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)87/6 : Þey hauiþ oþer men of craft, as charitores, carteres, whelemakers, and bynderes þat boþe konne make newe her chares, cartis, and waynes and also amende þe olde when þei ben apeired.
- a1450 Dur-CRO.Bk.Hawking (Dur-CRO Roll D/X/76/7)34/198 : Þan scho sal have in a pryuay place a-gayne þe sone an herber mad in þis wyse apon a carte-whele, [etc.].
- (1460-62) Doc.in HMC Rep.5 App.()523a (1st occurrence) : Paid…For gunne wheles and a whele for the bekene, 4 d.
- (1468-9) Stonor1.101 : For a peyre of plowellys, xiiij d.
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)20/43 : Þe which alle Willelmus conquestor made to be discryuyd & motyne by hides & carte-whelis [L per hydas seu carucatas].
- a1475 Herkyn to my tale (Brog 2.1)p.85 : The conegure and the wessylle rode one a plouȝ-whylle.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)407 : Watir in fossis of the carte whele were vaynes smale when thei bigan to kele.
- a1500 Mayer Nominale (Mayer)688/15 : Rotarius: whelmaker.
c
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)50a/b : Plaustrum: a chare or welle or a wayne.
d
- c1470 Bible F.(Cleve-W q091.92-C468)79/18 : In the same standard was xij whelis and xiiij horsis that were made aboue the toure.
e
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)600 : Panter…is blac…mið wite spottes…trendled als a wel.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)449/9 : Heuen meoueþ…as a whiele meoueþ aboute þe axs-tre.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)667 : To speke fayre beforn and fowle behynde…is my kinde; Þus I renne upon a whele.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)10125 : Men haue Suche Ioy to lye So…Suche mennys tonges gone euer on whelis.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.197 : All his þoghtes trendlen as a whele.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)260/26-7 : A carte-qweel, drye & vngrecyd, cryeth lowdest of oþere qwelys.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1234 : Beryn arose…And axid aftir clothis, but it was al in wast; Ther was no man tendant for hym in al the house: The whele was I-chaungit in-to a-nothir cours.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)454 : On five spookis, lik as on a wheel, Turnyth al the world.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)103/30 : Whos applis done as a wheel honged about, and that vniformely, witte wele that they shall be in hold with wikked hondes.
2.
(a) A mechanical contrivance consisting of a wheel or employing a wheel as a principal constituent; a mill wheel, potter’s wheel, spinning wheel, etc.; also, a gear in a clockworks [quot. c1454]; ~ of belle, belle ~, an apparatus for ringing a hanging bell [see also belle n.(1) 8.(l)]; ~ of (draue) welle, drauinge (turninge) ~, etc., a mechanism for raising and lowering a well bucket, windlass, well pulley; ~ of milne, milne ~, the wheel that drives a water mill; ~ spinnere, ?one who spins thread on a spinning wheel; spinninge ~ [see also spinning(e ger. (b)];
(b) some sort of revolving gate; also, ?a hinge or pin permitting a door to move back and forth [1st quot.].
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Jer.18.3 : He made a werk vp on a whel, and scatered is þe vessel þat he made of cley.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)652/18 : A ryuer…trendith ful swyftelich ful heuy weles.
- (1416) in Bull.IHR 3 ()197 : Whellespynnere [Isabel Blysse].
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)4b/b : Anclia: a whele of a welle [Pep: a turnyng Whele; Cnt: rota fontis].
- (c1425) Stonor1.43 : iij rynggebordes pro le Molle Whel.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)172/36 : Be þe streme of þat fayre wel Þer went a myl…Hit bere down a child with gret parel; Þe wele stod stil, miȝt not away.
- (1427) Let.Bk.Lond.K (Gldh LetBk K)66 : Whele, an arbe, and a tour.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1788 : So may þe wynde weile turnne, I quytte hym or ewyn.
