Middle English Dictionary Entry
ūniversā̆l adj.
Entry Info
Forms | ūniversā̆l adj. Also universal(l)e, universel(e, universiel & (errors) uniuersa, uiuersal, uniersall, unuersal; pl. universals, universel(e)s. |
Etymology | OF universel, universele, universal(e & L ūniversālis. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Affecting the whole world or cosmos; affecting everyone; including in its scope all of a specified or implied group; also, total, complete;
(b) affecting the body or a part of the body as a whole, not confined or specific to a single organ or site;
(c) having universal authority;
(d) to the benefit or detriment of the people at large, communal, collective;
(e) displaying the same attitude toward all, impartial; also, concerned with the common welfare, public-spirited, not partisan; also, cosmopolitan;
(f) Catholic, as opposed to heretical, orthodox;
(g)the ~ bodi of cristen religioun, Christendom; ~ chirche, chirche ~, the catholic church, the church universal [see also chirche n. 4a.]; ~ congregacioun, a general or universally representative assembly; counseil (sene) ~, an ecumenical council.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.39.28 : Þe vnyuersel flood drunkede or fulfilde þe erþe.
- (?1387) Wimbledon Serm.(Corp-C 357)109/765 : Þer schulde be anoþer dom to þe whiche alle men schullen come togydere, and þis schal be vniuersel.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.292 : Contricioun…shal ben vniuersal and total; this is to seyn, a man shal be verray repentaunt for alle hise synnes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.2261 : Ther felle wondres many on Of terremote universiel: The Sonne tok colour of stiel And loste his lyht; the wyndes blewe And manye strengthes overthrewe.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)442/5 : Þe worlde is an vniuersal gaderinge togedres [L vniuersitas] of þinges þat beþ imade and is al round as it were a spere.
- a1432 *Proph.Alphey (Cmb Dd.14.2)259b : In þe moneþ of Septembre we shul haue…an vniuersall’ clypse.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)201 : Ellis can no likely cause be ȝouun whi so coursely, so vnscapably, and so generally noon except ech mannys soule is departid from his body in þis lijf; certis such an vniuersal lawe of bodily kynde myȝte not so vnbrekeabily be ordeyned to be kept of ech mannys soule but if it were for oon and þe same eende…þat þe soules be departid from her bodies forto receive…her souereyn good for which þey haue laborid…in þis lijf.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)27 : I appell you afor God, the Hie and Chyf Juge of all manekynde after there desertes at the unyversal dome.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)176/23 : Saturne kepyth þe erth…Jubyter þe aer; þe sonne, fyr; And þis conuenyens is noȝt foundyn…in þe werkyngis of planetys qwyche þei haue contynwally and perpetuyally be þe ouyr vnuersal vertu [Lambeth: þe hyeste vertu & vniuersele], þe qwyche is abouyn þe verkyngis of alle þise vertuys.
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)56 : This yere the generall counsell was endyde atte Custaunce, and an unyversale pece made in Holy Chirche.
- a1500 15c.Serm.Cycle(Hrl 2247:Powell)93/34 : Oure souereyn savioure…was borne in tyme of pees, for xij yere beforne there was vniuersall pees þorughoute all þe worlde.
b
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)339/8 : Somme bodyliche traueile is viuersal [read: vniuersal] and som particuler: Vniversal ȝif al þe membres meueþ…In particuler trauaile, som lymez and membres restiþ and som meueþ and trauaileþ.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)369/31 : Stenche of mouþe comeþ somtyme of corrupcioun of þe teeþ and of þe gomes, and…somtyme of vniuersa [?read: vniuersal] infeccioun of þe body, as it fariþ in leprosis…and somtyme of þe corrupcioun of spiritual membres and of vniuersal corrupcioun of humours þat beþ infect.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1175/2 : Castorium helpeþ aȝens many siknesses…for it…doþ away sodeyn palsy of þe tonge…and helpeþ aȝeins vniuersal and general palsy of þe body.
