Middle English Dictionary Entry
vertū̆ǒus adj.
Entry Info
Forms | vertū̆ǒus adj. Also vertuouse, vertuos(e, vertues, vertuis, vertueux, vertuuous, vertouous, vertous(e, verteuous, verteuos, verteous, verteus, vertewes, vertewis, vertiuous, vertiuus, vertiwous, virtuous, virtuose, wertu(u)s, wertewous, wertewus & (errors) vertynous, vertynons; comp. vertuoser, vertuosar. |
Etymology | OF vertüos, vertüose, vertüous(e, vertüus, vertüeus, virtüos, AF virtuous, virteuouse; also cp. L virtuōsus. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
Of weaponry: powerful; of power: mighty, potent.
Associated quotations
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)3427 : Ye may ther…Maken thynges fresshe of hewe, And whan ye lyst, transforme hem newe, Your power ys so vertuous.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)125/34 : Ther ben no materiall armes so penetratif nor so vertuouse to breke batailes and to gette victorye as the vertue of prayere.
2.
(a) Of an herb, a substance, a well or spring, etc.: having properties beneficial to humans or animals, wholesome, medicinally efficacious; also, ?potent [2nd quot.]; with inf.: of power (to do sth.);
(b) of a means of treatment, a disputation: efficacious, productive of a desired result, fruitful;
(c) of a stone, esp. a gemstone: possessing talismanic or magical powers, potent; efficacious in protecting against sickness, evils, etc.;
(d) of the sacrament of the Eucharist, the Eucharistic bread: possessing sacramental efficacy.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1327 : His herbe in special The vertuous Fenele it is.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1024/32 : Blak peper is most vertuous and may lengest be kepte in hete and strengþe þan oþer peper.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1175/13 : His grees is most effectual and vertuous in oynementes.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)113/14 : Sum men clepen it the well of ȝouthe, for þei þat often drynken þere of semen allweys ȝongly & lyuen with outen sykeness…it is so vertuous.
- a1450 Dur-CRO.Bk.Hawking (Dur-CRO Roll D/X/76/7)36/216 : Who so will lern to mak a salve to hele hawkys, he…must have þer-to fresch may-butter and many vertews herbis: rede fenell, parcel, ysope.
- c1450(?c1400) 3 KCol.(1) (Cmb Ee.4.32)94/10 : Þis bawme is no-thyng so vertuous ne so goode as þe bawme þat droppeþ oute of þe roddys whan þey be kitte.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)117/17 : Who soo hawe trawayll in his slepe…late hym hangyn betoyne abowtyn his nekke and it schall doo hem away, for it is a vertuows herbe.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)92 : Þe heelfull dyscyplyne þat in Wysdam may be…The wedys of synne yt makyt to flee, And swete wertuus herbys in þe sowll sprynge.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)212/19 : Oute of this denne there spryngeþ oute a clere water, swete and vertuous, the whiche heleþ yche seke body that it is to ȝeuen.
- a1500 15c.Serm.Cycle(Roy 18.B.25:Powell)56/189 : Þe leves, flowres, and frute be vertuose to seke men and causyþe contynens, chastyte [vr. vertuous to kepe and cause continence and chastite].
b
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)57a/a : As Galien witnessiþ of þese iij instrumentis, þe moste vertuous & þe mooste noble is diete.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)247/10 : They shall fynde thaimself by thaire neighbours reproched in the lettre, and that hereon be noon hatefull disputacion but vertuous and frutefull.
c
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)854/26 : Iacinctus haþ vertue of comforte…And wiþstondeþ dyuers pestilences…And alle men þat treten of precious stoones mene þat þe like iacinctus is to saphire in colour and in substauns, þe more vertuous [L efficacior] is it.
