Middle English Dictionary Entry
vī̆olence n.
Entry Info
Forms | vī̆olence n. Also violens(e, vialens, wiolence, wielens & (?errors) violeyns, violenses. |
Etymology | OF vïolence & L violentia. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Physical force exercised injuriously, abusively, or with threatening or coercive intent, violence; violent behavior; also, a violent act or display of force, an instance of the hostile exercise of force; also, an injury resulting from violence, an outrage; also fig. and in fig. context; bi (in, with, with hondes of) ~, by brute force, forcibly; violently, brutally; also, through an injury [quot. c1443];
(b) physical force exercised benevolently, noble strength; manli ~;
(c) physical force arising from a natural phenomenon, process, condition, etc., usu. destructive, fierceness, fury; also, virulence; with diminished force: ill effects, ?distress; with ref. to a substance, medicine, etc.: drastic or excessive efficacy, potency;
(d) physical force imparting motion, usu. extreme, sudden, or violent; also, motion resulting from this force, vigorous or forceful motion, sharp or sudden motion; also fig. [quot. ?a1439]; bi (with) ~.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)932 : Ȝif ani man hond on ov set, ich ov hote al-so Þat ȝe þe sentence of holi churche for swuche violence…do.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.8.1 : What is þis þat þou woldist don…þat þou clepe not vs, whanne þou shuldest gon to þe fiȝt aȝen Madyan? chidynge strongliche & almest violence bryngende in.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2722 : Right axeth a man to defende violence by violence and fightynge by fightynge.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.802 : Euery vileyns synne that men doon in swich places may be cleped sacrilege, or euery violence [vr. violenses] in the semblable places.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.3454 : This king…dede him slen in his presence; The tidinge of this violence…Sche sende anon ay wydewhere.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1071 : Loke fro fyrst þat he lyȝt wythinne þe lel Mayden, By how comly a kest he watz clos þere, When venkkyst watz no vergynyte ne vyolence maked.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)181/19 : No man ouergo his broþer wiþ uiolence ne bigilinge in marchaundise, for wrecheful is God of alle suche þinges.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5261 : Ȝe wil make restitucioun Of þe harmys and þe violencis.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3221 : The Venym was so persyng and so kene, So perilous ek the mortal violence Caused…thorgh her long absence.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.1.38 : Handes of some men hadden korve that cloth by violence and by strengthe.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)257/25 : I haue forbode hem for to touche…myn anoyntid peple wiþ handis of violence.
- c1425 Mirror LM&W (Hrl 45)137/40 : Men schulde doo þerynne [church] none violence ne vilany.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)107/8 : He truly þat desires criste…violence he doys to all his lettars, & all ostakyls he byrstis to-gidyr.
- c1440 Bonav.Medit.(3) (Thrn)205 : They…strenede out his armes with gret violence.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)359 : If bi twixe suche persoones myȝte be verry matrimonye, it myȝt seeme þat bi lijk skile bi twixe a natural broþer and his natural sister myȝte be verry matrymonye…and bi twix men and wommen whiche bi violence or bi kynde hadde noon priuey generatijf membris.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)2.525 : In to hir closet, the faders sapience Entrede is, with outyn violence Or any wemme vnto hir maydenhede.
- c1450 Form Excom.(3) (Dc 60)106/51 : We accorsen…Also al þat lyeth hond on prest or clerk in violens.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)133b : A Violence: violencia.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.180 : Ȝif he wer compellyd uttyrlyche be violence al aȝens hys wil to ben ordryd, þan is he nout ordryd.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)115/200 : Þe…develis…þen in a gret violence and wrathe toke my seid saule and hit torment or trowblyd.
- a1500 GLitany (Dc 42)130 : By thy purpulle vestment and the croune of thorne thirsted to thi blyssed hed with vyalens, haue mercy on vs.
- -?-(1435) Doc.in Power Craft Surg.318 : It is ordeined that, if ony of the seid felowschip drawe ony wepene in violence or unlawfulli manace ony persoone of the seid craft, to paie therefor a noble.
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)877/45 : Only be grace þi peple to gouerne…On alle oppressed for to haue pite, And of rebelles be manly violence Abate canst þe grete cruelte.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.363 : A greet wawe of the see comth som tyme with so greet a violence that it drencheth the ship.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.908 : The pot tobreketh and…al is go; Thise metals been of so greet violence Oure walles mowe nat make hem resistence.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1024/26 : Men…chaseth awey serpentes by violence of fuyre.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1169/36 : Þe violence and þe bytynge of a wood hound is so moche þat his vryne greueþ a man if he tredeþ þeronne.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)341/30 : A poudre þat is mundificatif…wiþoute greet violence of fretyng…succi affodillorum.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.100 : Þe dede bodies…infecten so þe eyre…Of stinke þer is so gret a violence.
