Middle English Dictionary Entry
strength(e n.
Entry Info
Forms | strength(e n. Also strengthhe, strenghth(e, strenȝthe, strenhgth, strencth(e, strenkthe, streingth(e, straingth, stringthe & strenth(e, streinth(e, streininth, strainthe, strinth(e & strengeth(e, strengith(e, strenket(h(e, strenkit(h, streinketh & strengtht, strenght(e, strenȝt(e, streinght(e, streingtht, stringht, strinht, strent, streiint, strint & (early) strenhðe, strenhcþe, strencðe, strenchðe, streangðe, streongðe, strængðe, strægncðe, (dat.) strenðen, (acc.) strengða, strencðen, (infl.) strengðen & (errors) stregðe, stregþe, strecðe, strechþe, streyth(e, strncþe, stenþe, streinde, strenyt, stre(i)ght, streyght, strougth, threynthe, threnȝhtre; pl. strengthes, etc. & strengthus, strenghethis, (early acc.) strengða & (error) strecþes. For forms strengthȝe, strengȝth, strenge(h)t, strenȝght, strenht, strenkht, strenkyght, strentht, streynȝþe, streynkth, strynkth, strynkyth, stranþe, sthrengthe see LALME 4.78-9. |
Etymology | OE strengðu, strengð, strenc(g)ð, strenð, strængð, strænc(g)þ. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Physical strength, muscular power, brute bodily might; also person.; pl. physical powers, strength; (b) a mighty act or deed; (c) the application of physical force; also, physical tightness [quot. a1425]; with ~, forcefully, forceably; (d) the ability to withstand the application of physical force, sturdiness; on ~, firmly; (e) prowess in battle, skill in warfare; military might; -- also pl.; also, military advantage [quot. a1393]; ~ of honde, main force, force of arms; men of strengthes, men of prowess, good fighters; wered ~, troop strength; yeven ~ unto to fighten, to strengthen (the host) to fight, incite to battle; (f) violence; -- especially unlawful, sinful, or excessively brutal force; also, the forceful and illegal occupation of property [quot. c1436]; bi strengthe(s, mid (with) ~, violently, by force; with ~ and armure, by force and arms, by unlawful use of armed force; maken ~, to resort to violence; (g) compulsion; don ~, to compel (sb.); (h) hunt. the chase; hunten for (taken) with ~; slen bi (with) ~; (i) in proverbs.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150 Rwl.G.57 Gloss.(Rwl G.57)26 : Uires: Strecþes [read: strencþes].
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8586 : Mærlin, þu sæist sællic þing, þe nauere nan iboren mon ne maie heom bringgen þenne, no mid nare strengðe of þan stude lade.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)93/5 : Ðe lichame none strencþe mai habben wið-uten bonen.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)203/8 : Samsones strengðe [Nero: strencðe]..sloh a þusent of his fan al ed a time.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1226 : His strncþe [Jes-O: strengþe] is him wel neh binume.
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)103 : Nouþe mi strencþe [Corp-C: stregþe] is me bi-nome, fondi ich mot with ginne And with traisun, ȝif ich mai, ani man to me i-winne.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6136 : Edmond vor is strengþe was ycluped yrensyde.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)15/12 : Þe bere þet heþ þe stregþe [Vices & V.(2): strengþe] ine þe uet and ine þe armes halt strangliche, and bint þet he heþ onder his uet.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3248 : Sampsoun neuere..drank..wyn, Ne on his heed cam rasour noon..For alle hise strengthes [vrr. strength, strenthis, strenkeþ] in hise heres were.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1948 : Thus may ye seen that wisdom ne richesse, Beautee ne sleighte, strengthe [vrr. strengthes, strengith, strengethe, strenthe], hardynesse Ne may with Venus holde champartie.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.932 : How may this wayke womman han this strengthe [vr. threnȝhtre] Hir to defende agayn this renegat?
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)146b/b : The swan hatte Cignus..and his most strengþe is in þe wynges.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7208 : His wijf wald noght fin..Til sco þe soth had gert him sai, In quat stede al his strencth [Frf: strenght] lai.
- a1425 By a forest (Bod 596)101 : Sampson lost his strengthe [vr. streyngth] þer fore.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)56b/a : Robur: streynþe [Hrl 1738: threynthe].
- a1450(?c1350) Pride Life (ChrC-Dub)36 : Not I neuir non suc Of stotey ne off strynt.
- a1450(?c1350) Pride Life (ChrC-Dub)147,153 : Primus miles, Fortitudo: Lord..Ic am Strent, stif and strong..Hau no dout of no þing..Ic am strenyt [read: streynt], þi derling.
- a1450(?c1350) Pride Life (ChrC-Dub)332 : Streyint betit ȝe [read: þe] lau.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)51/14 : Þan is it nedful to occupie hem in feld werkes..so þat by vse of trauayle and bodiliche laboure hir lymes mowe cacche strenþes and stalworþnesse.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)14/12 : Þe olyfaunt..is a beste of so myche strengþe þat he may bere on his bak a castel or a tour, maad of tree, wiþ many armed men þerinne.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)16a/a : Þe nayl is meneli hard..for þis cause, þat if he were at þe vtmeste poynt hard he myȝte not longe laste fro brutilte of his hardnes; If he were riȝt neische, he ne schulde not haue strenkþe to holden faste þat þing þat he mai cacche.
- c1475 Gregory's Chron.(Eg 1995)202 : By happe more thenne strengythe that innocent recoveryd up on hys kneys and toke that fals peler by the nose with hys tethe and put hys thombe in hys yee.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)644 : Hys strenkyþ myght no lenger laste.
- a1500 Rich.(Dc 228)93/3 : On his schelde a dynte he sette That top ouer tayl to grounde he ȝede For al þe strenthe of his stede.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1477 : Ector..most is in mynd for his mykyll strenght.
b
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)19364 : Þe stidefast trauþ was in ham, lo! quatkin strenght [Göt: strenthes] hit mai do.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8688 : Gað to ane stane..and cumeð mid stregðe [Otho: strengþe], ȝif ȝe hine maȝen sturien.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)316b/a : Liquour..is y-wronge and y-þrust oute of medlede bodies by violence or by strengþe.
- c1400(1375) Canticum Creat.(Trin-O 57)1092 : Þeȝ..maden a bem to þe cherche Of lengþe þretty cubitis & on..Þo toke þeȝ it wiþ strengthe And..In þe cherche þeȝ it layd.
- a1425 NPass.(Cmb Gg.5.31)189/1616 : Þai fest a rape at þe tothir hand; Þe blude out brast for strenthe of þe band.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.2.37 : The yerde of a tree that is haled adoun by myghty strengthe boweth redily the crop adown.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)8/7 : Sche was bowndyn & kept wyth strength boþe day & nygth þat sche mygth not haue hir wylle.
- a1450 12 PTrib.(3) (Bod 423)56/2 : Thilke that ayenst his wille and in thwartouernes suffrith tribulacion, he takith not the cup, but it is with strengthe ybrought to him to the mouthe.
d
- a1150(c1125) Vsp.D.Hom.Fest.Virg.(Vsp D.14)24/91 : For he is Hælend and na awerdend; þa awerde þing he gehælð, and þa gehale he gefæstneð on strencðe.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1072 : No strengþe him wiþstod of sad stonen walles.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)53a/b : Þe brest..is bony & synewe for þe more strengþe & strong defens of þe membres of lif.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Leg.Suppl.Hrl.(Hrl 4196)18/155 : Swilk strenkith god sent to hir, Out of þat stede might none hir stir.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)45b/b : Þe vtilite of þe strengþe of þe braine panne was ordeined be cause þat it couereþ þe braine in þe ouer partie.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)287 : Þer wer..Galees of grete streyngþe with golden fanes.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)421 : So grete trees, so huge of strengthe..Clene withoute bowgh or stikke.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1980 : Thys hous..was sixty myle of lengthe, Al was the tymber of no strengthe.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)161/10 : Se þat ȝe neuer ouersmyt þe strynght of ȝowr lyne for brekyng.
e
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1101 : Se cyng for let eall þæt he mid streangðe innan Normandig togeanes þam eorle heold.