- a1450 Sentence in YULG 60 (Yale 3.34)54 : I rok and reyl and spenyng weyll [L tornum filatorium], my babyll vagis neuer a deyll.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)112/9 : Knytt togidere…lijk as two whelis in a clok, of which þe oon is redi forto soone moue þe oþir.
- (1464) Acc.All Sts.Tilney29 : Item, Rondlond & his man ij days makyng of belle qwell, viij d.
- (c1467) *Maldon (Essex) Court Rolls Bundle 43, no.14 [OD col.] () : vii cusshones, 1 whyll, 1 par cardarum, 1 hemper.
- 1468 *Medulla (StJ-C C.22)47b/b : Haustra: a wheel þt drawyth water.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)38b : Drawyng qweyll: ancla.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)138b : A Wheylle of a drawe wele: Anclea.
- (1479-81) Rec.St.Mary at Hill101 : For nayle to amende the whele of the Sanctus bell.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)1.25.21a : Suche maner of penaunce…may weel be lykned to the whell of a mylne that lightly turnyth away to the place þat he began.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)104/126 : Here comys slaw-pase ffro the myln whele.
- a1500 Jhesu that arte jentylle (Chet 8009)p.197 : I toose owlle and card het and spyn het on the wheylle.
- a1500 Mayer Nominale (Mayer)696/10 : Vertubrum: a whelle.
b
- 1372 Als a se (Adv 18.7.21)p.18 : Gloria mundi est…Als þe sadwe in þe vndermel, And als þe dore turnet on a quel.
- ?c1450 in Aungier Syon Mon.394 : At the wheyle for to kepe it schal be ordeyned two sustres by the abbes, whyche by the same whele schal take and delyuer oute, or in, al thynges necessary to the brethren.
- a1500 Rule Minoresses (Bod 585)89/9 : Þer schal nat be in þe couent but one whele couenable, bi þe which we takiþ to þe sustris þat whiche schal nede to hem.
3.
(a) A wheel designed to serve as an instrument or part of an instrument of torture;
(b) a pictorial representation of such a wheel.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)51/545 : Þi wichecreft schal…a swiðe wunderlich hweol meten & makien ant þurh spitien hit al wið spaken & felien þicke & þreofalt wið irnene gadien kene to keoruen.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)185/11 : Þe hali…bohten hit se deore…laðlese meidnes þe tittes itoren of, tohwiðeret o hweoles, heafdes bicoruen.
- a1300 11 Pains(1) (Jes-O 29)67 : A hwel of stele…turneþ o.
- c1300 SLeg.Geo.(1) (LdMisc 108)57-8 : So sone ase huy þis guode man a-boue þusse ȝweole brouȝte, þat ȝweol to-brac.
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(LdMisc 108)222 : Four ȝweles of Iren he let fullen.
- a1325 SLeg.Juliana (Corp-C 145)141 : A weol of ire swuþe strang byuore hure hy caste.
- c1390(a1325) Ipotis (Vrn)376 : A welle [vrr. qwel, wylle] of bras…ful of hokes abouen and vnder…goþ…As ful of soules hit is hongynge As on may bi oþer hynge.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3273 : With hem þey broght a brennyng wheyl Þat on here hede was set eche deyl.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.12.38 : Tho was nat the heved of Yxion ytormented by the overthrowynge wheel.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)5.1269 : Foure grete qwheles thus shul we make.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)134/18 : Þe Emperour…bade make a wlele [read: whele] set full of howkes.
b
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.92 : Seynt Katerine is peyntyd wyt a qheel in þe to hond.
4.
(a) A wheel as a symbol of mutability;—often associated with the goddess Fortuna; also fig. and in fig. context; ~ of aventure (fortune, quistrounes), blind (fals) ~, fortune (worldes) ~; ~ wrighte [see whele-wright(e n. (b)];
(b) the wheel used fig. to suggest cyclical recurrence, continual motion, etc.; a regular cycle, an endless repetition, a circular process; bisi (renninge) ~, (one’s) constant activity, the course of (one’s) life;
(c) in ~, ?in (one’s) turn in a series.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3639 : Þiss middellærdess lif…þurrh þe wheol iss tacnedd, Forr all þiss middellærdess þing Aȝȝ turrneþþ her & wharrfeþþ, Nu upp, nu dun.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)26/429 : Þis worldes hweol warpeð ham abuten.