- a1400 Newberry Lapid.(Nwb Case 32.9)13/26 : In the depe water beþ founden saphires derk…vertuouse and ful of grace…saphires destourbleþ foulisshe envye and confortiþ þe body and þe membres and…destourbleþ the man from enprisonynge.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2027 : He warp on hymseluen, His cote, wyth þe conysaunce of þe clere werkez, Ennurned vpon veluet vertuus stonez.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3339 : In þat ring…was sette a stoon Ful riche and noble and riȝt vertuous…Whos vertu is al venym to distroye.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)80/21 : If þe dyamaund be gude and vertuous [F vertuouse], þe adamand drawes noȝt þe nedill to him, whils þe dyamand es þare.
- c1450(?c1408) Lydg.RS (Frf 16)6604 : This Royal stoon famous Was a Ruby vertuous, Which hath…the dignite Of stonys and the souereynte, Most of vertu and most of pris.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)1.35 : Ȝe come to ȝoure kyngdom…Crouned with a croune…filled with vertuous [alt. from: vertus] stones…With rubies rede þe riȝth for to deme.
- a1500 Bod.EMisc.Lapid.(BodEMisc e.558)35/359 : The lygure is a stone…God ordeyned here to be soo vertuous that she puttith away all soores of þe bely & helith the Iaundise & staunchith the flix.
d
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)113/5 : Þise breade is…uirtuous and substanciel aboue onderstondigge and wenynge.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)237/30 : Þe sacrement þet is y-mad…be þe hand of þe kueade ministre ne is naȝt lesse worþ ine him-zelue ne lesse uirtuous.
3.
(a) Of a natural process: possessing the capacity or inherent power to produce a certain effect, efficient, potential; ~ werkinge;
(b) of a fire: intensely burning, vigorous; of youth: characterized by vigor or strength, flourishing, full of vitality.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.177 : A man and þe world beþ liche in…vertues worchynge.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.185 : Þe þridde liknesse…is vertuous worchynge…in a mannys ȝowþe þe body is þryuynge…But in his elde þe stature boweþ.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)109/1 : I likened bifore þe comyng of oure lorde to þe uertuous werkynge of þe sunne, whan it is at his heiȝte in þe middis of may.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)246/21 : In the Wyntyr…the grete colde of heyre makyth the naturall hette reboute and retourne to the stomake and the entraill, and therfor the dygestion is the bettyr and more vertuose in wyntyr than in any othyr tyme.
b
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5235 : Hij maden fyres vertuous, Fyue hundreþ, vche gret als an hous, For þe kyng wolde haue swiche liȝth.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)8/3 : Thou hast lost also the tyme of þi most vertuouse youthe and thi labour wasted in vayne.
4.
Of God: omnipotent, almighty; also as an epithet for the goddess Venus.
Associated quotations
- a1450 SLeg.Silv.(2) (Bod 779)193 : He is myȝtful & wertewus & soþfast lif also.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)95/32 : Ȝit withowte begynnyng, he [God] was as myghtye and as vertewes as he is þis daye.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2432 : Venus the vertuus was verely the fairest.
5.
(a) Of a person, the mind, soul: possessing the quality of moral excellence; acting with moral rectitude, exhibiting virtuous behavior; conforming to moral or religious laws; morally good, righteous; also in fig. context, of bees: diligent, industrious; of a religious order: conforming to monastic regulations; also, as adv. in phrase: ~ disposed, morally inclined;
(b) of a state or condition, way of living, behavior, governance, etc.: characterized by moral virtue, in accord with moral principles, virtuous; of a deed, an action or activity, etc.: morally good, worthy, full of virtue; ben occupied with ~ silence, to be in a state of contemplation;
(c) of a quality, an attribute, or ability: characterized by goodness, morally virtuous;
(d) of a material thing: conducive to moral virtue;
(e) of a book, tale, saying, words, etc.: expressive of moral virtue, full of moral virtue; conducive to morality, calculated to incite to virtue; also, of a song: holy;
(f) as noun: that which is morally good; also, those who are morally virtuous, virtuous persons.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.251 : Curteys he was, and lowely of seruyse; Ther was no man no wher so vertuous [vr. vertywous].