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1106 : Ac seo streongðe & se sige wearð þæs cynges.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)256 : Þe king þræted Brutun..Ȝif he heom mihte bi-winnen mid his wored-strencðe, alle heo sculden hongien on heȝe treowen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)772 : Cuð nu þine strengða & þina stepa main.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14497 : We wulleð mid þe uehten mid fullere strenðen.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3865 : Vp roos he, Iulius the conquerour, That wan al thoccident by land and see By strengthe [vr. strenkeþe] of hond or elles by tretee.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.7390 : For in the multitude of men Is noght the strengthe, for with ten It hath be sen in trew querele Ayein an hundred false dele, And had the betre of goddes grace.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)567 : Knyȝt, ȝeue me þe bal for þy curtasye, And I shal ȝeue þe strenþ and myȝt..no knyȝt in londe Shal haue no myȝt aȝeyn þe to stonde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.220 : His strengþe on hem liche a knyȝt to kythe..And hem to daunte liche a conquerour He caste hym fully.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1175 : Nygart neuer with strengthe of honde May wynne gret lordship or londe.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)21/12 : Þou hase semblede togedir a company of robbours and thefez..for to ouer-sett..þe grete myghte & þe vertue of þe percyens, whase strenghte þou may neuer sloken ne ouercome.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)44.400 : The Castel with-Inne wel Ordeyned was Of Men of strengthes In Every plas.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)3716 : I..With Porrus in þe playn fild proued haue my strenthis.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)2427 : Freshe trompetys..to fight gif greet hardynesse, Strengthe, vertu, Ioye, and lightnesse Vnto the Oost.
- (1464) Statutes Ireland 3p.187 : It wol like your highnes to send some refresshing of goode and power..to resist the malicieux porposes, might, and strayngth of your forsaid Irishe Enemyez..and English rebelx.
- c1475 3 Consid.(UC 85)208 : The seide peeple put feith and affiaunce in theire owne strenght and in theire greet multitude, and nat in the helpe and grace of God.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)59/14 : But ther streynthis and bolnys, hit mote nede Schow hym-Selfe: Miles de Cogan and his men..smote grymly vpon ham, so that in lytyll whyle thay weryn al dyscomfyted.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)6276 : I haue no hope of no halp..But in stuf of þi strenkyght & þi stythe arme.
f
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1119 : Sume þa castelas he mid strengðe genam.
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1137 : He be gæt in landes þat rice men hefden mid strengthe of Willelm Malduit þe heold Rogingham þæ castel.
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)168 : Ne scal him na mon mene þer of strengþe [Dgb: strenhðe] ne of wronge.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)12810 : He hafueð inome þine maȝe mid hahliche strenðe.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)13469 : Heo..heom-seolue fusden to-ward heore ifæren and smiten a Rom-leoden mid raȝere strengðen.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)179 : Ȝif he [lord] net him [underling] to ȝiuene, þat beoð strengðe and refloc.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)202/6 : Þi luue..oðer hit is forte ȝeouen allunge oðer hit is to sullen, oðer hit is to reauin & to neomen wið strengðe [Cai: strenchðe].
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)765 : Mid lutle strengþe þurȝ ginne Castel & burȝ me mai iwinne.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)1276 : Þo noman ne dude him strencþe [Hrl: strenȝthe], of londe he gan i-wende.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)673 : Nembrot nam wið strengðhe ðat lond.
- ?1316 SMChron.(Roy 12.C.12)81 : To Geomagog he con wende Ant him putte with suche streynthe..That fourti fet..Into the see he made him lepe.
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)117/621 : Þo was þe douke wiþ strengþe [Rwl: strenghthe] y take.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.158 : Þe grete lordes of þe werlde taken wiþ strengþe [vr. strengeþ; F force] þere þat þai shulden nouȝth taken.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 13.14 : He wolde not assenten to þe preieris of hir, but, more myȝti, bi strengþis oppressede hir & lay with hir.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Mac.6.63 : He fauȝte aȝeinus hym and occupiede the citee bi strengthe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.733 : The deuel fighteth agayns a man moore by queyntise and by sleighte than by strengthe [vrr. strenghth, streght].
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2413 : That thing mai I noght fulfille, Bot if I scholde strengthe make.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)722 : He swereþ he wol ete no meete Til he may hur with strengþ [vr. straynþe] gete.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3108 : Þou art elde man and neiȝ ydo -- Þi werlde is sone ydon; Þerfore makestou strengþe non.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)880 : Þus þay þrobled and þrong and þrwe umbe his erez And distresed hym wonder strayt wyth strenkþe in þe prece.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)56/18 : Þe Grekis and þe folk of barbary Gederd ful grete cumpany Forto gif batail ogaynes Rome And so by strenkit it to ouercum.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.18.18 : He..dide strengthe, or violence [L vim], to his brother.
- c1425 Treat.10 Com.(StJ-O 94)30 : Þis commaundement forbedith alle maner with drawinge wrongesly of an oþer mannes god..weþer þat it be take priuily or oponly, be stenþe [read: strenþe] or be sotilte.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)43 : Ȝif the dissesour holde hym with force in the tenement, thanne the ballyves shal do remove that force..And ȝif the strengthe [ID(1): force] be swyche that it may not be removed withoute perel of deth or of myscheeff, the ballyves..shul take that tenement in to the kynges hand and pronouncyn that sesyn so holdyn with force and armys for non.
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.142r : Dunston and Ethelwolde byshop of Wynchestre gonne to gedere powere by here ffrendeshipes and come with strenthe to putte oute the monkes.
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)1247 : Hast þow synged in lechery? Telle me, sone..wheþer þow dost by strengþe so, Or by asent of ȝow bo?
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)37/11 : Greet dishonour he dide to a kyng..þat wiþ maystry and strengþe his coroun fro hym refte.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)237/17 : Þe foreseyde Iohn kynge, william taylour, & Iohn lawe dyd make vnryhtfully with strengthe & armur [L vi et armis] þe fore-seyde disseysynge to þe harmynge & hurt of the abbas of xl s.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)149 : The thyf dude hys wyȝt & hys strengthe faste That nere he hadde conquered the mayde at þe laste.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)117/35 : In þe sayde boke is also fovnde that a man with pepil wepenyd sholde with streynth [Dub: strenynth] the wallis of watyrford breke.
g
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)68 : Oure lord wel myldeliche..toward his deþ..þo rod..By his owen wil..he com, and þorw non oþer strengþe ybrouȝt.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)1365-6 : Þe gyewes..him nome, ffor me ne dude him strengþe non, Ak hi dude Pilatus strengþe þat he ne let him gon.
h
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)14 : Men sle hares wiþ greyhoundes and with rennyng houndes by strengthe.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)59 : Oþer maner of rennyng houndis..þe which hunten somdele moor slowly and heuyli, but as þei begynne, þei holde on all day..bryng hym best bi maystrie and strengthe to his eende.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)83 : Whane þe kyng..wil hunte for þe hert wiþ strengthe, þe maistir of þe game must haue a forun hym..þe sergeaunt of þe office and þe yemen beerners at hors and eke þe lymner.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)110 : Þis maner of strakyng shuld serue..for alle huntynges save whan þe hert is slayn wiþ strength.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)351 : Al men speken of huntyng, How they wolde slee the hert with strengthe.
- c1450 Twiti Venery(2) (Yale-BA Porter MS)50/47 : Yf the houndez be hardy and take þe hert by strengþe, þe hunter schall haue þe suyde by ryȝt.
i
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8590-91 : Betere is liste þene ufel strenðe [Otho: strengþe], for mid liste me mai ihalden þat strengðe ne mai iwalden.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)138/19 : Betere is wis liste þen luðer strengðe.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)769 : Vuel strengþe is lutel wurþ.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4041 : Þing þat is mid strengþe inome, hou miȝte it be mid riȝte?
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Eccl.9.16 : I seide betere to ben wisdam þan strengþe [L fortitudine].
- a1425(?a1400) Benj.Minor (Hrl 674)41/4 : For betir is a sley man þan a strong man, ȝe, and betyr is list þen liþer strengþe.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)877 : For þer as fayleþ þe fode, þer is feynt strengþe.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.54 : Strenhgth mowes downe þe medow.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)41/32 : Strengthe makith the right aftir his owne propir opinion.
- ?a1500 Othea (Hrl 838)84/20 : Strengthe is noght wurthe, wher counceyll is nott.
- ?a1500 Othea (Hrl 838)132/11 : Who in strenthe put al is trust is soone confounde.
2.
