Middle English Dictionary Entry
werst(e adj. superlative
Entry Info
Forms | werst(e adj. superlative Also warst(e, wirst(e, worst(e, verst & (chiefly early SW or SWM) wurst(e, (early) wer(r)est, wirsta, wrst & (errors) wste, west; pl. (early infl.) wirestan. |
Etymology | OE wirrest, wirst, wyrst adj., dat. werrestre, werstum & wyrsta, (Nhb.) wurresta, dat. werrestan. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Most evil, most wicked, most sinful, most morally reprehensible; very evil, very wicked, very iniquitous; alder ~, evilest of all; on the ~ sinne, one of the evilest sins, one of the worst sins; the ~ enemi, the devil;
(b) with positive, as opposed to superlative, force: evil, wicked, sinful;
(c) fiercest, most savage; also, most unkind, cruelest;
(d) as noun: the most evil person or being, a very wicked person, the worst sinner; also, the devil [quots. a1425 & last]; also, the fiercest or most savage person [quot. c1400]; alder ~, the most wicked one of all; the ~ of the peple, the most depraved among the people, the most sinful of the people.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)30/32 : Heora toworpenysse hæfð sume gelicnysse to æighwylcen þwyrlicen mannen, þe blissigeð on yfel dæden, & on þan wyrestan þingen fægenigeð.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)77/15 : Gif ðu luuest ðo ilche ðe ðe luuiȝeð, ne don swa ðe werste menn of ðe woreld?
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)46/13 : Fikeleres beoð þreo cunnes: þe forme beoð uuele inoh, þe oþre þah beoð wurse, Þe þridde þah beoð wurst.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14745 : Seint Austin…funde þa wurste men þa on londe wuneden; he talde heom Godes leore.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)37/648 : Fikenhild…was þe wurste moder child.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8616 : Þe worste men of þe lond, & mest cruel al so, He wolde make is conseilers.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)17/32 : Þe uerste boȝ of prede…him todelþ in þri little boȝes, huer-of þe uerste is kuead, þo oþer worse, þe þridde alþerworst.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.171 : Hise prophetes ben coueitouse men…proude Men…loseniours; Ac þe loseniours ben werst of alle.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Par.20.35 : After þese thingis Josafath, king of Juda, wente in frendschipes with ochosie, þe king of israel, whos werkys weren werst [WB(2): ful yuele].
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Eph.6.16 : Stonde ȝe…in alle thingis takinge the scheeld of feith, in the which ȝe mown quenche alle the firy dartis of the worste enmye [vr. deuel; WB(2) vr. him that is moost wickid; L nequissimi].
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3997 : Enuye ys one þe werst synne Þat þe deuyl maketh any man fal ynne.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)11118 : Estuat in baratro, pessimus ille latro…yn helle he welleþ pyne grefe For alþerwerst [vr. alþerwest] þan was he þefe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.278 : Al the world…wolde…seyn that I the werste trecherie Dide in this cas, that evere was bigonne.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)4456 : Þan sal he destroye cristen lawe And Gog and Magog til hym drawe, Þe whilk er halden…Þe werst folk þat in þe world duels.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.3.74 : Wikkide thewes… is the uttereste and the worst [vr. wste] kynde of schrewednesse.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)62/32 : Þe fowlest worme, þe warst synner, þe lawest of men, is abowt hymself on herth to make grete.
- ?a1450 MLChrist (Add 39996)4765 : After Claudius was dede, Was þe worst emperour þat lyued by brede…Nero was his propre name.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)191/26 : ‘Hodid men’ were cleped þanne þoo Lolardis…of whech at þat tyme þese were þe principales: William Neuyle…Thomas Latymer, and, werst of all, J[on] Mountagu, for he reseyued þe sacrament in þe cherch, and fro his mouth voyded it to his hand, bare it hom, and ete it with his oystres.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.220 : Pryde…is warst of al synnys.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3375 : The werste þing and moost folye Þat man may haue it is envie.
b
- a1325 SLeg.Patr.(Corp-C 145)94 : Þe bissop bigan to chide him…And sede he hade ybe man worst forto sunegy so.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.1.35 : Þer shal not see eny man of þe men of þis worst generacion þe good loond þat vnder ooþ y haue byhote to ȝoure faders.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.9.23 : God sente þe werste spirit betwen Abymalech & þe dwelleris of Sichem.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Esd.4.12 : Jewis…camyn in to ierusalem, cite rebel & werst.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.33.11 : Be ȝe conuertid fro ȝour warst wayes, and whi shuln ȝe dye, ȝe hous of Yrael?