- ?a1425 Chauliac(1) (NY 12:Wallner)1.30/21 : The first tretys is of Anathomye, conteynyng 2 doctrines: Þe first doctrine is of comoun membrez, vniuersale & symple; Þe seconde doctrine is of propre membres & particuler & componed.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)150a/a : It is superflue for to treten off þe cure of a verreie canker, ffor riȝte as leper is ane euyl þe whiche is vniuersel to alle þe bodie when þat it is confermed, riȝte so þe canker is vniuersel to þat member þat it falleþ inne.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)117/4 : The curacioun haþ two processes, þat is to say, the vnyuersal and particuler; the vnyuersal processe byholdeþ the lyf, þat þe mater be not multeplied, and makeþ euene the mater goynge afore, þat it eke nouȝt into a ioynede mater, [etc.].
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)127/21 : Þis confeccioun sothely helyth all newe woundys with-inne 9 dayis; þe festir, þe cankyr, þe skabbe—as well vniuersall as particuler—it helyth parfytly.
- a1475 Bk.Quint.(Sln 73)16/21 : Alle philosophoris seyn þat þe palesye vniuersel comeþ of haboundaunce of viscous humouris.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)10a/a : J haue putt þe diffinicioun of a sirurgian with woundis, empostymes, dislocaciouns and fracturis of boonys, & oþere vniuersal or particuler sijknesse þat longiþ to sirurgie wiþ her curis.
- ?a1500 *Chauliac(5) (Peterh 118)65a/a : Blodelesse ys ane vniuersele euacuacioun, voydynge grett multitude.
c
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)942 : Sergius was vnyuersel clauyculer Of holy cherche.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)328/13 : In þe, vniuersele prynce & auctour of kynde, alle-manere tresores of wisdam and kunynge beþ hidde.
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.cxviii : Þe tymes of antecrist ben signifiȝed to be niȝe by þe pride of oo bischop þat wole be clepid vnyuersal bischop…who euer clepiþ himself vnyuersal prest…renneþ be fore antecrist in his hiȝe pride.
d
- (1435) RParl.4.490a : Beseche ye King…yat noo suche licences which been so prejudiciall and contrarie to the commen gode, and ye universell wele of his Royaume, and of his saide Merchantz…bee in noo wife graunted.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2295 : Gretter cheerte He hadde of the profet vniuersel Than of hym self.
- a1456 Marmaduke SSecr.(Ashm 59)215/18 : Þe prince shoulde alweys thenke…þat at þe disolving of heos parlementz…þer betyde not none incydent inconvenientz, troubles vnleofull, but if þey touche þuniyversale honnour and welfare of hem alle in generall, and prerogatyffly to þeire prince.
- a1500(a1471) Ashby APP (Cmb Mm.4.42)772 : I shal speke of the vniuersal And the comyn wele of this Region.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)41/3 : The iniquite of a prince, which is a publike persone [thorow] whose misdedis fallith oftintymes vniuersall sclaundir and grette hurte to the people, causith hym to haue generalite of peynes aboue all othir.
- a1525(?1469) Cov.Leet Bk.348 : Hit is therffore ordeyned…that no Maner person from hensfurth put eny Swyne or bestes not Comennable in the Comen of this Cite, nor in eny wyse ouercharge the Comen of the same to the vniuersall hurte of this Cite.
e
- ?c1450 in Aungier Syon Mon.269 : The presidente…owethe to be unyuersal to al and not parcial.
- a1456 Marmaduke SSecr.(Ashm 59)221/25 : Noble Emperour, studye to ordeine vniuersitees, studies, and scoles…for it was first þe vp-areysing of alle Grece, by þe meene of þat vniuersal cite of Athenes, of þeire sciences þere so studyed.
- a1500 Chartier Dial.F.&F.(Sion Arc.L.40.2/E.43)24/21 : The ryghtwys man…yeueth hys mynde and ys soule to the charge of the comon wele, not hauynge yn hymself pryvat affeccion, sheweth hymself a man vnyuersal, and ys not made oon man but vnyuersal yn al men.
f
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)73.89 (v.2:p.49) : Yf thou wilt promytte me to forsaken thyn heresie [i.e., that of the Cathars] and to receiven cristen vniuersel feith [L fidem catholicam], I shal prey God [etc.]