(a) A fortified place, stronghold, fortress; also, a fortified camp [quots. a1387 & a1460]; fig. one who is as a bulwark [quot. c1450 Ponthus]; ~ of prisounes, fastness of prisons; (b) an offensive or a defensive military fortification; a siege work; also, a military engine; ~ makinge, the building of defensive works, fortification; haven diche in ~ of, to have a ditch for a defense for (a castle); maken the ~ of the warde, fortify the camp; (c) secure territory; a place under someone's control; hunt. a secure hiding place for the quarry, covert; (d) a fighting force, garrison of men; coll. & pl. a host, troops; also, great numbers of individuals; force of numbers [quot. a1450(c1410)]; in strengthes, in great numbers, in a host; the ~ of heven, the host of heaven; stonden in your ~, to stand in your full fighting force.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 5.17 : Dauyþ..wente doun in to a strengþe [WB(2): strong hold; L præsidium].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.33.16 : Þis in heȝtis shal dwelle, þe strengþis [L munimenta] of huge stones his heȝte.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Hos.10.14 : Noyse shal ryse to gydre in thi peple, and alle thi strengthus shuln be distruyed.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.449 : Kyng Codrus..took a pore manis cloþinge and a burþen of fagettes on his nekke and entrede in to þe strengþe [L castra] of his enemyes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1595 : Ther let he make of lym and sond A strengthe where he wolde duelle.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)4.238 : Þow..Hast arwed meny hardy men that hadden wil to fyghte, To brennen and to bruten, to bete a-doun strengthes.
- (1422) Doc.Hen.VI in Déprez Diplom.(PRO Privy Seals file 669 no. 1204)37 : Henri, by the grace of God, kyng of Ingelond..to alle shirryves, meires..kepers of castelles, townes, and strenthes, brigges, portes, and passages.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)9.2753 : Swich as wern enclyned to Gaulteer..Teschewe the seege..Ordeyned hemsilf to fleen awey..Out of the strengthe bi a smal posterne.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)7142 : Þenne was ffortyger at ese, ffor alle þe strengþes he gan to sese; When he had alle þys forceresses..ȝyt he þoughte..To contreoue a fals queyntyse.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)47/16 : He nombreþ and rekenith vp all manere gynnes and instrumentis wiþ whiche citees and oþer strengþes mowe ben assayled oþer defendid.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)109/20 : Loke þe contrey be warned and commaunded by open cry ymade þat alle here bestes, her corn..and alle oþer goodes þat enemyes myȝte ben holpen by ȝif it were yfounde out of strengþe, þat it be drawe to strengþes as to castelles and walled tounes.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2139 : Ne steke we noȝt oure stiff ȝatis ȝour strenthe [Dub: strenth] to defend.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)25/21 : Fair Seris..ye be our strenght and oure dunyon; in youre hondes lieth myche of oure besynes.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)2253 : In foreste, in feelde, or in champayne, With craft or art it is tomake a strengthe.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)494/21 : Wherefore he drew hym to the strength of the towre and armed hym in such armour as he had.
- c1475 Gregory's Chron.(Eg 1995)152 : They shalle doo alle hyr myght..an gayne hyr parentes and frendys, yf any there bene, that holde any suche strengythe or towne dysobeysauns.
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)56 : And after, the kynge gatte Pountelarge and many other streynthes.
- a1500 Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149)114 : Thys ys Jhesu that hathe chased a-wey the derknes of dethe..And the strengthe of oure prysouns he hath al to-broke and take a-wey the caytyues.
- a1500 Partenay (Trin-C R.3.17)1179 : She..Fourged the brought..The walles bild hye..That strenght ful strong with peple gan make.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Eccl.9.14 : A litil cite & fewe men in it; þer cam aȝen it a gret king & besegede it & made owt strengþis [WB(2) vr. strengthis ether engyns; L munitiones] bi enuyroun.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.29.3 : Þe strengþis [WB(2): engynes; L munimenta] I shal setten in to þi seging.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)19.362 : Conscience comaunded þo al crystene to delue, And make a muche mote þat myȝte ben a strengthe, To helpe holycherche.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)70/7 : In defaute of strenkþe makyng of wardes, when hit mishappiþ þat þe scheltrun is broken, þen haue þei no refut to renne to.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)72/12 : Þanne moot þe reulores of þe oost ordeyne alle þe horsmen & half þe footmen to..putte of þe enemyes, while þe remenaunt of þe oost dicheþ and deluiþ and makiþ þe strengþe of þe warde.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)239 : The knyȝt with his meyne went to se the wall And þe wardes of the town..Devising ententiflich þe strengthis al a-bout.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)228/34 : For ryght as a castell hath a depe dych yn strengyth of hyt, soo hath our lady a dyche of mekenes so depe..þat þer myght neuer no mon go ouer hit.
c
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)11 : From þennes she shal come to sume hegge or strougth [?read: strength] and shale make semblaunt þerto abide.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)28 : Ȝife..þe day take hem by þe way or þei may come to her couerte, þei wil abide in some litel strength..til it be nyȝt.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)89 : He may go in quest and putte hym self withe his lymer in þe grete strengthes.
- (1436) RParl.4.498a : William Pulle ye forsaid Isabell drogh and ledde agayns hir will to ye Parysh Kirk of Bidstone..within his awne strenght, havyng with hym a Prest of his aune assent, to wedde theym togeder.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)204/7 : This erle..roode..into the moste Inli Streynthes of Mcmahons contre.
d
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1140 : Þa com þe kinges cuen mid al hire strengthe & besæt heom ðæt þer wæs inne micel hungær.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)7156 : He wennde þatt tatt follc Upponn himm cumenn wære Wiþþ strenncþe, ffor to niþþrenn himm.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)206 : Assaracus..hefde muchele strengþe of meren his cunne, of þan Troyscen monnen þe weren his moder isib.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)72/66 : With gret strencþe in-to þe se he him dude and to Enguelonde he cam.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8793 : A Misselmasse eue mid hor ost hii come To gadere mid gret strengþe & þe bataile nome.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judith 9.16 : Lord, not in multitude is þi vertue ne in strengþis [L viribus] of hors þi wil.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Dan.8.10 : It is magnyfied vnto the strengthe of heuen.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Mac.6.6 : Lisias..is dryuen fro the face of Jewis, and thei wexiden stronge in armers and strengthis.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6177 : He þam liuerd o þat land, Wit strenth of egypte he þam drogh.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)34/30 : New lare sall ȝe lere, sir Edward to lout, For when ȝe stode in ȝowre strenkith ȝe war all to stout.
- (1449) Paston2.33 : Thomas Denys axed me why ye obserued not þe purpos that he meved yow of for þe remevyng of þe streyngthe at Gresham.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)13.915 : Euere they putten him of with gret strengthe That Entren he ne Myhte.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)4.169 : A-noon þis man dede gadere a grete strengthe, Bothe of þis lond and of fraunce..Euere gan his ost encrece in brede and lengthe.
- (1461) Paston (EETS)2.369 : The scheryff wold make me to fynde suerte that I schulde appere in the Kynges Benche..and yet that notwithstandyng he wolde send me vp with strengthe of men as a presoner.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)147/18 : Þere mette þei a grete strength comyng fro þe north ageyn hem.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)f.80va : Olyfernes assemblyd dukes and maistres of the strength [L (Vulg.Judith 2.7): virtutis] of Nabugodonosor and nombred C xx M fote men and horsmen shoters xii M.
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)21 : After that thei came a yene in to Englond with a grete strenthe of people.
3.
(a) Divine or infernal power, power of the Trinity, holy sacraments, etc.; also, a source of diabolical power [quots. 1340 & a1500(c1380)]; pl. divine or infernal powers; (b) the power of a virtue, vice, prayer, death, etc.; (c) authority over others; pre-eminence, influence; royal power; political power; -- also pl.; stonden in ~, to be subject to (someone's) authority; (d) the quality or fact of being powerful in the world; naked of al strengthe(s, weak, impotent; (e) a firi ~, a fiery substance of power.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)149/3 : He gefremode micele mihte on his strengðe, & tostencte þa modigen.
- a1150(c1125) Vsp.D.Hom.Fest.Virg.(Vsp D.14)32/161 : Hire sune, gyf him gewill wære, hire gehulpe mid þære godcunden strængðe.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)1874 : Gabriæl bitacneþþ uss Onn Ennglissh Godess strenncþe.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)27/8 : Porte inferi non preualebunt aduersus eam: Ðo ȝaten of helle ne muȝen hauen none strengþe aȝean ðessere ileaue.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)139/2 : Ah þis hehe sacrement in hardi bileaue ouer alle oðre þing unwrið hise wrenches & brekeð hise strengðes [Nero: strencðes].
- a1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero A.14)207 : Ich bi-seche þe, godes deore-wurðe moder, þet heore [holy sacraments'] mihte helpe me and hore strencðe go forð þer min offringe wonteð.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2942 : Quad aaron, 'nu saltu sen Quilc godes migtful strengðes ben.'
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)21/21 : Arrogance..is þe strengþe of þe dyeule.