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.30.12 : Y shal bitake the loond in the hoond of werste men.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)90 : Prelatis…schuld desir no worschip…þus doyng þei don werst idolatri, and taken to hem þe honor þat God schuld haue.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.34.25 : I shal make for to ceese the werst [L pessimas] beestis fro the erthe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1351 : Myn housbonde is to me the worste man That euere was sith that the world bigan.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.14.15 : I shal lede yn werst [L pessimas] beestis vpon the loond.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)145/28 : Then come þay all wroþe and beten þys man on þe worst maner þat þay cowþe.
d
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)33/349 : Ich hit am þe deouel belial, of alle unwreste unwhihtes þe wurste [Roy: wurest].
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)5/28 : Twelf feren he hadde…Aþulf was þe beste & fikenylde þe werste.
- a1350 God þat al þis myhtes (Hrl 2253)16 : When y myself haue þourhsoht, y knowe me for þe wrst of alle.
- a1350 Sayings St.Bern.(Hrl 2253)74 : Mon, þou hauest wicked fon, Þe alre-worst is þat on.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2098 : Þer wonez a wyȝe in þat waste, þe worst vpon erþe, For he is stiffe & sturne, & to strike louies.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Eph.6.16 : In alle thingis take ȝe the scheld of feith, in which ȝe moun quenche alle the firy dartis of the worste [vr. him that is moost wickid; WB(1) vr. deuel].
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)118/7 : Even as þe werst of þe peple is, so is þe preeste now-a-daies.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1961 : Thou sot with vnsell, seruand of o þe werst!
2.
(a) Most unpleasant, most unfavorable, most unfortunate, most grievous; most harmful, most noxious, most dangerous; most horrible, most to be dreaded; also in proverbs; med. of a symptom, morbid condition, etc.: most serious, gravest; of a wound: very bad; ~ frend, iron. worst friend, greatest enemy; alder ~, worst of all; in the ~ yer, ?in the year of greatest hardship;
(b) with positive, as opposed to superlative, force: sore, grievous; ~ yeldinge, retribution, punishment;
(c) saddest, most unhappy, most miserable;
(d) most regrettable, most deplorable; ~ word, very lamentable tidings;
(e) in impers. constructions: ~ was hem (him), it was most distressing to them (him).
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)125/37 : Se deofol…sloh Job mid þære wyrste wunde.
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)21/2 : Oft of þan heuede se wyrsta wate cumþ to þan toþan.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)85 : Sume men leden unfele liflode, þat te biginninge beð iuel, and swo leng þe werse, and te ende alre werest.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)18/21 : He…Bed…keasten hire i cwalm-hus…me droh hire þus in-to dorkest wan, & wurst in to cumene.
- c1300 SLeg.Virg.to Devil (Hrl 2277)60 : Þu ert euere mi worste freond among alle mi fon.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)33.21 : Þe deþ of synȝers is werst [Rolle: aldirwarst; L pessima], and hij þat hated ryȝtful þyng shul trespassen.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Nah.3.19 : Thi contricioun is not derk, thi wound is warst.
- (1392) Will in Bk.Lond.E.210/12 : Ieo volle que la moneye soit despendu…to þe powre Mesellis a serteyn A-weke duryng on ȝere, & þat þe hows be ysold, & þe Almes yi-do in þe worst ȝere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2121 : The worste speche is rathest herd And lieved.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)348/30 : Ȝif þe posteme is in þe substaunce of þe brayne, þanne is þe worste frenesye and most greuous and þerfore most perilous.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)465/22-3 : Hit is iclepid aspectus oppositus and is worst, for it is signe of parfite emnyte and bodeþ worst happis.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14555 : He þaim for-tald Thoru quam he wist he suld be sald, þat was sir Iudas scarioth; Of alle him fell þe werst lot.
- c1400 Apoc.(2) (Hrl 171)76/21 : A wounde fers & worst was maad on alle þat hadden þe marke of þe beest.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.14.21 : I shal sende in to Jerusalem my foure werst domys: swerd and hungre and yuel beestis and pestilence.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1626 : For of fortunes sharpe adversitee The worste kynde of infortune is this, A man to han ben in prosperitee, And it remembren, whan it passed is.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)457/1814 : Þe colors…are þe warst colors þat may be in uryn or in ypostasi.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)102b/b : Ȝif blode & coler be to muche brent & melancolie be malicious, þer folowen þe werst accidentes þat maie ben, as tremblynge of þe herte & swownynge…& sumtyme deþ.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)114b/b : Þis maner cure…is cause of prolongacioun of þe euil…& makeþ þe member & þe cicatrice foule and ȝit, þat is werste of alle, sucche vnwyse worchers maken pleine woundes to be cankerde.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)144/12 : Þat is þe werste squynancy.