- c1390 Talking LGod (Vrn)16/16 : Þat blynde wrecche…in his owne eȝen weneþ him so vertuous & is ful of vices.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2281 : Yet hath ther founde many another man Wommen ful trewe, ful goode, and vertuous [vr. verteuous]; Witnesse on hem that dwelle in Cristes hous.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5466 : Men…humblely suffre in pacience For fals report of folkes envious; Who can so done, I holde hym vertuous.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)130 : Maxencius, A right wis man and vertiuus…serued þe Emperoure.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Luke 2.25 : A man was in Jerusalem, whos name was Symeon, and this man was iust and vertuous.
- c1440(?a1396) ?Hilton Angels' Song (Thrn)16/4 : Þe mare þat a saule es…confourmede & Ioynede to oure Lorde Godd, þe mare stabill it es & myghty…luffande, and mare vertuous.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)26/5 : Because that sche [Pantasselle] was vertuous [Othea: vertouse], it is seide to the good knyghte that he scholde loue here.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)1573 : In alle Englonde þat day þer nasse A wysor wommon þen he of hure age, Ny vertuoser in leuynge…þen was þis holy mayde seynt Ede.
- (1450) RParl.5.206a : Divers Abbottes…have atte divers tymes…yevene…to divers persones Tenementes, Annuytees…Churches, Parsonages, and other Possessions…by ther Founders and other vertuous disposed persones lawfully yeven…and amorteysed for divine service…ther to be hadd and don.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)253/25 : Where is now so wertewous a ientilman as was Iob…clere in feyȝthe, excellent in mekenes, [etc.].
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)4.33 : The virtuous bees in þis hyve haue portrayed her diuers cellis of hony and of wax.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)91 : Crist is more excellent and vertuosar þan oþer createris.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)112/36 : Late us suppose that a man be naturally inclyned to theis vices, yet and he can not…ouercom it, it is a signe that he is not vertuous [F vertueux].
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)4.2.57a : Þis…was þat nobill, trewe, and vertewis wiffe Seint Anne, on which…was imped þat nobill…braunche, oure blissed lady.
- a1500(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Stw 952(1))22098 : [Tbr: Byholde ȝonder a Chartrehous] An ordur that is full vertuous.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1188 : Our lord hath ordeinyde þat no man it fynde But only he þat is of vertuys mynde [vr. vertuous of mynde].
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)49 : Virgill þe virtuus, verrit for nobill.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1884 : Syn þe fre is so faire, & so fele vertus…Me is not lefe hir to leue and to lyue after.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.469 : Another is a man to haue a noble herte and a diligent to attayne to hye vertuouse [vr. vertuuous] thynges.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2046 : A lord of his meynee…loued vertuous [vr. verteuos] moralitee.
- c1400 Vertues & (Bod 416)1 : Vertues & good lyuinge is cleped ypocrisie, trowþe & godis lawe is clepud heresie.
- (1424) Pat.R.Hen.VI29 : The cite of Norwich in divers parties of the rewme…is hevyly voysed for lak of good and vertuous governaunce.
- c1429 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)889 : The sheldes ere swete studies and werkes vertuouse Be whilk garnyst hire lif this virgine gloriouse.
- ?c1430(c1383) Wycl.Leaven Pharisees (Corp-C 296)20 : Þei setten here hertis more aboute worldly muk þan aboute verteuous lif and þe blisse of heuene and sauynge of cristen soulis.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)5 : Now grett glorious Godde…Schelde vs fro schamesdede…And gyffe vs grace to…gouerne vs here In this wrechyde werlde thorowe vertous lywynge.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)394 : Euery day at oure meel we mowe forbere…sum morsel which likiþ vs to take…neiþer þerbi þe more be lettid from oþere goode vertues occupaciouns but þerbi be þe more ablid to þe same occupaciouns.
