Middle English Dictionary Entry
bēst(e n.
Entry Info
Forms | bēst(e n. Also beast, beist. |
Etymology | OF |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) One of the animal kingdom (including man), any living creature (non-vegetable); (b) ~ doumb, a dumb animal; dedli ~, mortel ~, mortal creature; devine ~, spiritual or Godlike creature; erthli ~, an animal of the earth; louer ~, one of the animals lower in the scale than man; resounable ~, a creature possessing the power of reason; two-foted ~, biped; unresonable ~.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Foweles (Dc 139)5 : Mulch sorw I walke with for beste of bon and blod.
- c1330 Body & S.(5) (Auch)p.36 : A witteles best [Vrn: þing] as y was born.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1309 : For slayn is man right as another beest.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.201 : In a man beeþ many dyuersitees..In oþer bestes wit is..not chaungeable.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.909 : That ilke ymage bar liknesse Of man and of non other beste.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)19b/a : Isider seiþ þat a man is a best Iliche to god.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.5.173 : Alle othere lyvynge beestes han of kynde to knowe nat hem-self.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)10a/b : Þe brayn in man is more þan in oþer bestez [L animalibus] of euen quantite.
- c1450(?a1449) ?Lydg.Marriage (Dgb 181)92 : Wyves been bestes very vnstable In ther desires.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)98/24 : Maners of Bestes er fyue, þat ys to wete: man, and volatille, ffyssh of þe water, þat gooþ on ffoure feet, & þat stirrys vpon wombe.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)51 : [The glutton] yernþ to þe mete as deþ a best doumb.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)259b/a : Whanne an vnresonable beste is perfitliche ymade..þe face þerof boweþ toward þe erþe..and oonliche to mankynde ordeigneþ..vpright stature.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)547 : Wit bestes doumb man has his fele.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.1.25 : And God made vnresonable beestis of erthe [L bestias terræ].
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.6.69 : Axestow me nat..whethir that I be a resonable mortel beste?
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.5.144 : A man..is a devyne beest be meryte of his resoun.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.6.33 : O, ye erthliche bestes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.4.223 : Man is a resonable two-foted beest.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.97 : Þe wiche [man] is clepid a devyn beest.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)110 : What thyng is a man?..A dedlych best and resonable.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)1858 : Watir is profitable..to ech Creature, To man, woman, and beeste vnresonable.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)2296 : Man is..Namyd beeste resonable.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)76/16 : Man surmountiþ in kynde louȝer beestis bi þis, þat he haþ resoun and fre wil, which louȝer beestis han not.
2.
(a) One of the lower animals, any member of the animal kingdom other than man, animal (as opposed to vegetable or mineral); litel ~, small creature; usually, an insect; (b) bestes kind, ~ state, the nature of a lower animal; ~ of erthe, ~ of feld, lond ~, a land animal; ~ of water; creping ~, a reptile; four-foted ~; notable ~, parfit ~, one of the more highly developed animals; unnotable ~, unparfit ~; man and ~, man and animal; also, every living creature.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)99 : Dahet habbe þat ilke best þat fuleþ his owe nest.
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)375 : To þis grete fischse þulke daye huy come..Louerd crist, þat swch a best scholde houi so stille!
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)574 : Þat him ne hauede grip or ern, Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere, Or oþer best þat wolde him dere.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)1985 : More Myldhede and goednesse in non eorþlich best nys..þan in a goed womman is.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.326 : The serpent..was moost wily of alle othere bestes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.951 : For man of Soule resonable Is to an Angel resemblable, And lich to beste he hath fielinge, And lich to Trees he hath growinge.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)260b/a : No beste haþ mo rewes of teeþ..þan tweyne, outake certein fisshe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)271a/b : The bee..is a litel schort beste [L animal] wiþ many feet.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)275b/a : Cameles wexeþ balled..as þe ostrigge and certeyn bestes among foules.
- (?1406) Hoccl.MR (Hnt HM 111)234 : Who so þt list in the booke of nature Of beestes rede.
- a1425 Adam & E.(3) (Wht)82/12 : Iordan, gadere to-gydere þi wawis and alle lyuynge beestis wiþinne þee.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)115b/b : Cironez i. hand wormez ar smale or litel bestez.