- ?c1335 Lollai lollai (Hrl 913)23 : Litil child, þe fote is in þe whele.
- c1325 Fasc.Mor.(Cmb Oo.7.32)Tag 33 4 : Þe leuedi fortune is boþe frend and fo…Che turnez wo al into wele, and wele al into wo, No triste no man to þis wele, þe whel it turnet so.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)76/32 : Þe leuedy fortune went hare hueȝel eche daye and benymþ.
- a1350 Opon a somer (LdMisc 108)42 : Fortune frend & fo…Þe whel ȝe torneþ to wo.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.925 : Now be we caytyues…Thanked be Fortune and hir false wheel.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1822 : The blinde whiel…torneth ofte er men be war.
- a1400 Þou most fort (Hrl 7322)3 : Þou most fort wit wele or wo…forto gon vp on þis wel.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.201 : Fortune turneth vp & doun Her whel mevable.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.6 : Whan a wight is from hire [Fortune’s] whiel ythrowe, Than laugheth she.
- c1425 Mirror LM&W (Hrl 45)129/36 : Welþe, worschip, richesse and oþer suche…cometh to a man & turneþ vp & doun as the whele of fortune suffreþ.
- (1449) Metham AC (Gar 141)389 : O fortune…Qwy chongyddyst thow thi qwele causeles?
- a1450 Thenke hertely (Dgb 102)11 : Þy moder and þou, on fortune whel, In perile of deþ, parted a-twoo.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4660 : Þe qwele of qwistounes [read: qwistrounes] ȝoure qualite encreses.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1201/14 : Fortune ys so varyaunte, and the wheele so mutable, that there ys no constaunte abydynge.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1233/19 : The kynge thought that the whyle turned up-so-downe.
- a1475(c1441) Lament Duch.Glo.(Cmb Hh.4.12)17,21 : I was so hygh vpon the whele, My owne astate I cowd not know…Who may the whele of fortune trowe?
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.270 : Þis world & welþe of þis world is lykenyd to four þingis wol vnstabil, to a whel aboutyn turnynge, to a schip in þe see seylynge, [etc.].
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)6373 : Þe whele of auenture Stondinge no while wole dure.
- a1500 Wast bryngyth (Cmb Ff.2.38)st.48 : God ys wryȝt of fortune whele.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13681 : Wen a mon is at myght, & most of astate…þe qwele turnys.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)165/5 : We of þe worldes turpelnesse, & of sunne hweol, ofte gan to schrifte.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1196 : Thus mow ye sen mi besi whiel, That goth noght ydeliche aboute.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)728 : Whan the wheel of kynde cometh aboute…It geyneth nat to make mor debat.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1073 : Whyl I reste on my rennynge whel I schal not suffre, if þat I may.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)11.9 : Erthly godes…tornes with the whele of seuen dayes.
c
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)214/25 : Me sholde ordeyne that euery gouernoure had tene Vicaries in his hoste, and euery vicarie ten lederis in his whele, and euery ledere ten doiens, and euery doiens ten men.
5.
A circular shape, pattern, form, or motion; specif. a circular diagram [quot. a1425, 1st]; a ripple on the surface of water [quot. c1450]; one of the celestial spheres, the firmament; the circular orbit of a heavenly body; also, a whirlwind [quot. a1500(c1340), 1st occurrence]; fig. an angel [quot. a1398]; ?the earthly sphere, the revolving world [quot. a1500(c1340), 2nd occurrence]; ~ cercle, one of a series of expanding ripples.
