Middle English Dictionary Entry
tēren v.(2)
Entry Info
Forms | tēren v.(2) Also ter(e, tern, teri, teore, (16th cent.) teare. Forms: pl. tēren, etc. & (early) teræð & (?error) tered; p.sg. tār(e, tōr & tērede; pl. tēre(n, tār(e, tōre, tō̆rren & tiere; ppl. i)tōre(n, itōrene, tōrun, tō̆rn(e & tēred & (error) torvon. |
Etymology | OE teran, p. tær, pl. tǣron, ppl. -toren (as in tōtoren, p.ppl. of tōteran). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
To destroy (sth.) by reducing it to fragments: (a) to rend (flesh, a garment, etc.), tear (sb. or sth.) to pieces; dismember (sb.), tear apart (an animal); draw (sb.) limb from limb; also fig.; also, tear (meat) apart; also, in oath: the devel the tere!; ~ from top to to(es, ~ insonder, ~ in-to peces; ~ bitwene, tear (each other) apart; ~ of thre, tear (a serpent) into three pieces; (b) to tear (one's garments) in a frenzy of emotion or madness; (c) to destroy (a book) by ripping it apart; also, fig. rend (the law).
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)84/14 : Ne beo ȝe na attre, swa swa ða yfelæ neddræ, terende eow bitweonen & teone wyrcende.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)29/649 : Þe grehound wolde nowt sessed be Til þat adder ware toren of þre [vr. he hadde byttyn the adder in thre].
- (a1333) Herebert Soethþe mon (Add 46919)14 : Mon wyth sorewe is uurst ybore, And eft wyth sorewe rend and tore, ȝyf he ryth þencþ of hys ware.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.14.6 : He tar [WB(2): to-rente; L dilaceravit] þe lyown as he schulde to-teryn out a kide in to gobetis.
- c1390 Bi west (Vrn)152 : We stunte neiþer for schame ne drede To teren vr god from top to to, For-swere his soule, his herte also, And alle þe Menbres þat we cun Mynge.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Sh.(Manly-Rickert)B.1326 : Thogh men me wolde al in to peces tere, Ne shal I neuere for to gon to helle Biwreye a word of thyng that ye me telle.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)725 : Alle hys flessh þan þou teryst whan þou falsly by hym swerest.
- c1400 St.Alex.(2) (Trin-O 57)52/326 : Some..þe holy mannes clothes tere.
- a1425(a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)106.38/5 : Take brawn of capouns, teere it small, and do þerto.
- c1425 Mirror LM&W (Hrl 45)217/3 : In suche oþes, men..doth him on þe rode & departeþ & tereþ him lyme mele.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)832 : He sey the steppes brode of a lyoun..And ner he com and fond the wimpel torn [vr. torne].
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1877 : Haue do þanne, þe Deuyl þe tere!
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)220 : The peynful lyve, the body langwysshing, The woful gost, the hert rent and tore..Parcel declare grounde of my peynes alle.
- c1450 Whanne marye was greet (Lamb 853)244 : We schulen foonde euery-choon, Alle to-gidere, boþe hool & some, to teer him from þe top to þe toon.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)87/34 : A man myȝte..chese to eete..in þe strete or vpon a donghepe, also teryng his mete with his hondis wiþout knyf.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)232/21 : I had levir have be toryn with four wylde horse than ony yoman had suche a loose wonne of me.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)3.41 : The moder..commenge to the bedde of Porrex..terede [Trev.: hakked] hym in to peaces.
- a1500(a1400) Libeaus (Lamb 306)860 : Lybeous said, 'That were shame; J hadde levyr, be Seint Jeme, With wilde hors to be torne!'
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)114/168 : Þe..multitude of develis was innumerable..pulling, drawing, tormentyng and tering my seid saule as þey wold have rent on lym of hit fro anoþer.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)5658 : He shulde fynde waste cuntrees grete Wher-ynne were neiþer drinke ne mete, But wilde bestes many one For to tere in sonder euery bone.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)77/446 : Abraham, by my selfe I sweare, for thou hast bine obedient ayere, and spared not thy sonne to teare to fulfill my byddinge.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Nich.(LdMisc 108)241 : Heo weopen and heore cloþes teren.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)17/339 : Þe emperice wex wroþ; Sche tar..here cloþ.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4649 : Alisaunder his cloþes taar And todrouȝ his ȝelewe haar.