- (1439) RParl.5.24a : Chese and Buttur..wil take grete empayryng by bestes of Vermyn and Wormes.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)27 : Bee, a beste: Apis.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.315 : Bestes..þat ben so inmevable..As schelle fische.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)10101 : An Ampte, a best smal.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)2.181 : Oestres, whiche holde as the laweste place in the kynde of bestes.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)181/20 : The bee is a Passynge wrathfull beste.
b
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)32b : Ha reaueð mon his wit..& forschuppeð him from mon in to beastes cunde.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3827 : The pryde of man and beest he leyde adoun.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 10.12 : In the which weren alle foure footide beestis [L quadrupedia] and crepinge thingis, and volatils of heuene.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1976 : A forest In which ther dwelleth neither man ne best.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.405 : Chalangeþ þe Perses þe elementes, þat beþ comoun to alle, men and bestes?
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.929 : Ther no stormy weder falleth Which myhte grieve man or beste.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)159a : Fisshes haue names of londe bestes, as see houndes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)258b/b : Þilke beþ crepynge bestes and wormes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)263b/a : Tame fourefooted bestes..fleeþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)330a/b : Crepyng bestes of þe water.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)27885 : Alle his manhede..is turnid in-to beste state.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.1.25 : And God made..eche crepynge beeste [L reptile] of erthe.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Wisd.19.18 : Beestis of the feeld [L agrestia] weren turned in to beestis of watir [L aquatica].
- a1425 Shrewsbury Frag.(Shrw 6)5 : What may þis be, þus bright to man & best?
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)53a/a : In vnperfite bestez & plantz.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)133b/a : Venenose reptilez i. crepyng bestes blynded in þe erþe..froteþ her eien with it.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)159 : Then never yet grew corn ne gras..Best ne man.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)22/37,38 : Whi god bi kynde wolde ordeyne to alle parfite and notable beestis and to men þe v seid outward wittis..of vnparfite and vnnotable beestis [etc.].
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)11/32 : Wel nyȝe alle parfit beestis..mowe hem silf parfitly helpe and move from oon place into anoþir.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)256/2 : Ȝe schall neuer greue man ne beest.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)3/56 : The erth to norish bestys crepeand.
3.
(a) An animal (excluding man, and also birds, fish, reptiles, insects, etc.), a beast; (b) ~ of prei; clene ~, an animal that was ceremonially clean under Hebrew law; king of bestes; meke ~, tame ~, tame animal, domesticated animal; unclene ~, an animal that was taboo under Hebrew law; wild ~, undomesticated animal; also, a ferocious animal; (c) hunt. ~ of chace, ~ of venerie, a game animal, a beast of chase [for distinction, see quots.]; biting ~, ?a carnivore; blak ~, ?a kind of wild boar; stinking ~, a game animal whose traces (or tracks) have a strong scent; ?also, an ill-smelling beast.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)22/365 : Þis vnþeaw..eueneð þe..to wittlese beastes.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)112b : Ȝe..ne schulen habbe na beast bute cat.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)452/136 : Þe worm dude is heste al-so..Foules duden is heste..bestes duden al-so is heste.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)220 : God brogt..Ilc kinnes beste of erðe boren, and fugel, an fis.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)483 : Þe bestes he graiþed þat tide.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)61 : Þet is þe felliste best þet me clepeþ hyane.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2929 : The beestes and the briddes alle Fledden for fere.
- c1390 Bi west (Vrn)70 : Al eorþli þing I ȝaf to þe, Boþe Beest and fisch & foul fleoyng.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.1269 : Sche slowh..Of bestes whiche ben chacable.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1865 : No lyues creature, Be it of fissh or bryd or beest or man.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1910 : [Noah] did þam all oute driue, Beist and fuxul, and man and wiue.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)61 : The brennyng of feeldes tatel away þe sent of the beest.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3226 : Þe bodies..Conservid wern from þe hungri rage Of best and foule.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.10 : As man, brid, best, fissh, herbe, and grene tree.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)196 : I gan aspye The dredful ro, the buk, the hert and hynde, Squyrels, and bestes smale of gentil kynde.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)252/6 : Þow I had as many hertys..as þer arn..fischys, fowelys, bestys, & leevys up-on treys.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)14/10 : Beestes and foules, bothe grete and smale.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)39/132 : Of byrd and of beste, take as I þe tolde.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)247/33 : Delite in honeste play, and hit beholde, as..bestis to chase in venurie.
b
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)12b : Þe heorte is a ful wilde beast.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7698 : Game of houndes he [King William] louede inou & of wilde best.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)442 : Þe forest was..Wiþ wilde bestes y-sprad.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3363 : In reyn with wilde beestes walked he.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Th.(Manly-Rickert)B.1945 : Ther inne is many a wilde best, Ye bothe bukke and hare.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.2167 : Leon is the king of bestes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)259a/b : Of alle kynde of tame bestes, some beþ founde wilde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)260b/a : Bestes of pray haueþ teeþ departed and scharpe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1694 : Þe meke beistes sal haue þair stand, þat es þai þat er tame and mild.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)15.294 : Þere ne was..bere ne bor ne other best wilde.