Associated quotations
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)17563 : Itt iss…shridd Wiþþ sunne & mone & sterrness Onn heffness whel all ummbetrin Þurrh Godd tatt swillc itt wrohhte.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)67/4 (1st occurrence) : Þey buth iclepid wheoles, for as whele wyndiþ…so angelis…meuyth aboute þing þat longiþ to God.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)95/955 : Auster, þe southern wynd, has Affryk on hys ryght half & Noth on hys left half, & sa of all as techys þe whele (þe figur).
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)255/3108 : In þe forsayd cercle þat is called rota celi (þe whele of heven) or ellys rota universi (þe whel of heven & erth) techys of 11 cerclis.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.m.5.1 : O thow makere of the wheel that bereth the sterres…Thow restreynest the day.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)250/8-9 : Þou sayȝ comynge out of my breste a liȝt, as it hadde be a sonnebeem comynge out fro þe whele of þe sonne and not departynge from þe same whele or rondel of þe sonne.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)242 : Of these men summe…couthen not fynde that ther was…eny other substaunce being saue bodili substaunce, as the iiij elementis binethe…and as the vij planetis of heuen with her orbis and whelis, and as the fix sterris with her orbe or whele.
- c1450 Chaucer HF (Frf 16)794 : Yf that thow Thorwe on water now a stoon…hyt wol make…A litel roundell as a sercle…And ryght anoon thow shalt see wel That whele sercle wol cause another whele And that the thridde and so forth.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)76.17 : Thin aruys passid, the voice of thi thunure in whele [L in rota]…the voice of thi thunure, that is, of thi worde, manaunsand hell till synful men in whele, that is, thurgh all the warld, is herd.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.95 : Aungelys…meuen and reulyn…þe qheelys and þe cerkelys abouyn in heuene.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)49/124 : I…may not…The shyning sonne of vertue in bright whele of this Margaryte beholde.
6.
The word ‘whele’ in an etymological explanation of the name galile.
Associated quotations
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3632 : Galileow bitacneþþ wheol.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)165/4 : Galilee spealeð hweol.
7.
(a) In surnames;
(b) in place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.272].
Associated quotations
a
- (1297) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames378 : Isabella del Wele.
- (1319) in Fransson Surn.162 : Euota Welsmyth.
- (1327) Sub.R.Som.in Som.RS 386 : Hugo atte Wheole.
- (1332) in Fransson Surn.162 : Joh. Welmongher.
- (1379) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames378 : William de Whelehous.
b
- (1185) in Ekwall Dict.EPN481 : Wethelesberne.
- (c1192) EPNSoc.31 (West Riding Yks.) ()67 : Wluedale.
- (1199) EPNSoc.14 (East Riding Yks.& York)172 : Quelledale.
- (1226) EPNSoc.31 (West Riding Yks.) ()67 : Quendale.
- (1247-50) EPNSoc.10 (Nhp.) ()89 : Wlton.
- (1251) EPNSoc.28 (Der.) ()366 : Wildon.
- (1255) EPNSoc.62-63 (Shr.) ()300 : Wulbech.
- (1255-6) EPNSoc.62-63 (Shr.) ()300 : Wilebache.
- (1276) in Ekwall PNLan.132 : Quelton.
- (1281) EPNSoc.2 (Bck.) ()212 : Whilden.
- (1282) EPNSoc.10 (Nhp.) ()89 : Whywelton.
- (1285) in Ekwall Dict.EPN481 : Wenlesbergh.
- (1292) EPNSoc.9 (Dev.) ()515 : Weghelburgh.
- (1294) EPNSoc.9 (Dev.)515 : Sutwhegelbergh.
- (1295) EPNSoc.10 (Nhp.)89 : Weulton.
- (1300) in Ekwall Dict.EPN481 : Whelesbergh.
- (1301) EPNSoc.9 (Dev.)515 : Huwelburghe.
- (1313) in Ekwall PNLan.132 : Quilton.
- (1316) in Ekwall Dict.EPN481 : Whenlesberuwe.
- (1353) EPNSoc.62-63 (Shr.) ()301 : Whulbache.
- (1415) EPNSoc.28 (Der.)366 : Qweldon.