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)73.94-95 (v.2:p.49) : The vniuersal feithful peple [L Catholici] bigan to be sory for blissid Petris biheste, dredyng that cristen vniuersel feith myght therby be confoundid.
g
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)32/3 : A mannys propre loue, which bynymeþ þe charite and loue of his neiȝbore…haþ woundid al þe world, and brouȝt yn a seeknesse to…þe chirche and to þe vnyuersal body of cristen religyoun.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)256/18 : To him [Christ] it longide to chese siche mynystris þat myȝte helpe him for to mynystre þe same blood to al þe vnyuersel body of cristen religioun.
- (c1456) Pecock Faith (Trin-C B.14.45)284 : The grete fadris…puttiden into the comoun crede forto bileeve oon hool universal chirche to be.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)5.241 : A cownsayle universalle [Trev.: þe fourþe general counsail; L synodus; L (heading) Quarta synodus universalis] of vjc and xxxti bischoppes hade at Calcedonia.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)5.325 : This pope kepede the vthe holy seene universalle at Constantinopole.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)6.99 : Wilfridus…did allegate the consuetude of the churche universalle [Trev.: al holy chirche].
- c1525 Rule & T.St.Francis(2) (Fst D.4)71 : Yf yt seme…to the vniuersalle congregatioun [St.F.(2): generalte] of mynisters prouynciallis and custosies the foreseid mynistre not to be sufficyent and able for that office…the forseid bretherne too whome the electioun ys given…ar bownd…too choose them a nother to ther minister.
2a.
(a) Commonly or universally practiced or adhered to; characteristic of all members of a group;
(b) widespread, common;
(c) of a discussion: dealing in generalities, general; also, as noun, in phrase: in ~, in general.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)76/32 : The ferþe ordre is dominaciones and…by an vniuersal excellens þay beeth arered aboue a[l] subiectioun, so þat noo violence of tirandise bendith hem to oppresse and ouersette þe neþir angels.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)69/22 : Þis feiþ we clepen ‘catholik feiþ’, þat is to seie, vnyuersal or general feiþ; and þe same feiþ we clepen ‘ortodox feiþ’, þat is to seie, riȝt feiþ.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)55/10 : This errour is so gret and vnyuersall among the people of the inreuerence of their creature that vnneth ther renneth non othir langage, be it in erneste or in game, but swer horrybely…by the tourmentys of our lordis passion.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)23/69 : The olde doinges in love han ben universal.
b
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)92/24 : Þei ben glad with ioye togiders with ech mannys goodnesse, comowned togyders ech wiþ oþir, with affeccioun of charite bisydis þe vnyuersel goodnes, the which þei reioyce togyders.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)436 : We ouȝten not…entende eny werke or eny eend natural…to be brouȝt forþ bi vs, which werk or eend passiþ oure natural power and þe power of þe meenys whiche we mowe bringe þerto bi kinde, vndir hope þat þou wolt fulfille oure vnpower bi þi greet power and wijsdom, and þat for…oure meritis or for oure preiers or for oure singuler feiþ and trust…oþer þan is þe doom of natural resoun, vniuersal feiþ, and trust.
c
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)73/1 : The firste chapitle is an vnyuersal speche of apostemes, of pustules, and of exitures.
- ?a1450 Lanfranc (Add 12056)5/33 : Chap. j: of broken bonys an vniuersal word; Cap. ij: of bonys þat buþ broken of the face, [etc.].
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)96/70 : At the ginninge of the worlde, every thing by him-selfe was good; and in universal they weren right good.
2b.
Phil. (a) Lacking form, indeterminate; not individuated; matere ~; soule ~;
(b) formed by generalizing from particulars, abstract; pertaining to a generalization; also, capable of abstraction; also, representing a type, ideal;
(c) as noun: the abstraction formed by generalizing from particulars; a class, type.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.215 : Tofore the creacion…Of hevene, of erthe, or eke of helle…the hihe pourveance Tho hadde under his ordinance A gret substance, a gret matiere, Of which he wolde…These othre thinges make and forme; For yit withouten eny forme Was that matiere universal, Which hihte Ylem.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)73/8 : Þe soule vniuersell is light or strength spirituell, had of intelligence þurgh God-is will, and hath 2 strengthes rynnyng in the body, as the light of the sone in parties of þe aier.