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)prol.15/24-5 : Suche oþer bestes weren forboden as for vnclene bestes. Oxen [etc.]..weren clene bestes.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.8.20 : Noe..takinge of alle clene beestis and fowlis, offryde brent sacrifices.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)197/26 : I ete neu..er..of vnclene bestes.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2165 : There dwelled creature non Save wilde bestes.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)315 : Is that a tame best that is ay feyn To renne away?
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)4.95 : Hanibal..constreynede þe Romanes..to fiȝhte with wilde bestes.
- a1500(?a1410) Lydg.CB (Lnsd 699)107 : What vaileth it a leon to be a kyng Off bestis all?
c
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)4 : I wyl..discryve þe nature of these forsaid beestis of venery and of chase.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)29 : Þei [boores] bene not juged as þe hert and oþere beestis of venerie.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)78 : Of alle biteng beestis, as of wilde boores, wolues and oþer byteng beestis, he may answere [etc.]..and of þe blak beestis an of Wolfes, he shal clepe it lesses..of þe greie, the werderobe, and of oþer stinkyng beestis, he shal clepe it drit..þat of þe stynkyng beestis þat men calle vermyn, he shal clepe hem steppis.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)105/16 : Withouten þaim also er all maner of wylde bestez of wenery [OF bestes sauages], as hertez and hyndez, bukk and da, and rae, and many oþer.
- c1425 Twiti Venery(1) Prol.(Vsp B.12)150 : To venery y caste me fyrst to go, Of wheche iiij bestis be..The hare, the herte, the wulfhe, the wylde boor..And ther ben othyr bestis v of chase..The buk..the do..The fox..the martyn..the roo.
- c1425 Twiti Venery(1) (Vsp B.12)154 : How many herdes be there of bestes of venery? Sire, of hertis, of bisses, of bukkes, and of doos.
- a1450 Terms Assoc.(1) (Rwl D.328)604 : Ther ben iiij bestys off Wenery.
- a1450 *MS Rwl.D.328172b : Bestis of the chace of þe stynkynge fote.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)682/31-2 : Of hym we had fyrst..whyche were bestis of chace and bestis of venery, and whyche were vermyns.
- a1475 Hrl.Bk.Hawking (Hrl 2340:Halliwell)295 : And bestes of the venery ben goode, as martryns, squirelles, conynggs, and harys.
- a1475 Hrl.Bk.Hawking (Hrl 2340:Haslewood)25 : Ther ben iiij bestys of venery: The har, The harte, The wolfe, and the wylde bor..Ther ben bests of the chase of the swete fute, And bests of the chase of the styngande fute.
4.
(a) Any of the larger domesticated animals; an animal used for food; a draft animal; a riding animal; pl. cattle, livestock; litel ~, the young of an animal; also, a small horse; (b) ass ~, an ass; ~ flesh, flesh of an animal, esp., beef; ~ stall, a stall in a stable or barn; bestes binne (cribbe), a manger; bestes of the feld, feld (wold) bestes, cattle of the fields; hous ~, werk ~, a draft animal; plough ~; men and bestes, people and livestock; man and ~.
Associated quotations
a
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)58 : Ȝif eni unwrie put were, & best feolle þer inne, he hit schulde ȝelden.
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(LdMisc 108)480 : Is beste best to heriet men brouȝte.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)279 : Al engelond was of him adrad, So his þe beste fro þe gad.
- c1330 Why werre (Auch)415 : That qualm was astin[t] of beste that bar horn.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)p.186 : Butter of þe bestes [L de armento] & melk of þe ȝowes.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)8 : Þis cowherd comes on a time to kepen is bestes.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Joel 1.18 : Flockis of grete beestis [L greges armenti] lowiden.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)6.34 : I haue ben his felawe..Boþe I-sowed his seed and suwed his beestes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)265b/b : The asse hatte asinus..as it were a beste to sitte vpon.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6000 : Besteis in þat kingrike all, Hors, asse, mule, ox, camell.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)44 : Oon hownd dare wel kepe his maisters hous and his beest.