- ?c1350 Swete ihu cryst (BodLtrg 104)28 : At euensong he was i-nome adoun þat dere us hadde ibouȝt; His mytte..his stregþe [read: strengþe], lotede in heiȝe holi þout.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.9.16 : I schall stretch þe honde and I schall smyte þe & þi puple wiþ pestylence..þat I schew my streynþ in þe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)4 Kings 17.36 : But þe lord ȝoure god þat ladde ȝou out fro þe lond of egipt in gret strenkþe..hym dredeþ & hym honoureþ.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.311 : Contricion destroyeth the prisoun of helle and maketh wayk and feble alle the strengthes of the deueles.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)16b/b : Vertues is a companye of angels and here seruise is to do..miracles..denys seiþ þat vertues haueþ strenkþe [L virilitatem] to worche as god grauntith hem.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)4013 : Suilk strinthe [Vsp: strengh] es of þe hali gast.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.6.316 : This strengthe [L uis] of the devyne science, which that embraseth alle thinges by his presentarie knowynge, establissheth manere to alle thinges.
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)95a : Hit is not in þe strenkeþe of an yuel spirit to caste oute þe feondes, but in goddes owen vertu and strenkeþe.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)75/104 : In þe fyftene grees þou may Ascende..The sexte is confidens in goddys strenght A-lon.
- a1500(c1380) Wycl.Papa (Ryl Eng 86)471 : Þer ben many cardenals & many men knyttid to hem, myche meyne to a bischop, & manye persones in an ordre, & al is charge to comyn men & strengþe to þe fendis part.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)1 : What is he this thus vs supprisith and distroyeth, in so moche that oure strengthes..may nought with-holde hym?
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)4979 : Þiss mahhte tredeþþ unnderrfot All modiȝnessess strenncþe.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)28/7 : Me þu makest to steoruen wið þe strengðe of þine beoden.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)144/5 : Þurh þe strengðe of eadmodnesse he weorp þe þurs of helle.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.17 : He wolde have i-used þe strengþe [L vigorem] of religioun, but þe cruelte of Gascoyns wolde nouȝt suffre it.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.704 : This king..With strengthe of deth was overcome.
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)341 : O malis is strenger whanne it is gederid in o persone, and it is of lesse strengþe whanne it is departid in manye.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.m.3.4 : Thus, whan that nyght was discussed and chased awey, dirknesses forleten me, and to myn eien repeyred ayen hir [Philosophy's] firste strengthe [L uigor].
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.2.140 : How greet is the strengthe of nature; For how so that men han diverse sentences and discordynge, algates men accorden alle in lovynge the eende of good.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)208/9 : By þe strenkþe of þe deeþ he is pryued of alle þingis.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)297/30 : Þei mowe be ouercome be strengþe of mercy.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)150/2 : Þe vnclene affeccioun is clensid..þat..þe stireng may be cesed..but it so be þat bi necligens and sclewth it is suffred to gadre strength and myght ayenst þe soule.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)147/30 : Drede that a man hath of Perelis..is nedfull thynge to a man that he be Stabelid and confermyd by the Streyth [read: Streynth] of the vertue that gothe not out of the wey.
c
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)36/30 : Hwu ne is þiss seo mycele Babilonia þe ic sylf getimbrode to cynestole & to þrymme me sylfen, to wlite & to wuldre, mid minen agene mæigne & strængðe?
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)19686 : He flæh off þe land..Wiþþ hise Lerninngcnihhtess..nass he nohht forrdredd off hemm Noff here [Pharisees'] laþe strenncþe, He þatt wass Godess Sune & Godd.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)49/28 : He, ðurh hwam kinges rixit and alle mihtes and alle strengþes of him cumeð..lai bewunden on fiteres and mid swaðelbonde ibunden.
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)13/215 : So schal þi name springe Fram kynge to kynge..Þe strengþe of þine honde In to Eurech londe.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)418/16 : Þare was a forbuysne þar-of bi-gonne Longue are þe strencþe of cristinedom on vrþe were i-wonne.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3592 : Of ðo ðe weren to ðis red xxx hundred to ðe dead Woren ðane don sone a-non, Ðurg strengðe of moyses and aaron.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.33.28 : I shal ȝeue the lond in to wildernesse and into desert, and the pride and strengthe therof shall faile.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1430 : Þe mayster..comaundes hym..fech forþe vessel þat his fader broȝt, Nabugodenozar, noble in his strenþe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1490 : The brother, daun Ethiocles, Ful wrongfully of Thebes held the strengthe.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)817 : Chefely kepe sharply the narowe see Betwene Dover and Caleise..That foes passe not wythought godewyll of us And they abyde oure daunger..What for oure costis and Caleise in oure strenghte.
- (1464) Statutes Ireland 3p.185 : He hath applied him [to] set..peix & rest among your subiectes..in suche wyse as by goddis gra[ce] and his said labour pollitique wit reule, manhode, wisdome, & streyngthe.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)122a : A Strenthe..potencia, potestas.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)121/19 : But whan with Streynth and Powere hym compaynyth witte and connynge..in goodnys may the Prynce Play, and with good men Surly walke.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)157 : Yf it be in þy defaute, then thin accion shall stonde in my strenght.
- a1500 St.Brendan Conf.(Cmb Hh.1.12)42/63 : I haue ben glad of oþer menes harme..and..I haue ben sory of hir encresse in goodnesse, in strenghþe, in wisdome..and in welþe.
d
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)129/4 : For þan euel to done nis non strencþe, ac is unmihte, for þi he is ihealden strengere ðe ouor-cumþ his auȝen mod, þanne he ðe slecð and casteles nemð.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.2.12 : Thow most nedes knowen that goode folk ben alwey strong and myghti, and the schrewes ben feble and desert and naked of alle strengthes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.2.175,187 : In the getyng of which good the strengthe of good folk is ful wel yseene: For..ryght so mostow..demen hym..myghty that geteth and atteyneth to the ende of alle thinges that ben to desire..Of the whiche power of goode folk men mai conclude that the wikkide men semen to be bareyne and naked of alle strengthe.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.2.229 : But thow wolt seyn that schrewes mowen..that ne denye I nat; but certes hir power ne desscendeth nat of strengthe, but of feblesse.
e
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)20a/b : What þing a sowl is..is vnknowe to many men..Ipertus clepiþ hit a firy strenkþe..igneus est illis vigor et celestis origo.
4.
(a) Moral, spiritual, or intellectual strength; the power to resist temptation, withstand tribulation, etc.; also person.; -- also pl.; (b) fortitude as one of the four cardinal virtues; (c) a source of spiritual strength, mainstay.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)97/18 : Oft God cunneð mid his swinglen mid hwylcen mode se mann god do, oððe on hwylcre strængðe he aræfne þa costnunge, þe him on becumð.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)5519-21 : Þe feorþe ȝife off Haliȝ Gast Iss strenncþe ȝæn þe deofell, Strenncþe to fihhtenn stallwurrliȝ Onnȝæn þe flæshess lusstess.
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.Pentec.(Lamb 487)99 : Þes halȝen gastes..onlihte ure mod mid seofanfald ȝife, þet is, mid wisdom and anȝite, mid iðohte and streinde [read: streinðe], mid gode dedan and trewfestnesse.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)155 : Ah ure drihten..ȝeue us mihte and streinðe to habben þet ilke wepne þa þe apostel spekð of.
- a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)191 : To swiche fihte bedeð ure drihten us and þat we kiden þer one ure strengðe.
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)18/167 : 'Do nu,' quoð strengðe, warschipe suster, 'þet te limpet to þe & warne us of his wiheles.'
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)20/178 : Ne mei me na þing heardes offearen ne nowcin ne na wone falsi min heorte ne wursi mi bileaue towart him þet ȝeueð me alle mine strengðen [Roy: strencðen].
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)144/27 : Eadmodnesse..þah ha hire makie swa smeal & se meoke, ha is þinge strengest swa þet of hire is euch gastelich strengðe.
- a1275 On leome (Trin-C B.14.39)96 : Ber hure herrinde, if þi vil his..To þine sone þat is so brit, þat he us þeue [read: yeue] strenþe & mist To seruen him wid wunne.
- a1300 When y se blosmes (Roy 2.F.8)42 : Iesu, lefman suete, þv hyef me strenghte and myþt..to servi þe aryþt.
- (a1333) Herebert Come shuppere (Add 46919)8 : Come, shuppere holy gost..Þer oure body is leoþe-wok ȝyf strengþe vrom aboue.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)58.10 : Y shal kepe to þe myn strengþes, for God is my taker, my God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Dan.8.12 : Strengthe is ȝouen to hym aȝeinus the contynuel sacrifice for synnes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1075 : He shal han strengthe [vr. streynkeþ] of the help of god and of al holy chirche.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)19.355 : I wote wel we beth nouȝte of strengthe To gone agayne pryde but grace were with vs.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)12/5 : With his frut he fedde me þat my strenghþes fayle not in tribulacioun.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)7/5 : Verrei strengþe is in þe souȝle, for it is perpetuel ȝif it be wel norisched.