- (c1449) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35277 : Our peticion…concernyth þe commen profett of þe sayde Universite, special increse of vertous connyng & stodye.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)4746 : Free largesse is a vertuous mene.
- (c1453) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35320 : We…consideryng also the sadde and vertuose conversacione of the saide master Nicholas…admittyd the said master Nicholas to hys purgacione.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)10/14 : He þat…refreyneth not his tonge, his religioun…is right vayne and ydel, ffor such on deceyvith his owne hert wich shuld euer be occupied with vertuos silence.
- a1475(a1400) Lystyn man & (Hrl 3954)109 : Methynkyt yis is a vertynous [read: vertyuous] thyng Yat fyrst began of heuene kyng Be ye qwych we arn mad fre…we arn not worþe our non Tyl we ben baptyzyd in ye funt ston.
- a1475(a1400) Lystyn man & (Hrl 3954)376 : Me thynkyt it is a vertynons [read: vertyuous] thyng Yat may man and woman bryng To leuyn in clenesce of mod.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.KEng.(1) (Hrl 372)209 : The Sext Herry…God hath yovyn souereyn suffisaunce Of vertuous liff, and chose hym for his knyht.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)2.286 : Þey þat ben pore for þe loue of God must ben holpyn pasyng oþere, for her pouert is medful, perfyt, and vertuous.
- a1500(1450) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)97 : Womanly and vertuouse governance…ye be renowned of.
- a1700(1454) Grant Arms in Hrl.Soc.762 : Many persones been moeved of noble and gentile to rage to exercise vertuous maners and condicions by the which with goddes grace shall come to the perfeccion of grete honour.
c
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)1.131 : Most vertuose of vertues…cardinales ben callid.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)875 : He passed alle in vertuuse swetenesse.
- ?a1450(c1380) Chaucer Gent.(Benson-Robinson)17 : Ther may no man…Bequethe his heir his vertuous [vr. vertouse] noblesse.
- a1500 Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)47 : We, considering the vertueux cunnyng and goode zeal and disposicion that…resten in the personne of oure welbeloved Maister Robert Markham…praye you that…ye wol have him unto the saide chirche.
d
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)206 : It [alchemy] makith noon othir thinge But gold or syluere for monay, cuppe, or ring, which of wise men is prouyde & wel fownde Leest vertuys thing that is vpon the grownd.
e
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2130 : It is a moral tale vertuous Al be it toold som tyme in sondry wise Of sondry folk.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.38 : If that yow list to heere Moralitee and vertuous matere…I wole ful fayn at Cristes reuerence Do yow plesaunce.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.63 : Vp on this word we han assented soone For as it semed it was for to doone To enden in som vertuous sentence.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.652 : Vertuouse [vr. vertevous] wordes and holy conforten hem that trauaillen in the seruyse of Crist.
- a1450(c1405) Purvey Determ.(Trin-C B.14.50)178/301 : Sche [Queen Anne] was so grete a lady…& wolde so lowliche studiee in so vertuous bokis.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)6 : Ye have…talys glad & merry…for hem þat hold no store Of wisdom, ne of holynes, ne of Chiualry, Nethir of vertuouse matere, but to foly.
- c1475 As I me lenyd vnto (Trin-C R.3.21)61 : The dove…sang a song full gracious, Of all songes most verteous…‘Veni creator spiritus.’
f
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4006 : He putte awey the vicious And tok to him the vertuous: The wrongful lawes ben amended; The londes good is wel despended; The poeple was nomore oppressed.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.4396 : Þouȝ þat þer be oon Of gouernaunce þat be vicious! For þer ageyn a þousand vertuous, Ȝif þat ȝe liste, liȝtly ȝe may fynde.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)54 : I gedre to gidre vertuys wiþ my preching.
6.