- (?c1425) Hoccl.Jonathas (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)333 : As shee had be mad, hir clothes hath shee al to-rent & tore.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1143 : Wrothely þai wrythyn and wrystill togederz..Tumbellez and turnes faste and terez þaire wedez.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)4686 : Then had she thrys so mekyll care, She tare hyr clothes & drewe hure heyre Wyth many a carefull crye.
c
- (a1402) Trev.Dial.MC (Hrl 1900)13/3 : In þe bygynnyng was made riȝtful doom..þe lawe is y-tore & to-rent; þe dome com nouȝt to þe ende.
- c1450(c1425) Brut-1419 (Cmb Kk.1.12)337/5 : Þei..come vnto..ynnez of men of lawe & dispoyled ham..and also taare hir bokis of law.
- (1472-3) RParl.6.35b : They..dyvers Courte Rolles..violently tore and brake in small pecys.
2.
(a) To rip away pieces of flesh from (sb., an animal) with claws, teeth, etc.; of briars: tear off (wool from a sheep); (b) to lacerate (flesh, skin, someone's body, etc.), esp. with a whip; also fig.; flay (sb.); refl. flagellate oneself; ppl. torn, lacerated, flayed; (c) to make a hole in (fabric, mail, a shield), cut, perforate; also, tear a slit in (a garment); also fig.;ppl. torn, perforated, cut, slit.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)126/16 : Gewitæþ, ȝe awariȝede..on þane mycele æðm..þær þa dracæn þa synfullen teræð mid heoræ toþum.
- a1200(?c1175) PMor.(Trin-C B.14.52)278 : Þar beð naddren and snaken eueten and fruden, Þe tereð [Eg(1): tered] and freteð þo euele swiken þe niðfule and þe prude.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.40.19 : Pharao schall..honge þe in þe crosse & foulez schullen teere [WB(2): todrawe; L lacerabunt] þin flesch.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 21.10 : Sche suffrede not briddis to tern hem bi þe dai ne bestis bi þe nyȝt.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.91 : Bestes to haleþ and tereþ and eteþ þe flesch and burieþ onliche þe bones.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.413 : Men..bereve That schal upon the thornes leve Of wulle which the brere hath tore, Wherof the Schep ben al totore.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)139/1761 : In-to þe feld men shuld him bere þat wild bestes myȝt him tere [vrr. teore, tery].
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5975 : Mannes flesshe and mannes blood..hem þinkeþ swete..Alle þe werlde ne shulle hem were Þat hij ne shulle hem wiþ tooþ tere.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)221 : She was clad ful porely Al in an old..courtpy, As she were al with doggis torne.
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)319/22 : Þe south Egle ferst ouercome the Northe egle & al to-rent and tare hym wiþ his bille & his clowes.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)800 : Þe worme..Towchez hym wyth his talounez and terez hys rigge.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)170/10,11 : Þe beyng of þis deede is causid of..my movyng power, which reuliþ..þe teeþ forto so tere and grynde þe fleisch as of his makyng causis and..of þe fleisch grounden and toren as of his material cause.
b
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)165/10 : Iob..is of þe tetore uolke þet..torendeð ðe olde pilche of his deaðliche uelle..Eise & flesches este beoð þes feondes merken..iþen itorene uolke he misseð his merken.
- a1325 SLeg.Blase (Corp-C 145)89 : Tormentors wiþ kene oules and al is fleyss to drowe; As me draweþ wiþ combes wolle, his fleiss þer wiþ hy tere.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)7716 : For diol he topped of his hare And himself tobete and tare.
- 1372 Þe garlond þt (Adv 18.7.21)45 : Mi skin was rent; my bak was toren; To peler was I bunde.
- c1390 Disp.Virg.& Cross (Vrn)364 : Þe dispitous Iewes nolde not spare, Til trie fruit weore tore and toyled.
- a1425(a1349) Rolle MPass.(2) (Upps C.494)37 : Somme pullid þee, summe shouen þee, somme drowen þee, despised þee, skorned þee, tugged þee, and torren [vr. teere] þee.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)325 : Nor she hadde no thyng slowe be Forto forcracchen al hir face..and forto tere hir swire, As she that was fulfilled of ire.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)70/10 : It was grawntyd þis creatur to beholdyn..hys precyows tendyr body, alto-rent & toryn wyth scorgys.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)8.91 : For breris fer, for their iniquite This sely innocentis wole vnclothe, And wellesay to tere her skynnys bothe.
