Middle English Dictionary Entry
pǒudre n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | pǒudre n.(1) Also pouder, -dur, -dour, pouedre, pouther, pudre, puder, pouldre, pulder, podere, podur & poure & (error) poundir. |
Etymology | From OF poudre, pouldre, poure. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A pulverized or particulate substance, a powder; maken ~, to make a powder, grind something into powder; beten to ~, maken in (to) ~, grinden into (to) ~, make (sth.) into a powder, pulverize; maken ~ of, make a powder of (sth.); (b) ~ of, a pulverized preparation of (sth.); ~ of corn, ?meal or flour; (c) ~ canel (gingivere, galingale, peper), powdered cinnamon (ginger, galingale, pepper); cloves ~, ground cloves.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1350 Recipe Painting(1) in Archaeol.J.1 (Hrl 2253)65 : Tac argul, a thing that deyares deyet with, ant grint hit smal, and seththe tac a wollene clout ant couche thi poudre theron as brod as hit wol.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.760 : Orpyment, brent bones, iren squames..in to poudre grounden been ful smal.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)200b/a : Ferrugo is þe pouder [L limatura] þat falleþ fro þe iren.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204b/a : Beda seiþ pouder [L puluis]..scheweþ þe kynde of þe þing þat it comeþ of.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.3679 : Hir owne Knyȝt, of whos bonis smale, Ful wofully..She powder made, & drank it euery morwe.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)56b : The juis þere of hony and rose put to-geder like myche jn a basyn and sett in þe hote sonne xl dayes till hit be pouder.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)186a/a : Take mummie, bole armoniak, terra sigillata..make it in pouder.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)172b/b : Also þe more sadde þat þe corrosiue is in substaunce, as in gobet oþer paste oþer stone oþer pouder, þe more strongelie it worcheþ.
- c1440 Thrn.Med.Bk.(Thrn)29/17 : Tak þe rute of titimale & drye it with þe sonne & mak it in powdir & drynk it.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)133/627 : Þen schalt þou tak hempsede & make it drie & bete it al to pouder.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)141/4 : Tak þis herbe and make it to powdre and tempre it with esyle.
- c1450 Lydg.SSecr.Ctn.(Sln 2464)1697 : Of mustard whyte, the seed is profitable Grounde to poudir.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)66/160 : Take centory an handfull of the roote..of the rote off cloce an handfull, of ambrose an handfull, & make powdyre of heme.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)40/6 : Take a pound of turmentyn and a pound of rosyn and a pound of mastyk, þese thre powdris.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)98a : To mak powdir: puluerizare.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)21b/6 : Take of encence on parte and Aloe halfe a parte and make powedre [L pulueriza].
- a1550(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Sln 1873)2791 : Dedd clay is callide such a thynge As hath soeffrede grete Roostynge; Such medlide in powdire with good rawe cley Will fyre abide & not go awey.
b
- 1381 Pegge Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)101 : Straw upon powdre of galentyn.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.354 : Like to the corrant fyr that renneth Upon a corde, as thou hast sein, Whan it with poudre is so besein Of Sulphre and othre thinges mo.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204b/b : Poudre of brend leed dryeþ and clenseþ away superfluite of woundes.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)117/12 : Strawen on þe poudre of mirtillis seed.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)27a/a : Farracium: poudere of korn.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)80/13 : Þei..casten þer in poudre of frankencens.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)44/10 : If it excede in grete quantite, þan it bihoueþ for to putte to poudre of arcenek.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)388/18 : Putte ham in a paste with poudre of gynger, of coriandre, and of saffran.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1027 : He sowppes all þis seson with seuen knaue childre..With pekill & powdyre of precious spycez.
- (1449) Metham AC (Gar 141)1318 : Loke that ye drynk Thyse erbys with wyne and the poudyr off thise stonys.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)95/149 : Or ellus take & fille ful þe holes of podur of bremston.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)250/25 : Medyll þe pouder of þe sede of holyhocke with eysyll and vynegre and hony.
- c1450 Dc.55 Cook.Recipes (Dc 55)116 : Endore hem with yolkes of eyren and pouudre of gyngeuere and saffron.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)246/786 : Kest þerto poudre of tartre double so moch as of all the oþer.
- (1456) Doc.in HMC Rep.5 App.491b : Payd to John Young for powder off synamon, peper, clowys, [etc.].
- a1475 Bk.Quint.(Sln 73)18/3 : Þe perfiȝt cure of alle þese is oure 5 essencie auri et perelarum..wherinne be putt..poudre of lapis lasuly.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)72a/b : R[ecipe] lyne seed and femygrek, wheþir þou wolt, þe poudre or þe seed of þe same herbis.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)23a/21 : The kepyng of all othir woundys that bene with out brekyng of scull may be done with sowyng and the forsaid powedre of lyme.
- a1500 Peterb.Lapid.(Peterb 33)p.90 : Take þe powder of geete & drynke it lewke-warme with red wyne.
c
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.29 : Cast þerto powdour galyngale.