- a1425 Rolle FLiving (Arun 507)417 : In ilk a sinful man..are iii wrechednesses..Þe first is defaute of gasteli strinth.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)48/22 : Þe more þat þin hope is in hym, þe more þou schalt haue strengþe of his grace to aȝeynstonde alle fondyngis.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)48/1 : Martyrs wer to vs ensample of strength [SC(1): fortitudinis].
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)30/20 : He hathe yif me also a body with wittes, a soule with strengthes, [etc.].
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.15.9b : In meditacion þou schalt see vertues whilke arn nedful to þe for to han, as meknes..riȝtwisnesse, gostli strengþe..and charite.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)41/31 : She comaundid to strengthe [F Force] that if any sorewe cam to hir body, that she sholde modre it.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)22.2 : The water of grace..makes vs to recouere oure strenght that we lost in syn.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)96/6 : Vche sawle is a spirituell stryngthe [L vis], growynge of vnderstondyng at godys wylle.
b
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)90/30 : Þæt feorðe mæȝen is Fortitudo, þæt is strenhðe oððe anrednesse.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)81/13 : Hier after cumþ an oðer godes ȝiue, ðe is icleped fortitudo, þat is strengþe of gode.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)124/14 : Þise uour uirtues byeþ y-cleped cardinals..Strengþe, þet he ne by be tyene oþer be drede oþer be zorȝe ouercome.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)801 : Foure vertues cardinals þer beoþ; Þat is, strengþe and sleihschupe, Rihtfulnesse and worschupe.
- c1400 Apoc.(2) (Hrl 171)24/14 : These foure figuris bitokenen foure principal vertues: þe lioun, strengþe; þe calf, temperaunce; þe man, riȝtwijnesse; þe egle, prudence.
- (c1434) Drury Wks.(CmbAdd 2830)79/137 : The þredde is strenthe, ffortitudo in latyn.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)125/3 : Of the iije vertu cardynal, that is y-callid fortitudo, in Englysh, streynthe.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)146/17 : Cardynal vertues byth callid Pryncipale vertues: the fryst is callid in latyne Prudencia; the Secunde, Iusticia; the thyrde, Fortitudo; the fourthe..Temporancia; Thes byth callid in Frence Visonge, or Purveyaunce, Dreiture, Coerance and Temporaunce..in Englyshe Wysdome, Ryghtfulnes, Streynthe, and Tempure.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)103/74 : Vertues of soule moste worthy in our living..ben prudence, justice, temperaunce, and strength.
c
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)217 : Heo is hefone liht and eorðe brihtnesse..anglene blisse and mancenne hiht and hope, richtwisen strenhcþe and niedfulle frouer.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)17.1 : Ha Lord, y shal loue þe, my strengþe, my fasteninge, my refut, and my deliuerer of iuel.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)30.4 : For þou art my strengþe and my refut.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.17.1 : I Shal loouen þee, lord, my strengþe [L fortitudo].
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(1) (Vrn)234 : Aue nostrum gaudium, nostra fortitudo..Heil, vr Ioye of worþinesse And vr strengþe þerto.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.1 : I sall luf the lord my strenght..thurgh whaim i am stalworth in thoght.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.296 : Gaudium etenim domini est fortitudo vestra: Þe ioye of our lord is ȝour strencþe.
5.
(a) Force of movement, impetus; (b) the force of moving water, strength of current; also, the force of pent-up waters [1st quot.]; (c) the force of wind; -- also pl.; also, the strength of a dragon's blast; (d) the intensity of fire or heat, hotness.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)121a/b : Whanne a þing meoviþ by violence, þe strenkþe is in þe biginnynge of þe meovinge, and þe furþer it is fro þe biginnynge, þe feb[l]ere is þe mevinge, as it fareþ in arowe þat comeþ out of bowe, þat may flee so ferre þat at þe laste he þurleþ noþing nouþir greueþ.
- c1400 PPl.C (Vsp B.16)11.36 : Strengþe [Hnt HM 137: Stonde he neuere so styfliche, þorgh sterynge of þe bote He bendeþ and boweþ; þe body his vnstable].
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)7945 : For als þe lyght of þe son, thurgh strenthe, May fleghe fra þe est tylle þe west..Ryght swa þai may, whyder þai wille, fleghe In a schort twynkellyng of ane eghe.
- c1450(1438) GLeg.St.Nich.(GiL2)(Eg 876)60/13 : He felle in slombre in a karfoke, and a cart come with gret strengthe and slowe hym.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)96/7 : Sho lepe oute of þe ship into þe watir, and with strenthe of hur lowpyng þe bote drownyd.
b
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)581 : Ðan noe was in-to ðe arche cumen, Ilc wateres springe here strengðe undede, And reyn gette dun on euerilk stede.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.17.17 : Ouþer puffynge wynd or..strengþe [WB(2): feersnesse; L vis] of ful myche rennyng-doun water..or þe aȝen sounynge rebounding of soun fro þe heiȝeste hillis maden þem failing for drede.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22570 : Vp to þe lift rise sal þe see þar wit strenght [Phys-E: strenket] to get entre.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Arun 507)138 : A man þat is fallin in þe water & thorugh strinht of þe water is borne forth..if he mai gete ani thing þat has gode festenynge as rote or stake, he mai lete þe water to bere him forth.
- c1450 Mandev.(4) (CovCRO Acc.325/1)1861 : A ryuer..renneth thereby That Ynde is callid..And in that ryuere of grete strengþe Bethe eelis of thirtie fete of lengþe.
c
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1461 : Togider þai fond forto fiȝt And þurth þe strengþe of her [dragons'] blast Al þi werk is doun ycast.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.m.4.10 : The felle wynd Auster tormenteth the cop of the mountaigne with alle his strengthes [L uiribus].
- c1450 Kynge of grace (Trin-C B.11.24)90 : The see woll ryse..Thorowe the strength off þe wynd Into the Welken hitt schall slynge.
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)352 : Thest wynde with suche a strength of blast aRos that al the tabernacles and other edifices..fil doun to grounde.
d
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)3106 : Þe fire here, of strenthe es les Þan þe fire of purgatory es.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Hnt HM 148)2/22 : Þe strenght of þe fyre [Thrn: þou may se þat water es mad hate thurgh strenghe of ffyre].
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)214/677 : Thorow strenght of the fyre þer will fall an oyle owt of þe holid pot in to þe pot þat standith in the erth.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1737 : Strenger hete is he..bi his strength, his poware is more To make digestion then he myght bifore.
6.
(a) A faculty; (b) ability, capacity; also, a strong point, special virtue [quot. c1440]; ~ of counseil, ableness of counsel; after their strengthes, according to their means; haven no ~, to have no means (to do sth.), be unable; (c) of al strengthes, with al strengthe(s, with al the strengthes of herte, with all (one's) might, to the best of (one's) ability; (d) gram. the ability to govern or require a certain construction, grammatical force; bi (in) the ~ of.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)126a/b : In þe dawinge vertue and strengþe of witte and of felinge beþ comfortid.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21757 : Þe saul it es strenthes [Göt: of strinthes] thrin þat taken o cros þai ber wit-in.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3026 : Ȝif a man coude it bere..With-Inne his honde next þe skyn enclosed, Þe strengþe of siȝt schulde be deposed Of hem þat wolde gasen or biholde.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.m.4.32-7 : Whennes is thilke strengthe that byholdeth the singuler thinges? Or whennes is the strengthe that devydeth thinges iknowe; and thilke strengthe that gadreth togidre the thingis devyded; and the strengthe that chesith his entrechaunged wey?
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.m.4.58 : Than is the strengthe of the thought imoevid and excited.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.5.78 : We..han strengthe of resonynge and of ymagynynge and of wit.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)37/28 : Charite is a strengthe of þe soule to loue god for himself.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)184/7 : Þe wytt qwych is in þe hande is in þe strenght of towchyng or gropyng, and þe cours þer-of is in hete or cold, scharp and soft.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)96/7,9-11 : Vche sawle..hauys two stryngthes [Ashmole: strengthes; L vires] rennynge to-gedre yn þe body..oon of þe stryngthes is a tokenynge, þe oþer ys wirkand, þat glorious god hauys inlightyd of vij strenghes: of stryngthe attractyue and retractyf, of stryngthe digestyf and purgatyf, of strengthe nutrityf and infirmatyf and sustantyf.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)96/13 : Þe wirkynge of þis last, þat þe Auctour clepys vegetatyf & I here strenght sustantyf, yn composicion of Mannys body ys yn þe receyte of þe seed in þe mariȝ.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)231/35 : The sowle hath thre strengþes: scilicet, racionabilite, concupiscibilite, and irascibilite.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)130/67 : Instrument of willing is thilke strength of the soule which that constrayneth to wilne.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Esd.2.69 : Aftir þeir strenkþes [WB(2): myȝtes] þei ȝeuyn þe costis of þe werk.