- a1450 Of alle þe ioyus (Cmb Dd.11.89)117 : Many a pece of His fleyȝs was tore; His swete body was al to-rent.
- a1475 Ihu that alle this (Hnt HM 142)39 : The kynge of heuen..witht þi body, þi hede was torne, And þus þi blode þow sched for me.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)42/233 : On Rokkys ryght sharp is many a man torn.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)126/9 : Fabius Rustilanus gaue his victorious body..to be torne with roddes by the hang man.
- c1475 Mankind (Folg V.a.354)4 : For owr dysobedyenc he hade non indygnacyon To sende hys own son to be torn and crucyfyede.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)418 : The foxe..ranne faste by breres and thornes, teryng his skyn.
- c1500 As Reson Rywlyde (Rwl C.86)102 : Thou scourge..Thou teryst hys skynne & wold nott lett.
c
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)6518 : Ector..cleues hem and thorow strikes..He drow here scheldes fro here nekkes, Ther aketons ferd as toren sekkes.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1704,1710 : 'Leue sir, whare hafe ȝe bene Ȝoure clathes þus to tere?'..'als we come by þe thorne, Thus oure clothis were torne.'
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)13701 : Þe helm clef, þe hauberk tar; Þorow-out þe breste þe swerd hym schar.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2155 : It is myn offyce fowle to speke..I þe rappe wyth rewly rowte, Þi targe for to tere.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)19/9 : Men & wymmen..wiþ curious aray are streyt sett..þat þei seme smal kuttid aboue þe knees..þat, were here breches torne, men myȝten see here lychams.
- a1500(1413) ?Hoccl.Poems PS (Eg 615)p.xliv/ 239,243 : A, modier, þat so sone hire cote tare Or rente..To yeve hire tete..my child þat here is his cote hath torne for youre gilt, not for his.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)333 : Theire helmes were slitte..and theire hauberkes were so rente and torne in many places, but thei hadde yet no wounde that letted hem to bere armes.
3.
(a) To remove forcefully (a tongue, tooth, etc.), tear out, pull out; ~ oute; ~ of, tear off (a part of the body); ~ oute of hide, skin (a wolf); (b) to pull out (one's hair) in a frenzy of grief, rage, etc.; ~ of; ~ bi the her, refl. seize oneself by the hair, tear at one's hair; (c) to drag (sb.) away; drag (sb. to or from a place); ~ bi the her; (d) with prep.: ~ of, to pull (a garment) off (sb.); with adverbs: ~ adoun, pull (a rider) down (from a horse); ~ of, pull off (someone's armor); ~ up, pull up (a post); (e) fig. to take away (the fire of passion from sb.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)185/10 : Nes seinte peter..istraht o rode?..& laðlese meidnes þe tittes itoren of, tohwiðeret o hweoles?
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7313 : Men ne may in no manere Teren the wolf out of his hide Til he be slayn, bak and side, Though men hym bete and alto defile.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1966 : But for noy of my nobilte & my nome gret, I shuld tere out þi tunge and þi tethe euyn.
b
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)175 : Nas neuere for his child fader so sorimod; Adoun he fel iswowe & tar his hore loc; Þe moder feng to renden hire neb & hire smoc.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)12901 : One womman..sat..and tar hire bi þan ere.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)8360 : Þe king Lot seiȝe þis lere; Himselue he gan here tere And bad þe time mesauenture, Þat he cunteked wiþ king Arthour.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)17/339 : Þan þe emperice wex wroþ; Sche tar hire her.
- c1390 KTars (Vrn)35/100 : Whon þe soudan þis I-herde, As a wod mon he ferde..He tar þe her of hed and berd.
- a1400 Rich.(Eg 2862)425/2 : Ful hard þan wept Kyng Ric., And wrong his hond, and tare his berde.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6866 : Dukes and barouns..Here her teren..and wepen sore, And byweileden his prouesse.