- (1446) Will York in Sur.Soc.45103 : De pulder gynger, ij lb. ij s.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)11 : Take Wyne an powder Canel.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)13 : Caste þer-to pouder Gyngere, Veriows, Safroun, & Salt.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)14 : Caste þer-to powder Pepyr..Clowys powþer, & datys.
- ?a1450 Ashm.Cook.Bk.(Ashm 1439)109 : Put þer poudre piper and salte.
2.
(a) The crushed or powdered remains of something, rubble, dust; tobresten to ~, bringen into ~, to reduce (sth.) to rubble or dust; smiten to ~, pulverize (sb. or sth.); breken to ~, fallen to (into, unto) ~, break up into dust, disintegrate; (b) powder as the remains of burning, ash, cinders; brennen to ~.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Lev.14.41 : Þat..hous to be pared wiþ ynne forþ by enuyron, & þe pouder [WB(2): dust; L pulverem] of þe parynge to be spreynt out of þe cite in an vnclene place.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)384 : Þenne Ioseph..strikes to þis Appolin with a strong wille, þat his nekke to-barst and brak al to pouder.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.623 : A gret ston..Fel doun..Upon the feet of this figure, With which Ston, al tobroke was Gold, Selver, Erthe, Stiel, and Bras, That al was in to pouldre broght.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2003 : Fro the sky A firy thonder sodeinly He sende and him to pouldre smot.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)152a/a : Of grete drynesse, the erþe shulde falle to poudre but ȝif þe parties were y-oned and y-joyned to gedres by moysture and watir.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2880 : Quen þai ar in hand, als a fise bal, To poudir wit a stink þai fal.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6616 : Þis golden calf he did to brest To pudre.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Leg.Suppl.Hrl.(Hrl 4196)95/230 : Vnto pouder als fast he fell.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)536 : That thyng that men calle fouder..smot somtyme a tour to powder.
- a1475 Prk.Weather & Moon in NM 58 (Brog 2.1)174 : Lightnyng..somtyme..smyttythe a swerde to pouder and hort nat the scaberde.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.46 : Crist made alle ydoles falle in to poudere fulle smalle.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)532 : Huy nomen heore false godes and casten heom þare doune And brenden al-to poudre.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)4 Kings 23.6 : He comaundide to ben born out þe mawmete wode fro þe hous of þe lord with outeforþ ierusalem..& brende it þere & broȝte it in to poudre.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)2 Pet.2.6 : He, driuynge in to poudre [L cinerem] the citees of men of Sodom and of men of Gomor, dampnide bi turnynge upsedoun.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.127 : Þe ȝonge Scipio..took þe citee and destroyed hit wiþ fuyre..so þat stones were i-brend to askes and to powder.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)103 : Do a-wei þi Maumetes..Let breken hem a-two and bren hem al to pouder.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)20731 : Þat ilk bodi, we wille take hit &..bren hit to powdre riȝt þare.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.309 : The poudre in which myn herte ybrend shal torne..take and it conserve In a vessell that men clepeth an urne.
- a1425 Arth.& M.(LinI 150)1736 : Þeo whyte dragoun..wiþ þe fuyr of his blast Al to powder brente þe rede.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)25/5 : Þis fewle liffes fyue hundreth ȝere, and at þe fyue hundreth ȝere end, he commes to þe forsaid temple and apon þe awter he brynnes him self all to powder.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)5.1295 : In ther wallis was non so harde ston But into pouder it was brent anon.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)718 : Þe kyng..brenten euereche bon in-to browne askes..& alle a-brod on þe burwe blewen þe powder.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)125/7 : Þe rote of þis herbe brent in-to powdyr..schall make þe her to growe aȝen.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)197/10 : He rentyth the beare and brennys hym up clene that all felle on pouder.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)4.341 : His..boones were gedrede by theym afterwarde and brente, and the duste and powdre [Trev.: askes; L pulvis] of theyme blawen in to the aier.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)64a/b : Þou schalt take þe same wormes of þe erþe & brenne hem to poudre & medle hem wiþ þat oile aforseid.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)1586 : Helmes and heuedes leyen in peces, þo That were woundyd and slayn and to grounde þrowe, As poudre þat were brent & with wynde y-blowe.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)218/1 : The two deuels were brenned with the strokys of the liȝttenynge in-to poudre and coles.
3.