(a) Possessing or displaying the qualities befitting a knight; valiant, hardy, courageous, doughty; also, possessing or exhibiting the qualities appropriate to a ruler, kingly, just, equitable;
(b) excellent, surpassing;
(c) prosperous, fortunate; of a beginning: auspicious;
(d) honorable;
(e) skilled, knowledgeable; also, able, capable; with inf.: able (to do sth.);
(f) of word or speech: having great power or influence, mighty;
(g) of narrative matter: interesting, engaging.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)4310 : No may hem com no solas, For alle hem werreþ Galeus, Þe riche king so vertouous.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5486 : Þe xxxviii was Amandan orgulous, A kniȝt of dede vertuous.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3698 : An emperour moot nede Be vertuous [vr. vertyuous] and hate tirannye.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3320 : Wonder Ich habbe of his miȝth; Ne seiȝ Ich neuere so hardy kniȝth, So queynt, ne so maliciouse, So stronge on hors, ne so vertuouse.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.90 : He besyeth euere…To hawnte his body in pleies marcyal…After the doctrine of Vygecius; Thus is he bothe manful and vertuous.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4539 : Agamenoun Was…Discret and hardy & wonder vertuous.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)5.1257 : Lucyus…Departid is with Marcus Manlius…Bothe of assent, in armis vertuous.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)3/7 : To you, excellent prynce of wisedom, Full myghti duke, vertuous of custom, Redoubted Homfray…longeth myche thinge.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)131/18 : Suche a kynge…is callid wertuz, large, and a good prynce.
b
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)1/19 : Þat lond [Palestine] he chees…as the beste & most worthi lond & the most vertuouse [F my lieux] lond of all the world, For it is the herte and the myddes of all the world.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)9462 : For now is non so glorious, Ne non In this world so vertuous, As Ilion was the while it stode.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)23 : Sunne and mone briȝt thai ware Then seuen fold then thay now are, And all erthli thing more vertuous Bifor Adam thurgh synne was vicious.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.603 : Euery thyng was there [in Paradise] more vertuous Than thei be now…For in that place ther was nothyng noious.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)3.1595 : Wommen made hym…To foreyn goddis doon oblacioun Which clipsid his honour & brouht his fame doun, That was in wisdam whilom most vertuous.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)34/18 : Þou mayst encresse and growe in religioun as a vertuous tree.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.7 : In his thoght he brenneth evere Whan that he wot an other levere Or more vertuous than he, Which passeth him in his degre; Therof he takth his maladie: That vice is cleped hot Envie.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3619 : For her gynnyng was nat vertuous; An ende folweth ful contagious.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)35/436 : Vor þe schalt se now ȝif a man be ani þyng vertuus toward for to þryue or to cum to ani oþer estat, a-non oþer kurside schrewes haue enuye þer-to.
d
- (1420) Let.in Ellis Orig.Let.ser.3.167 : The qwych pes…is myghty and vertuows, it is fair and graciows, and it is swete and amorows.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.PPeace (Hrl 2255)169 : At werrys [?read: Al werre ys] dreedful; vertuous pees is good.
e
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2635 : Thou wolt hiere Of hem that whilom vertuous Were and therto laborious: Carmente made…The ferste lettres of Latin, Of which the tunge Romein cam.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4813 : On eche part he was so vertuous.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.156 : With hym was his sone Achilagus…a man riȝt vertuous To fulfille þat longeth to a knyȝt.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)1041 : Hast þou ben prowde of any gyse…Or for þow art a vertues mon [vr. craftes man], And const more þen a-noþer con?
f
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1548 : In Ston and gras vertu ther is, Bot yit the bokes tellen…That word above alle erthli thinges Is vertuous in his doinges, Wher so it be to evele or goode.
g
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.91 : His entencioun Is to a-menden, correcten, and declare…and to spare Thyng touchid shortly off the story bare…Hem to prolonge whan thei be vertuous.
7.
?Miraculous, marvelous.
Associated quotations
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)40/16 : When this woman herde that the same maker toke mankynge [read: mankynde] of a virgyne…she aunswerde: ‘It is well to be-leve of God all vertues werkes.’