- a1425 Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Wel 225)436/1332 : He fallys into a prykkynge in þe synowes & in þe jontes throgh violence of þe bytand colre.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)81/19 : Men ballokes hyngez doune to þaire schankes for þe grete violence [F destresse] of hete þat dissoluez þaire bodys.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.4464 : Poore men…Of heuy stomak…feele no violence.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)30/285 : Þei die þorw þe wielens oþ þe same siknes.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)105/281 : Lye…wol make þe here pile awey þrouȝ violense of it-self.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)126 : Coriaundre…is colde and wole alaye þe gret hete and violence of þe peper.
- a1475 Gilb.Angl.(Wel 537)48/16 : Þes grete corrosiues muste be…y-waisshe to haue more violence þen þei hadden.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)62a/a : Þis poudre corrodith wel and myȝtily deed fleisch wiþouten ony greuaunce or violence.
d
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.391 : Phelip was…i-warned þat he schulde kepe and save hym self from þe violence of a chariot.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)224/28 : Hard þrustinge and wringinge…by suche violens þe lyme falleþ out of his ioynt.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)473/33 : By violence of þe firmament þey [planets] beþ irauysched eueriche day out of þe est into þe west.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)517/9 : Al þing þat meueþ, oþer it meoviþ by propirte…oþir by violence, as a schip meoviþ by strong schovinge of wynde.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)116b/a : Þen reduce þe nose with violence to his naturel beinge & binde it with puluilles.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)147/35 : Drawe it out wiþ þe þrede sodeynly wiþ violence.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)4.2658 : The moste contrarious myscheeff Founde in this erthe…Is onli this: bi fortunat violence Whan that a wrech…Thestat of princis vnwarli doth recure.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)775 : Whan a pipe is blowen sharpe, The air ys twyst with violence And rent.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)12210 : I…sawh a whel…By vyolence tourne aboute.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)75b/a : Þou schalt take þe stalke of þe schaft wiþ þin hond & drawe it out softly wiþouten violence.
- a1484 Treat.7 Lib.Arts (Trin-C R.14.52)1044/225 : Mvsik informeth in whiche proporciouns of our moevynges is concorde of melody, And if this mevyng be sumtyme in part with violence, yit it is nat vttirly agenst nature.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)183/36 : Knowe þan þat euiry voyse in hys ordyr vnyuersally, qwan it meuyth be vyolens, þe aer meuith þer-with.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)21b/15 : If it [plaster] cleue fast to þe wounde, ley vpon þe same medecyne more nesshe vpon þat othir medecyne till þat he fall away by hym selfe with outyn vyolence.
2.
(a) Power or authority exercised abusively, corruptly, or unjustly, oppression; persecution, wrongful treatment; ?also, ignominy, insult [quot. a1398; ?error for vileinie n.]; bi ~;
(b) the power exercised by personified fortune [perh. with ref. to sense 1.(d)];
(c) ?violation, transgression.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Job 24.6 : Þe feld not þers þei destroȝen, & his vyne whom bi violence [L vi] þei oppresseden þei kutten þe grapis.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.46.18 : The prince shal not take by violence of the eritage of the peple.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2977 : This Pope tho, be alle weie That he mai worche of violence, Hath sent the bulle of his sentence With cursinge and with enterdit.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)560/1 : Fyre…fongiþ nouȝt ne receyueþ not dispite ne violence [L ignominiam] of wanynge and of decresynge, For…he…noþir takiþ worschipe in þat þat it semeþ þat he encresiþ and wexiþ, noþir vylonye in þat he semeth lasse and decresid.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Curates (Corp-C 296)161 : Þes ben not prestis after goddis lawe…þei holden neuer neiþer lawe of god & dymes takynge, & taken hem bi vyolence & stronge curses aȝenst mennus goode wille.
- ?a1475 Banester Guiscardo (Add 12524)389 : Sen yhe lyst be awroken, Punyshinge thys dede with vtter malivolence, Forsoth it ought nat on hym to be tokyn, For it wor wrong and tyranly wiolence.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1029 : Here loste the kinge alle his entent…So noble a man to oppresse…Here ye may see how vicious violence May not purchace the vertue of sapience.
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1800 : But seye, Priam…from aboue what hateful influence Descendid is, by vnwar violence, To meue the, þou canst not lyue in pes!