- (1415) EEWills23/19 : I woll that Isabell my wyfe haue..all cloue-fote bestes that I haue.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1179 : The warden of the yates..bad hem dryven in hire bestes alle.
- (1439) Doc.in Collect.Topogr.517 : She shal hav al my deyerie and other beste of stor.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)350 : Nagge or lytylle beest: Bestula, equillus.
- c1450(?c1400) 3 KCol.(1) (Cmb Ee.4.32)22/30 : Þere he may hyre a hors or what beest þat he wil.
- (1455) Will York in Sur.Soc.30216 : I gyffe to Jonett Richardson..j mare and a fole, x shepe, ij litill bestes.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.24/3 : Þere tenauntes haue..fre commune to þere shepe and hogges and to all here bestes.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)181/9 : Hyt sholde be lefful to hem for to haue her bestys..in pasture.
- a1500 Merch.& S.(Cmb Ff.2.38)19 : He wolde have a quarter of corne, thowe the beste toke but oon bytt.
b
- a1250 Wooing Lord (Tit D.18)277 : Poure þu wunden was..and caldeliche dennet in a beastes cribbe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Eccl.3.19 : Oon is the diyng of men and of bestis [L jumentorum].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.46.1 : With feeld bestes and hous bestes [L bestiis et jumentis; WB(2): wielde beestis and werk beestis].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.607 : Charmes for woundes or maladie of men or of bestes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3970 : He delt in tua bath beist and man.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14963 : Þar sal yee find an ass beist.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)8.7 : Þou vnderlaide alle þinges Vnder his fete..Neete and schepe..and beestes of þe felde [L pecora campi].
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Num.32.26 : Oure litil children..and feeldbeestis, and howsbeestis [L pecora ac jumenta] we shulen leeue.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.1.25 : And God made..werk beestis [L jumenta].
- ?a1425 Luke in his lesson leres to (RwlPoet 175)p.287 : Þe barn fand þai bonden in a best stall.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)10/35 : Þer wold neyþyr man ne best don seruyse.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)466/9 : Hit shold be lefull..To distreyne..plough bestis and all other catall.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)150/117 : Heyl, in a bestys bynne, Be-stad in a stalle.
- ?a1475 PParv.(Win)28 : Beyst flesch: Bouilla, Bossor.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)93 : Þer wichecraftis..may do no þing of remedy to ani seknes of man ne of best.
- a1500 Henley Husb.(Sln 686)42 : Ye shall norishe your werkyn beestes.
- a1500 Henley Husb.(Sln 686)52 : Geve your ploughe beestes sufficyaunt mete.
5.
(a) A monster, fabulous creature; a devil; (b) the seven-headed beast of the Apocalypse; Antichrist; also, one of the seven deadly sins; (c) one of the four winged beasts of the Apocalypse; one of the four Gospel writers.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)26/9 : Ha..þet bittre beast makede to bersten.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)1323 : Þe mereminnes..beoþ bestes [Clg: deor] of mochele ginne.
- a1350 SLeg.Juliana (Ashm 43)111 : Þis maide nom þis foule best.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)158 : Þus was þis witty best werwolf ferst maked.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.34.15 : There shal lyn lamya, that is a thirs, or a beste hauende the bodi lic a womman and horse feet.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1278 : O, beste of helle, in what juise Hast thou deserved forto deie.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18b/b : Fendes beþ I-clepid aerliche bestes [L aerea..animalia].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)286a/a : Certeyn bestes [L bestie] beþ yclepeð fauni & satiri.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6587 : Now listneþ..What beest is þe cokedrylle.
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.4/29 : A certeyne beiste hauynge iiii feet and ii wynggis.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1928 : This Mynos hadde a monstre, a wiked best.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.849 : The beeste monstruous and sauage Which callid is the Chymere off Licie.
- (1449) Metham AC (Gar 141)1429 : Toward the beest he gan hy..this dragon gan awake.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)43/5 : Kynge Pellynor that tyme folowed the questynge beste.
- a1500 BodAdd.A.106 Lapid.(BodAdd A.106)41 : Saynt Iohn telles vs yt yer is a maner of bestes yt ben cleped Grifons.
b
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)56b : Of þeose seoue beastes..i wildernesse of anlich lif is iseid herto..þe liun of prude..Wreaðfule þe Vnicorne.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)14 : He yzeȝ a best þet com out of the ze.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)15 : Þe zeue heauedes of þe beste of helle byeþ þe zeuen hauedliche Zennes.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.13.1 : I siȝe a beest [L bestiam] stiȝinge up of the se, hauynge seuen heedes and ten hornes.