- 1425(a1400) Spec.Chr.(1) (Lnsd 344)119/3 : God..wol þat his enemyes..haue myȝte and strengthe to laste in sueche horibil payne & woo wtoutin ende.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)90/2 : Þere was greete discorde for þis appil..and..þei took Paris for to iuge þe cause; Paris sought diligently þe strengþe and þe myȝte of euery of them be þe silf.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)19.218 : To stryven Aȝens hire Baronye Sche ne hadde non strengthe.
- c1470 Bible F.(Cleve-W q091.92-C468)83/31 : They hourdisid and garnyshid them of alle that was nedefulle..so þat the Iuwes might haue no strength to issue out of the cite to fight.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)134/25 : Thegh they haue not myght..armes to bere in har oldnysse, they hathe vertue and Streynth of consaill y-prowide.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.31.6 : With all my streynþes I haue seruyd to ȝour fader.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Par.29.2 : I..with alle my strengþis [vr. streyngthes; WB(2): myȝtis; L viribus] haue maad redi þe expensis of þe hous of my god.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)395 : Al schal crye, for-clemmed, with alle oure clere strenþe.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Luke 10.27 : Thou schalt loue thi Lord God of al thin herte, and of al thi soule, and of alle thi strengthis, and of al thi mynde.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)0a/a : I do graces or þankez to god..prayng hym with al þe strengthes of myn hert þat yn þys werke..he send me help.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)41/20 : Trewly verry loue and charite is to loue god with alle thy strength.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)36/21 : Þis spice of freendly loue toward god..we schulen haue and paie to god aboue al freendly loues to creaturis, and of al oure herte, of al oure soule, and of alle oure strengþis.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Add 9066)427 : Therfore I am holdyn to serue hym with all my strengthes And membres.
- a1500 St.Brendan Conf.(Cmb Hh.1.12)43/125 : I haue not loued þe God in alle tymes aboue alle þinges wt alle myn herte..and wt alle my strengþes and myghtis.
d
- c1450 Add.19046 Treat.Syntax (Add 19046)194/73 : Ego est pronomen..þe nominatyfe case ego..stondyth for noo syngnificacion but for þe word onli, and then he stondyth in þe stede of a nowne substantyfe of þe neuter gender, syngler numbre, in þe strengtht of þe thyrde person and vndeclined.
- c1450 Add.19046 Treat.Syntax (Add 19046)200/327 : Howe many verbes have strenght to copull like cases?
- c1450 Peniarth Comparacio(2) (Pen 356B)66/20 : Wt what case will þe posityf degre be construed after hym? Wt no case by þe strengthe of hys degre.
- c1450 Trin-C.Accedence (Trin-C O.5.4)34/129 : Also wordes that bytokenyth emtynesse or fullenesse..and verbes that haue strengthe to constre wyth genityf case..wyll constrew wt genityf case.
- a1500 Hatton Informacio (Hat 58)112/80 : What maner of verbis hath strength to copull like case owt-take verbis substantiuys and verbis vocatiuis?
7.
(a) Physical vigor; a state of physical well-being, one's prime; also, the power of proper functioning of the body or its members, a physiological process, etc.; in min most strengthes, in my prime; muchel on ~, of great vigor; nimen (taken) strengthes, to revive, be refreshed; wenden in the ~ of, go fortified by (food); (b) a state of virility or sexual vigor; (c) the state of health of a person, physical condition of a patient, an animal, or a bodily member; (d) ~ of bred (water), the mainstay of health, that which sustains the body.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)6/3 : Gyf þu strægncðe habbe, bruc þære to nytte.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)29/20 : Hie is ȝelich ðe seneueies corne, ðe is litel an seihtþe and michel on strengþe.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)211/13 : Þe oþer half ȝer feasten al bute sunne dahes ane hwen ȝe beoð in heale & i ful strengðe.
- a1250(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Mdst A.13)123/494 : Ne þu miht mid strengþe þe selue sternen [read: steren].
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)164 : Þe strencþe him failede in is limes; is bodi bi-cam al cold.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)18/25 : No guod he ne heþ þet god ne heþ hit him y-yeue, ne guodes of kende, ase uayrhede..strengþe of bodye, an sleȝþe, and naturel wyt..ne guodes of auenture, ase richesses, worssipe..ne guodes of grace, ase byþ uirtues.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.15.19 : Watrys wentyn out of it, þe whiche drunkyn, he [Samson] fedde þe spirit & strenkthis [L vires] tooc aȝeen.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.19.8 : I beseche..þat a litil of mete þou take, & strengþis nomyn [WB(2): make thee strong] to þe tyme þat ful springe þe day, & aftyr go þou forth.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Kings 19.8 : He wente in þe strenkþe of þat mete fourty daies & fourti nyȝt.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2802 : From his feet vp to his brest was come The coold of deeth..And..in his armes two The vital strengthe is lost and al ago.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2008 : The strengthe of man is sone lore Bot if that he it wel governe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)56a/a : Also be strengþe & febilnes of breeþ schewiþ þe state of spiritual membres.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)5225 : Ȝyf þou wylt, yn strenkþe and hele, Þy synne forsake..with sorow of herte and repentaunce, Þou mayst pay God with lytyl penaunce.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)709 : Al þinges..ware of gretter strenȝt and piþ or adam had for-done þe griþ.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)5.193 : He hadde no strengþe to stonde er he his staf hadde.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)113/23 : Wolde God þat alle..wolde..þenke..hou Crist..apostlis, martirs, and monye þousand maidens dispiseden and losten þer feirnesse, þer strengþes, ȝe, and þer owne lif, wiþ alle þe worldes worschup and richesse.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4737 : Love..is..A strengthe weyked to stonde vpright And feblenesse full of myght, Witte vnavised, sage folie, And ioie full of turmentrie.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)18a/b : Þerfor þe sperme after þis is decised fro al þe body, noȝt forsoþ in mole, i. gretnez, bot in vigour, i. strengþ [L vigore].
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3323 : I was merride one molde in my moste strenghethis.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)37/5 : Ysis..is goddes of plantis and graffis, and sche yeueth them strengthe [vr. streynght] and growinge to multeplie.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)15.229 : The strengthe [F forche] Of hire Membres Anon Sche hadde Aȝen there tho Everichon.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)7919 : He leveth not that can devyse A persone to haue more semelynesse, More beaute, more streyght [vrr. strenght, streight], more largesse.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)18/3 : Breed ȝyueþ strengþe to þe body.
- c1450 Scrope Othea (Lngl 253)1 : The naturel course off kynde, by revolucion and successyon of lx yeeres growyn vpon yowe at this tyme of age and feblenesse, ys comen, abatyng youre bodly laboures, takyng away yowre naturall streyngtht and power from all such labouris as concernyth the exercysing off dedis of cheuallrie.
- a1475 Bk.Quint.(Sln 73)15/11 : Þe oolde feble man schal vse þis deuyn drynk at morn and at euen..and wiþinne a fewe dayes..he schal fele him silf of þe statt and þe strenkþe of xl ȝeer.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)163/27 : I drawe fast to An ende þat or my strenthis fro me wende, gode lorde send dow þi son þat I..myght wurcheppe hym.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)62b/b : Abouen alle oþir þingis strong akynge ouercomeþ myȝt of vertu and strenkþe.
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)2844 : Al sodeynly he roos vp hool & sounde; And whan he was restorid to his strengthe, He gaff preisyng laude & reverence.
- a1500 15c.Serm.Cycle(Hrl 2247:Powell)105/94 : If þer myght be founde such a..crafty man þat cowde..recure sike men..and restore hym ageyn to his first myght and strenght, wele myght he be callid a..kunnyng.
b
- a1475 Leve lystynes (Brog 2.1)p.33 : Here is a pyntell of a fayre lenȝte, But he berys a sory strenȝte.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)103a/b : A good phisician takeþ hede..of þe myȝt & of þe strenkþe [L vires] of þe pacient & þerby he varieþ his medycyne.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)243/9 : Þou schalt lete him blood þe quantite after his elde & after his strenkþe.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)113/388 : If he haue many fykos in his bodi, þen þou schalt let him blede aftur þat his elde & his strengþe wol streche.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)33b/a : It is also nedeful þat þilke norischinge be liȝt to defien for þe debilite of þe childis strenkþe.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)118/4 : They..putte theim in exercise to suffir payne and trauayle accordyng to their ages and strengthes [F corpulences].