- a1500 Lyell SSecr.(Lyell 36)71/33 : Vniuersall [Ashmole: That first þat the almyghty glorious God fourmed is substance simple and spirituell…in the which is the fourme of all þyng and is named Intelligence; And afterward of that substance goith out anoþer substance lesse in degree, that is called the Soule Vniuerselly, And out of that soule is progressed…Ile].
b
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.160 : Resoun surmountith ymaginacioun and comprehendith by an universel lokynge the comune spece that is in the singuler peces.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.174 : Wit ne mai no thing comprehende out of matere, ne the ymaginacioun ne loketh nat the universel [vrr. vniuerseles, vniuersels] speces, ne resoun ne taketh nat the symple forme so as intelligence takith it.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.5.48 : Wit and ymaginacioun seyn that that that is sensible or ymaginable, it ne mai nat ben universel.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.310 : ‘Man is a beest, two-footed, resonable’: Lo þis knawynge…Vniuersall it moste nedes be.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1858 : Dame Dialetica…The comone tretyse taught she theym…Whyche ys subiect, couple and predicate…And when he hath vniersall [read: vniversall] estate, Particular, or ys affirmatyf, Indefinite, singler, or negatyf.
- a1484 Treat.7 Lib.Arts (Trin-C R.14.52)1041/118 : Induccioun is when an vniuersal proposicioun is proeved bi al his singuliers.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)19/8 : Graces he hath give: For sothly in these ben founde the vniuersall graces of the faders before, that is to sey Noe-is shamfastnesse, Abraham-is trouth, Isaac-is confidence…Job-is pacience, Ely-is deuocion, [etc.].
c
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.196 : Reson is she that diffynyscheth the universel of here conceyte ryght thus: ‘Man is a resonable two-foted beest.’
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.316 : What if comyn wittes…wolde vnto discours of resoun seyn, Lo! þat þis vniuersele noþing were Whiche resoun semeth he beholdeth there?
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1870 : Dame Dialectica…The vniuersals, and eke the natures good, The predicamentes, the topykes also, The syx principals, the Elynkes as they stood, She red theym all wyth other tretyse mo.
3.
(a) In its entirety, whole; at large;
(b) all sorts of, the whole variety of.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425 Chauliac(1) (NY 12:Wallner)1.44/20 : Of disposicions of the face & of þe partiez of it, contenyng in it 5 partiez: Þe ffirst part, of þe vniuersale face.
- (1429) RParl.4.359a : Please hit ye Kyng…to consider thes Articles folowyng, conceivyd and desiryd for the prosperite and welle of hym and this hys Roialme universell.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)39/5 : The firste parte is adressed to pryncys, the second to knyghtes and nobles, and the thyrde to the vniuersall people.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)50ba : Hungre began to wexse & growe in the vnyuersal world.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)52ba : God hath made me lorde of the vnyuersal londe of egypte.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)128/28 : Preestes of the lynage of Levy had no possession of londe…but thei received the dymes and offeryngis of the vniuersall people.
- a1500 Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149)74 : Derknes was made thorough the vnyuersal worlde vn-to the houre of noone, And the sonne was woxen derke.
b
- ?a1425 Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)7/23 : Ȝif þat þes organike oþer principale members be compounde of manye dyuerse, þoruȝ grace off accioun and off passioun of hem, wiþ dewe quantite & qualite þoruȝ vniuersel plasmacioun oþer fourme [Ch.(2): in al manere makynge], neþeles one simpel and liche a-twixe hem is þe begynnynge of alle doynge.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)72/21 : The speres circulerly moven, and the planetis in thair cercles aboue the elementes…And comedled be some thynges in some, and thynne is tempered with thik, and the hevy with the light, the hote with colde, the moist with drye; Than componed be of tham…vniuersell speces [Lambeth: all maner of kynde; Caritate: vnyuersal kendis] of componed bodies that ben…mynerall, vegetable, and anymal.