- ?a1425(c1280) SLeg.Eust.(Jul D.9)93 : He wep, & his hondes wrong, & tar him be þe here.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)53/20 : Marie Cleophee & Marie Magdaleyne..teren here heer [F se tiroient par les cheueux] whan oure lord was peyned in the cros.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)3036 : Þey wrongon hurre hondys, & weptone for drede, And renden hurre clothus, & teren herre here.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)200/1530j : She rent her vice and tare her here.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)2516 : He cryed as he were wood, And wep, and tor hys here.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)253 : She tare of alle the her of hir hede & satte withe him vpon a donge-hille til tyme that her sorow was sesid.
c
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)12398 : Þar hii leope ȝam to Bruttus swiþe wroþe and tiere ȝam bi þan heere and droȝe ȝam to grunde.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1020 : Two yonge knyghtes liggynge by and by..Out of the taas the pilours han hem torn And han hem caried softe vnto the tente Of Theseus.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4713 : Þoo þis despyt hem was ydo, Her feet men knytten þe horses to, And to þe gibet quyk hem tare; Heiȝe hij weren anhonged þare.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)1b/a : Abstraho: to drawe awey, to hude, to tere.
d
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5026 : Mani on about him were; His armour of þai gun to tere.
- a1400(a1325) Glo.Chron.B (Trin-C R.4.26)851/188 : Hare fon come þere; Adoun of his hors henri hi tere Mid yrene crokes.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)9072 : Takeþ of my croun þat I no lenger owe to were; My kyngis robe of me ȝe tere.
- ?c1450 Brut-1447 (Trin-C O.9.1)487/26 : A standard of tre was set in myddys of the pavement fast in the grounde..And it was þat tyme torne vp and cast downe with þe malign spirite.
e
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)82/2449 : But that fyre is aqueynt and from thee tore, Without so be, the wounde renewe agayne.
4.
To wear out (an article of clothing); also, rub away (part of a plant); ppl. torn, frayed, tattered.
Associated quotations
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1307 : No se ȝe nouȝt Newe schon þat man haþ bouȝt..He wenes to liue and hem tere.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.331 : Þey chaungede nevere hosen and schoon, noþer cloþinge, but whan þey were i-tore [L conscissa] or i-spend.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)5.111 : He was..In a torn [vr. torun] tabbard of twelue wynter age.
- c1400 Brut-1333 (Rwl B.171)223/3 : Þo sette þai oppon his heuede in scorn an olde chapelet, al-to rent & torn, þat was nouȝt worþ an halpeny.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)220 : She was clad ful porely Al in an old torn courtpy.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)489 : Teryn, or weryn, as clothys or other thyngys: Vetero, attero.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)522 : Weryd or teryd or torvon [Win: torn]: Attritus, vetustus, inveteratus.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.308 : Bondis harde in vyne is not to se; Do bondes softe & esy for to were Theron, lest bondis harde hit kerue or tere.
- (1447) Acc.St.Mary Thame in BBOAJ 11118 : Item, iiij bordeclothes for the Aute, of the which i ys brokyn & torn.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)109 : Þer schal com a lythyr ladde wyth a torne hod; I Wot Neuere Who schal be hys name; hys cloþis be ful þynne.
- (1476) Paston (EETS)1.602 : The clothe that lythe ouer the graue is all toryn and rotyn.
5.
To demolish (a gate, wall, etc.), level, raze, tear down; ~ adoun (doun).
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1154 : The gates that Neptunus made..Thei have anon tobroke and tore.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1234 : Ȝet nolde never Nabugo þis ilke note leve Er he had..þis toun..torne..to grounde.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1482 : Th'assege nevere shal aryse..Til we be slayn, and down oure walles torn.
- (1440) Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)3554 : Thorw ȝates & walles ded he þrille and bore, Alle þoo strengthes rent were and tore That stood aȝens him.
- a1450(?1409) Vision Staunton (Roy 17.B.43)71 : Y saw fendes with grete strenghe pullyng and teryng adown the pilers of þe brigge.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450 Whanne marye was greet (Lamb 853:Marx) 71/244 : We schulen foonde euerychoon, Alle togidere, boþe hool & some, To teer him from þe top to þe toon.
Note: Quot. [see c1450 Whanne marye was greet (Lamb 853) 244] already taken under 1.(a). Marx, however, argues that though "teer is probably used in the sense of 'rend' or 'injure'," the phrase "teer...from þe top to þe toon can be used figuratively to refer to blaspheming against Christ or swearing profanely by Christ's limbs" and refers to OED tear v.1., sense 3.b.
Note: ?Modify fig. sense of oath teren from top to to(es