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)27a/6 : Brent coler mengyd with malencoly makythe dyuerce enpostumes aftir dyuerce quayntite and dyuerce sted and dyuerce strenghte and..febilnes of the lyme in whiche he is.
d
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.3.1 : Þe lordshipere lord of hostis shal don awei fro ierusalem & fro Juda þe stalworþe & þe stronge & al þe strengþe [L robur] of brede & al þe strengþe of water.
8.
(a) Intensity of pain, hunger, an emotion, etc.; the severity of an ailment; the power of love; (b) a high degree (of sth.); ~ of dronkenesse, the heat of drunkenness.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)7294 : Ah hatien we wulleð mid hæhȝere strengðe.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.787 : Yet he was noght of such myht The strengthe of love to withstonde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)15a/a : Seraphin..is clepid hoot, for þe strengþe of loue excitiþ & meueth as it were hete to þe felinge of swetnes.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3717 : Ȝyf þer be oþer lorde or syre þat wraþþyth hym with grete yre, And euermore yn strenkþe Þat wraþþe drawe yn lenþe, Þat yche wraþþe ys synne strong.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)128 : Þe fyrre I folȝed þose floty valez, Þe more strenghþe of ioye myn herte straynez.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6703 : Þe strenthe of hungre sal þam swa chace Þat þair awen flesshe þai sal of-race.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)535/22 : Blode last is noght onely made for a multitude but for þe strengþe [*Ch.(1): strongnez] of the passioun withoute multitude.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)139/719 : Ȝif it so be þat suche a sore be of long tyme..& þe strengþe of þe dolur be ouer-gon..& þe same humure..be towed to-gedere as þoȝ it were lyme or glw & may not oþer-wise be done away, þen þou schalt with an hot rasur..garse þe bonche.
b
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Ecclus.31.40 : Strengthe [WB(1): wilsumnesse; L animositas] of drunkenesse and hirting of an vnprudent man makith vertu lesse, and makynge woundis.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)108a/a : In bathez aluminosus is neuer away or wanteþ neuer strengþ [L robur] of prosperite.
9.
(a) Influence, import; (b) importance; no ~, no matter; ben lite ~ of, to be of little importance; don no (maken no, ne maken never) ~ of, take no heed of (sth.), attach no importance to; maken more ~, consider it more important (to do sth.); maken no ~, be indifferent; setten ~ and difference bitwixe, make a significant distinction between.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)42/2 : Seltsene speche haueð muche strengðe.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)106/6 : Notið þet ich segge 'Euch efter his stat,' for þet word is ifeðeret; ȝe mote makien..i moni word muche strengðe [Cai: strechþe].
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)125/2 : My worde sall be of als grete strenth and als scharpe and scherand as my swerde.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)953 : I may not passe awey A word of myghty strenght til that I seye.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)188/17 : Þe tweien oþre, þah has weren seke, ne nomen neauer ȝeme hweat wes hal, hwet unhal to eoten ne to drinken, ah nomen eauer forðriht hwet se godd ham sende, ne makeden neauer strengðe [Cai: strecðe] of gingiure ne of zedual ne of clowes de gilofre.
- c1230 Ancr.(Corp-C 402)217/17 : Vnderstondeð eauer of alle þeose þinges þet nan nis heast ne forbod þet beoð of þe uttre riwle þet is lute strengðe of.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)69/62 : Huy comen to an vrninde brok þere huy mosten ouer wade; Þe tormentores woden ouer al a-brod and no strencþe þar-of ne maden!
- ?c1335 Swet ihc hend (Hrl 913)p.82 : Þou doist no streinþ of god is hest; Of deþ whi neltov þenche?
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)25/31 : Þanne byeþ þo ypocrites..þet makeþ more strengþe to habbe þane name of guod man þanne þe zoþnesse.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)51/36 : Yef he him damnede be him zelue, þer-of no strengþe [Vices & V.(2): it were þe lasse fors].
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2347 : Þouhȝ þei murþer me þanne, I no make no strengþe.
- (1395) Wycl.37 Concl.(Tit D.1)33 : If ony man..seith that no prechinge is not but in the pulpit, and settith greet strengthe and difference bitwix teche and preche, symple cristene men nylen stryuen in wordis bi the techinge of Poul.
10.
(a) The power to produce some physical effect, potency; also in fig. context [quot. ?a1425(c1380)]; a curative or harmful property; virulence of venom; intensity of flavor [quot. a1325]; the ~ of herbes, the poem entitled De Viribus Herbarum, ascribed to Macer; (b) magical or supernatural virtue or power; a magical or supernatural property; (c) an attack of sickness; (d) ?a potent substance, an abortifacient.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B)67/5 : Þes wyrt..oferswið ealle strenȝþe þæs attres.
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B)169/14 : Þanna hæfeð þeos wyrt basilica ealla hyra strengþa [L violentias].
- a1325 Add.46919 Cook.Recipes (Add 46919)45.7/5 : Þer schal gret vlehs beon igrounden, & sucre for ta baten þe streynþe of þe specerie.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)136 : A noynement anon sche made of so grete strengþe, bi enchaunmens of charmes..þat whan þat womman..hadde þat worli child ones wel anoynted..he wex to a werwolf.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.11 : Þe strengþe and malice of þis venym was so grym and so grisliche þat..non manere metaille myȝte it holde.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.823 : Whan that a man is nat wont to strong drynke and..ne knoweth nat the strengthe of the drynke..it is no deedly synne but venyal.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1408 : He was a worthi knyht and king And clerk knowende of every thing..Of Macer al the strengthe of herbes, And the Phisique of Ypocras.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)137b/a : Dewe wiþstondeþ and bereþ doun þe strengþe of venym in venemouse beestis.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)14/13 : For þat þe smale lymes ben feble & moun not wiþstonde þe strenkþe of þe vitriol, þe fleisch meltiþ vndir it.
- c1400 Daniel *Herbal (Arun 42)f.66v : Opene þe mowþ of þe vessel þat þe strengþe of þe acet may breþyn out.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)17b : The most strenþe of him is in þe sede and in þe rote..he is gode for þe stomake þat swelliþ.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)39b : Lovache ys hote and drye; the moste streythe [?read: streynthe] ys in the rote and in the side, ffor bothe hathe maistrey in wirching medicynes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.5.86 : Thilke passiouns that ben waxen hard in swellynge by perturbacions flowynge into thy thought mowen waxen esy and softe to resceyven the strengthe of a more myghty and more egre medicyne.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)108a/a : Verbena..newe brissed, helpeþ þe pillerez of þe feete with priue or hid strengthez [Ch.(2): vertues; L viribus].
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)33/10 : Thei seide that Bachus was a god, the which had youen such strengthe [vr. streynghte] to his plante.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)118/2 : Circes..made ordeyne for þeim a potage ful delicious..but þe potage had such a strengthe þat sodeinly þe knyȝtis were chaunged in-to swyne.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)204/8 : As he castyth, late hym sowpe of þe watyr, for þe strengthe of þe herbe wyll brenne his chekys.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)118 : Take senuey sede and ley it with senuey rotes in must and..late hem lie and soke..þe wyn is wel proffitable and holsome to many sorys, after þat it hauyþ drawyn out þe strengþe of these.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)120a/a : Þe strenkþe of þe medicyns may not come þerto for lenkþe of þe weye.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)64/20 : In oure other booke fully of thaire proprete and of the strengthes [Lambeth: vertuz; L virtutibus] of herbes and natures of plantis we have declared.
b
- a1400 Newberry Lapid.(Nwb Case 32.9)3/11 : This boke deuyseth vs of kyndeliche stones that the bible seyth..and that Salamon sayth..and that seint Ion the Ewangelist saith, þat knew þe strengthe of stones and wordes.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1580 : Yitt hath the merveilous cristall Such strengthe that the place ouerall..And all the yerde in it is seene.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)28.241 : Tortenavs is the Name Of this fysch..And his bones of these strengthe ben..For As long As Ony man it hath On honde..nethir of ioye ne of sorwe schal he have In Mende.
- a1450 Dc.291 Lapid.(Dc 291)p.18 : God yaue grete vertues & many strencthes to thise stones.
- ?c1450(a1388) Wallingford Exafrenon (Dgb 67)183 : Thu most knawe the strenghtis and vertues substancial of all the planetis.