- a1450(?1404) As þe see (Dgb 102)226 : When al þe world is þurgh souȝt, In his best tyme is worst to trest.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)15/17 : Bakbityng is…turnyng ech good word & ech good dede of him þt he hatith to þe worst entent.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1076/35 : Thys ys the warste tydyngis that cam to me thys seven yere.
- a1475 Hrl.Diseases Hawk A (Hrl 2340)29 : Yf it [mutes] be blake and stynke, þt is warst of all, but yf þu take gode kepe of hir, sche wyll dye wt in shorte tyme.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)96/26 : Eyen therfor full holow generaly as by rule have þe worst significacion…holow eyen is a signe of badnesse.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)28b/2 : Þe antrax…is worst of all enpostumes and venymost.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Eccl.4.8 : In þat also is vanyte & werst tormentyng.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.23.14 : With warst ȝelding [L retributione] shal ben fulfild þe hous of hym.
c
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)30/485 : Heo, as þeo þet wurst is, þrof biwepeð hire wurðes.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)7/68 : Of alle wymmanne Wurst [vr. Verst] was godhild þanne; For Murri heo weop sore.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)579 : Y wrecche…Yworthe worste [vr. wirst] of alle wyghtes, That hate my dayes and my nyghtes!
- a1475(c1441) Lament Duch.Glo.(Cmb Hh.4.12)47 : Fadyr of heuyn celestiall, Of my complaint haf thow pite; ffor now am I worst of all.
d
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.33.4 : Þe puple, heryng þis warst word, weylide.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.83 : On his lust present was al his thoght As for to hauke and hunte on euery syde…And eek he nolde, and that was worst of alle, Wedde no wyf for noght that may bifalle.
e
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)146/285 : To is abbey he wende aȝen wepinge wel sore; Worst him was for he nuste wat hure name was, And þat he hure nadde yasked, ofte he sede, ‘alas.’
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)19449 : To here neuene ihesu name Þat helde þe iewes moost her shame, And namely worste was hem þan whenne he was cleped god & man.
3.
(a) Most inferior or very bad in quality; least valuable; also, least in size, smallest; of a reward: poorest;
(b) lowest in social status.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)217 : Þe þe deþ is wille mest, he haueð wurst [Jes-O: wrst] mede.
- ?a1289 Ancr.(Cleo C.6)244/17 : Werrest [Corp-C: uuemest; ?c1225: Ha…hudeð hare hale clað & doð on alre uueward fiterokes al to torene].
- c1330(c1250) Floris (Auch)287 : About þe orchard goþ a wal; Þe werste ston is cristal.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)33/367 : Þe werst piler on to biholde Was al of burnist gold.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Jer.48.34 : Þe watris forsoþe of nemrym shul ben werst [WB(2): ful yuele].
- a1450 Rev.HWoman (Lngl 29)66/244 : Me þoȝt I saw Margaret in hyr wyrst clothes as she went on erth.
- ?a1450 Poem Hawking (Yale 163)466 : The tarcell, the formell is kyndez to; Joyne to thys tarcell-gentill, A hoby þough she be werst.
- c1450 Ryl.Prov.& R.(Ryl Lat 394)106 : Euer þe worst spoke of þe cart krakes.
- a1500 Amadace (Adv 19.3.1)355 : The warst hors is worthe ten pownde Of hom all that here gon.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1570 : The werst walle…Was faurty cubettes by coursse.
b
- c1400(c1382) Wycl.PRSchism.(Dub 244)253 : Hit wer as unsemelyche man to forȝeve þe wreþe of God, as ȝif þe werst boy in þis rewme forȝaf þe kyngis wreþe.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)21131 : His knightes and he alle parigaude, Nane best, nane warste, nane hegher þan oþer.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)869 : Þe worst wrecche in þe wone may on walle lygge, Strike doun with a ston & stuny many knyȝtes.
4.
With intensive force: ~ enemi, worst enemy, greatest enemy; also, as noun: the worst enemies.
Associated quotations
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Esth.7.6 : Oure werste enemy is þis Aman.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.140 : Sum ben wolves wiþinne, and þes ben more perolous, for homely enemyes ben þe worste.
5.
In surname.
Associated quotations
- (1332) Sub.R.Sus.in Sus.RS 10332 : Johe. le Werst.