- a1425 Methodius(1) (Hrl 1900)111/6 : Whan Anticrist is sleyn, þe beest, þe enemy, þe disseyuer, wiþ þe swerde of his mouþe..þe endinge of þe world schal be.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)107/1 : Þe beest of which it is spokun, apocalipse xiije chapitre, schal leese oon of hise vij heedis, ffor bi þilk vij heedis men vndirstonden vij deedly synnys.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.4.6-8 : Foure beestes [L animalia] ful of iȝen bifore and bihynde..the first beest lijk to a lyon, and the secounde beest lijk to a calf, and the thridde beest hauynge a face as of a man, and the fourthe beest lijk to an egle.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1383 : As feele eyen hadde she As fetheres upon foules be, Or weren on the bestes foure..As John writ in th'Apocalips.
6.
A brutish person, a cruel or stupid man.
Associated quotations
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)2038 : Hwet medschipe makeð þe, þu bittre balefule beast!
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)58 : Best is þe bestliche mon þet ne þencheð nout of God.
- c1300 SLeg.Jas.(LdMisc 108)372 : 'Þov luþere best,' ore leuedi seide, 'to muche ower pouwer is.'
- (c1380) Chaucer CT.SN.(Manly-Rickert)G.288 : Who so that troweth nat this, a beest he is.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Tit.1.12 : Men of Crete, euermore lyeris, yuel beestis..this witnessing is trewe.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1741 : He nedes most This beste wedde to his wif.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.7072 : Danyel..felt so gret peyne For þe kynges transmutacioun Into a beste.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6874 : Hir paroch-prest nys but a beest Ayens me and my companye.
- ?c1425(c1390) Chaucer Fort.(Benson-Robinson)68 : Ye blinde bestes, ful of lewednesse!
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer ABC (Benson-Robinson)45 : Al have I ben a beste in wil and deede.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)16/11 : Man wyth-outen knoulech of his maker es but a best.
- a1500 Ihesu mercy mercy (Chet 6690)36 : Wiþ-outen grace, I am but a beste.
7.
(a) A representation of an animal; (b) astron. a sign of the zodiac; cercle of the bestes, the zodiac; signe of ~, a zodiacal constellation.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1409 : Pared out of paper and poynted of golde, Broþe baboynes abof, besttes anunder.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1488 : Mony a borlych best al of brende golde.
- (1415) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)47 : A flat basyn of silver..with a traille in þe bottme and bestes þeraboute.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)397 : A bal of brennande gold þe beste was on sette.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)131 : The sailes were..Embrowdred..With beestes and breddes every dele.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.984 : The ferste..is cleped Aries..Of Sterres tuelve upon this beste Ben set.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.264 : Phebus hath laft the angle meridional, And yet ascendyng was the beest roial, The gentil leon with his Aldiran.
- c1400 Chaucer Astr.(Cmb Dd.3.53)1.21.38,41 : In the zodiak ben the 12 signes þat han names of bestes..the sterres that ben there fixed ben disposed in signes of bestes.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.589 : Whan Phebus is passed þe Lyoun, þe heuenly beste, þe beste moste royal.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)1.21.59 : This forseide hevenysshe zodiak is clepid the cercle..of the bestes.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)113 : The sonne..in the brest was of the beste [Taurus], that day.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)280 : In þe first compas..Stude þe xij vndirstandings stoutly engrauen. In þir oþir draȝt ware deuysid a dusan of bestis.
8.
The skin of a fur-bearing animal.
Associated quotations
- (1391) Acc.Exped.Der.in Camd.n.s.5291/15 : Pro furracione j pair pynsons, et pro xxiij bestes pro complemento eorundem..le beste ad iiij s.
- (1406) Wardrobe Acc.Philippa in Archaeol.67175 : Eidem ad furrur' unius cappe de bevir furr' cum ermyn..1 bestes ermyn.
- (1416) in Rymer's Foedera (1709-10)9.335 : De Apparatu pro Stulto Regis..xii Bestes Ermyns.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450 Terms Assoc.(2) (Cmb Ll.1.18)232 : A drove off beestiz.
Note: New sense: 'as term of association'