- ?c1450(a1388) Wallingford Exafrenon (Dgb 67)201 : The 3 Chapitre is of the strenght and the febilnes of the planetis.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)1.394 : In astronomye..She knewe the strengthe and the stondyng stille Of alle the planetes þat regnen vp-on hey.
- a1500 Bod.EMisc.Lapid.(BodEMisc e.558)23/5 : Evax, the kyng of Arabye, sente a booke to Nero, the Emperour of Rome, the whiche tolde hym þe strenkthis and vertues of the stonys.
- a1500 Bod.EMisc.Lapid.(BodEMisc e.558)36/364 : The lygure..drawith to hire a stre by strengthe.
c
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.79 : He arrayede hym to masse warde..and was i-take wiþ strengþe [L vi] of siknes.
d
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)8337 : Ȝyf men or womman be so wylde To fordo a getyng of a chylde..syn hyt ys gete, with mete or drynk þat þey do ȝete Or oþer strenkþe [F sorcerie] þat hyt dye, Þan þey doun ful grete folye.
11.
(a) The gist or tenor of a text; the import of a document; (b) meaning, signification; the important part [2nd quot.]; (c) the demonstrative force or weight of a premise.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390(c1350) NHom.(2) PSanct.(Vrn)97/39 : Þis is þe strengþe of þis gospel, As men in Englisch tonge may tel.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.49 : This es the strenketh of our godspelle.
- (1447) RParl.5.132a : The Kyng..hath graunted that it be doone after the strengthe, fourme, and effecte of this Petition.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)348/3 : Richard harecourte..and Thomas Lewes..ordeyned..there..attorneyes..to..delyver in ther name full..seisyne of and in a dwellyng place..called Cokerellys..vnto..Thomas Estyngton, Clerk, Iohn Crofton, and to Alexandre Martyne..aftir the strengthe, forme, and effecte, of theire charter therof made.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)91/27 : The fourme of thay Pryuylegis, as thay wer endyted At Rome a-latyne, y may not comly sette in Englysh..But the mest streynth is this: Whan the Pope Adryan Hadd Herde, [etc.].
b
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.41.26 : Seuen oxen fayr and seuen eerys fulle seuen ȝeris of plentith ben, and the same strengthe of sweuen holdun.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.260 : Th'ende is every tales strengthe.
c
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.10.126 : Certes..y ne may nat denye ne withstonde the resouns purposed; and I se wel that it folweth by strengthe of the premisses.
12.
(a) A physical exertion, an effort; also, an effort to accomplish something, an endeavor, attempt; (b) an urgent request; don ~, to importune (sb. to do sth.); maken ~, importune.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)12/156 : Ant þah hare meiðhad beo ed ure [read: ediure] nuðe, þin is þe mare strengðe to halden.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5177 : Þe Sarrazin..sir Wawain..asailed strong..Him to nim þai deden strengþe.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)44a/a : Nisus: strengþe.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)122a : A Strenthe: Conatus, Conamen, Nisus..molimen.
b
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)2063 : Ihesus made semblaunt as he wolde þennes anon, And hi dude him strengþe langer to by-leue.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)4 Kings 5.16 : Whanne he made strengthe [WB(1): forsynge; L vim], that is, greet preier, Elisee assentide not outirli.
13.
In phrases: (a) bi ~, perforce; bi ~ of (bi), by virtue of, by means of, because of; (b) ful ~, in full measure, fully.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)126/12 : He cliuen in to þe helle of perfeccion of liue be strengþe be hire oȝene uirtue.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)161/20 : Þe norice conforteþ þet child þet wepþ, uor hi wypeþ þe eȝen and him kest, and hi deþ him leȝe be strengþe.
- c1390 Þe wyse mon in (Vrn)424 : He is more worþ þat con distresse Him-self..Þen he þat may fulli conquerre Al a cuntre bi strengþe of werre.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)89/15 : For hire synnes here god hath taken hem in to oure hondes, noght only be strengthe of oureself, but for here synnes.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)423 : Þei schulden bi strengþe of þi preier and of þi lijf and of þi passioun be forȝouun.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)11/29 : Hate of herte is..be strengþe of euyl company to hyndrin & to harmyn his euyncristyn in persone or in goodis.
b
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)30/261 : The heght is euen thyrty Cubettis full strenght.
14.
Law (a) Legal force, validity in law; abiden (remainen) in ~, to remain in force; ben (stonden) in ~, beren ~, be valid, have legal force; (b) confirmation.
Associated quotations
a
- (1414) RParl.4.58a : By strengthe and colour of the forseide Statut..the forseide Priour and Chanons hav us endited by men of her owne clothyng.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2131 : His graunt..Stood in his strengþe fully.
- (1423) RParl.4.256b : And that this ordynaunce stretche and bere strenketh also wel wyth in Chesshire, as elles wher.
- (1426) Doc.in Collect.Topogr.4255 : Þe seide bonde..shall lese his strenght and be voyde.
- (1436) RParl.4.501a : All suche Vidimus here after to be made myght ben voide, cassed, adnulled, and of no strenketh.
- (1443) Will York in Sur.Soc.30134 : I wille that a speciall wille..be in registred and of as grete strength and auctorite as my present testament written at thys tyme.
- (1450) RParl.5.194b : Provided also..that oure Letters Patentz..stand in theire strenght and plene effect.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.59/17 : Both parties to euerche oþer haue i-relesed for Euer thynges i-doo afore naþelese..betwen parties i-maade þorowgh all here articles in þere strenght abidyng.
- (1472-5) RParl.6.164b : Which Acte the Kyng..ordeyneth..to be in full strength and force in every poynt therof.
- (1473) RParl.6.85b : Provided alwey..that oure seid Yefte and Graunte undre oure seid Letters Patentes..abyde in their full strenght, effect, force, and vertue.
- c1650(1435) Dec.Leigh in Local Gleanings 1148 : It is my will that that deede..made to the sayd Raffe should [remain] in strength & virtue.
b
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)95/9 : Into witnesse and strengthe of all thyngis he made his seale.
15.
In misc. senses: (a) firmness of alliance; (b) support; comen to the ~ of the court, to support the court by full muster; (c) ?excellence; (d) ?error for sting n.; (e) ?error for streight adv.
Associated quotations
a
- a1500(1439) Lydg.Sts.AA (Lnsd 699)159 : Non sich shuld han governance Wherbi he myht..Catche occasion to make purveyaunce, Bi fors of kynrede, of strenghte of Allyaunce, Thoruh newe rebellion in tookne, word, or sygne, Ageyn the Romaynes proudly to malygne.
b
- c1400 Brut-1333 (Rwl B.171)144/25 : He passede þe see and come into Engeland þrouȝ conseil & strengþ & helpe of meny grete Lordes of Engeland.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)206/3 : Yf nede were the sewters of the forsaid court shold come fully to the strengthe of the courte for the kyngis breef or writte ther to be demed at that tyme, the..Abbesse..shul send thedir their certayn steward.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)52/32 : Soo, for þis man was so yturnet from all wyckednesse ynto all goodnesse, yn gret strengþe and helpe to holy chyrch, þerfor holy chyrch halewoþe his conuersyon.
c
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)44a/b : Nitor: strengþe [Pep: schynynge; Hrl 1738: splendor].
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)271b/b : Been haueþ a kyng þat is nought y-armed wiþ strengþe [L aculeo] but wiþ lordschipe and mageste..or if he haþ a stynge [L aculeum] kynde forbedeþ him þe vse þer of.
e
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)584 : My joy ys especyall To hurde wppe ryches..To se yt, to handyll yt, to tell yt all, And strenght [vr. streightly] to spare.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1475(c1450) ?Scrope Mirror World (Bod 283) 9518 : The norice conforteth the childe that weepeth..shee wypeth his yen and kisseth it and with strengthe [F a force] maketh it too laughe.
Note: Ed.: "with strengthe: 'perforce' ([F] a force)."
Note: New phrase. See 13.(a).
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450(1438) GLeg.Augustine (GiL117) (Eg 876) 616/13 : Alle the boke that thei calle now of the liberall artis..y redde hem and understode hem withoute gret strengthe [F force; L difficultate] and withoute that anibodi taught me.
- c1450(1438) GLeg.Augustine (GiL117) (Eg 876) 628/420 : Whanne thei wolde bere furthe the body, thei might not remeue it in no wise, into the tyme that the kinge made a solempne avowe to make there a chirche..And as sone as he hadde done, thei lefte hym up withouten ani strengthe.
Note: Editor: "strengthe: force P2, difficultate LgA; the French can carry the sense 'difficulty', but MED does not record it for strengthe. For another example see 420..."
Note: New sense.