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3286 : Fortune…of rancour sodeynly amevid…Be violence of hir vnhappy chaunce, Hath with a swyȝe turned hir whele vnstable…To haste Troyans to her confusioun.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.286 : This is thi manere, To reve a wight that most is to hym deere, To preve in that thi gerful violence.
c
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)108 : Lorde, sythe we, thy sowlys, y[e]t nowt wer þer, Wy, of þe fyrst man, bye we þe vyolence?
3.
(a) Spiritual force, power, or energy; with ~, ardently, with zeal; also, in the manner of a spiritual assault or battle [quot. 1435]; don ~, to exert spiritual power so as to cause physical reactions, ?impose penitential or mystical suffering;
(b) psychological or emotional force; vehemence, intensity, extremity; also, unrestrainedness, excess of emotion;
(c) perceived intensity (of physical sensation).
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)59/8 : Þat holy loue and delytable brennyng was so myche encreessid þat sche swatte watir þoru þe myȝt and violence which þe soule dide to þe body.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)86/7 : Synnars…in visyon sumtyme ar rauyschyd…well þis is cald a rauischynge…ffor with a violens it is doyne & als wer agayns kynde.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)6 : Oure swete Lord Iesu Crist is, as it were, þoru violence drawen in-to a louynge soule.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)446 : By record off Seyn Mathew, The hevene Wonnen ys by vyolence.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)168/14,24 : Ȝe schul haue the kyngedom of heuene, whiche kyngedom moste be gete with violence…mynde of man is deuyct…But yf he begynne for to þynke…of his laste day…then he wolde here make batel bitwene his body and passiones…And with this maner of violence it moste be gete to leue wraþ and sette charite in his stede.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)36/29 : ij þinges…helpen to…amending…a man to wiþdrawe him wiþ violence fro suche þinges as nature is viciously inclined to, and to feruently labore for þe good þat he moste nediþ.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.24 : Ire…in oure englissh Wrathe is hote, Which hath hise wordes ay so hote, That alle a mannes pacience Is fyred of the violence.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.607 : Whi hast thou drede of so good on…in hire is no violence Bot goodlihiede and innocence.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)29/147 : A monke, in þe bygynnyngge of his conuersioun…for violence of vicious vs and custum…dredyngge his clennesse be persced…coueytede no-þyng more þan þat þat myȝte do his body turment and disese.
- a1450(?1348) Rolle FLiving (Cmb Dd.5.64)115/245 : Þat lovyng es of mykel pryce þat na violence of sorow may do away.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)85/23 : Paciens…refreyneth þe tonge…it brekith hasty likyngis and swagith þe violens þerof.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Horns (LdMisc 683)37 : Arche wives, egre in ther vyolence…haue despit, and ageyn concyence, Lyst nat of pryde.
c
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)3792 : Syth ffeyth suffryth so greth uyolence Of peyn & is tormentyd so sore What reward shal she han…Here-aftyr?
- a1475 Gilb.Angl.(Wel 537)36/8 : Special medicyns for ache of yȝen þat comeþ of hete…muste be colde forto be mytigat[i]ues, þat is to sey, to aswage þe violence of þe ache.
4.
(a) ?Error for violent adj. or vileins adj.;
(b) ?error for vilenes n.
Associated quotations
a
- c1415 Chaucer CT.Pars.(Lnsd 851)I.854 : Þe toþer finger his þe violence [Heng: vileyns] toucheinge in wykked manere.
- c1430 Chaucer CT.WB.(Cmb Gg.4.27)D.1158 : Violens [Elsm: vileyns] synful dedys make eke a cherl.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)510 : Vyolens [Win: Vylence]: Inp[ud]ens.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)90/26 : Mony vyolence dedes he has caused my fadre to doo.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253:Bühler)35/19 : Violeyns [StJ-C: Of Diane remembre…For hire pleasith no vileyns liif, Ne no dishoneste ne strijf].
- c1475 Chaucer CT.Mel.(Trin-O Arch.49)B.2693 : Violens [vr. vileyns; Heng: Ihesu crist…dide neuere synne, ne neuere cam ther a vileynous word out of his mouth].
b
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)49/8 : Of alle playsterys he ys most helyng…he helyþ þe synes and þe mouþ, brayn [?read: brawn] of þe leg and of armes whenne þey ben coruen and alle ouþer þynges he het [read: helet] violens in a manys body þat ben possible to drawe…also he helyt postomus cankres, festres and…scrofelis.