(a) Dust of the earth, dirt, soil; also fig. a low or humble state; ~ of (the) erthe; (b) powder or dust as a contaminant; dust in the air; also fig.; the dust of the sixth plague of Egypt; (c) leien (putten, senden) ~ upon hed, casten ~ upon (over) coroune, sprengen with ~ the hed, etc., to cast dust on (one's) head as a sign of remorse or mourning; (d) maken ~ flen, to cause dust to fly, cause a disturbance or an uproar; (e) the ~ of iacob, ?the dust of the earth to which the number of Jacob's descendants is compared; ?fig. the descendants of Jacob.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(Hrl 2277)228 : Arsmetrike is a lore þat of figurs al is & of drauȝtes, as me draweþ in poudre.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7080 : Þat child ek, þo it was ibore & to grounde com Out of is moder wombe uerst, is honden boþe it nom Vol of þe poudre of þe erþe sturneliche ynou.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)p.180 : Our Lord makeþ man pouer and makeþ hym riche..Heȝand þe nedeful out of poudre.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.28.14 : Þe pouþer of þe erþ.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 2.8 : He brengeþ vp fro powdre þe nedy, & fro drit he heueþ vp þe poere.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mark 6.11 : Who euere schulen not resseyue ne heere ȝou, ȝe, goynge out fro thennes, shake awey the powdre fro ȝoure feet.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)8.213 : Men of þat lond..scrapede of þe pouder of an hil and ete it as it were mele.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)200b/b : A Clot is y-ordeyned of gaderynge of poudre in a clustre.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21076 : For þat erth..vprisand fra þe grund..bers þe pudre vp o-loft.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.26.12 : Thei shulen putte thi stoonus and thi trees and thi poudre in the mydil of watris.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)10/36 : In the dust & in the powder of þo hilles, þei wroot lettres & figures with hire fyngres.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)75b : He mote be wel ywar of þre þinges, þat þe sonne, þe wynde, and þe dust þat is reysed of þe poudre of erþe be byhinde his bak when he schal fiȝte and noȝt in his visage or in his face.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)350/6 : Bod fro ye be deade and a little powder of erth casten on you, þan shall ye be les þan any thyng þat is in þis werld.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)200/23 : The kynge..hym Sette in the powdyr and makid cri throgh al the Cite that men and bestis sholde faste.
b
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)4717 : For þe poudre of þis charging, No miȝt men se sonne schining.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)1.5 : Nouȝt so ben þe wicked, nouȝt so; as a poudre [L pulvis] þat þe wynde casteþ fram þe face of þerþe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.5.24 : Þe roote of hem as a gnast shal ben & þe buriownyng of hem as poudre shal steȝen vp.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)195b/b : Whanne a plate of golde shalle be medled with a plate of siluer..it nedeþ to be ware, namelyche, of þre þinges: of poudre, of wyndes, and of moysture.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204b/b : Also pouder infecteþ þe ayer and letteþ ofte þe yhe þat it may nought se þe clerenesse of þe sonne.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)49a/a : Þe her of þe yȝe liddis..mowe defenden þe yȝen fro liȝte diseses as fro pouder.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)110b/a : Take..of ceruse sarsed..& kepe it euermore couerde þat þer falle no pouder þerin.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)75b : Ȝif þe sonne or þe duste or podere of þe erþe is in his eiȝe, þat schal fiȝte and bynemeþ him his lokynge and stoppiþ his siȝt.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1966 : I schal makyn swyche a powdyr, Boþe wyth smoke and wyth smodyr, Þei schul schytyn for fere.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)86/315 : Swilke poure, lord, a-pon vs dryffe, That whare it bettis it makis a blayne.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)1763 : A powder yll and vnclene was cast ouer all the land.
- ?c1450(?a1400) Wycl.Clergy HP (Lamb 551)395 : Bischoppis, persones, and vikers..ben..blyndid wiþ poudir of couetise of worldly riches.
- a1500(c1400) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)344 : Alle the blee of his body wos blakke as þe moldes, As roten as þe rottok þat rises in powdere.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)32b/2 : Obtolmya..The littill is of fewe humours and othir while of hete of þe son or powedre or smoke or wakyng.
c
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.154 : Þai seen þe stede of þe brennyng..& leiden poudre vpon her heuedes.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)1916 : On his face þan fell he doune And kest powder o-pon his croune; ffull mykell mornyng gan he make.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Josh.7.6 : Iosue, forsoþe, kut his cloþis & redy ful doun into þe erþe byfore þe arke..& þei putten pouder opon here hedys.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.18.19 : Thei senten poudir [L miserunt pulverem] vpon her heedes and crieden, wepinge and moornynge.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.107 : He knowlechede his trespas..and þrewe powder and dust on his owne heed.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.27.30 : Thei..shulen caste powdre, or dust, in her heedis, and shulen be spreyned to gidre with asshen.
- a1425 NHom.(3) Leg.Suppl.Hrl.(Hrl 4196)49/22 : Þai..kest pouder opon þair croune; Þai did penaunce with all þaire mayne.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)13942 : Þei..cast powder ouer þer croun in maner of meknese.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)17094 : In hayrys and sekkes sone were þei cled and kest powder apon þer crown.
d
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)118 : He..of swich cloth maketh ofte a clout that, who that seide it is nouht of swich colour, soone he shulde be redi to chide and to rebuke and to make poudre flee.
e
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Num.23.10 : Who may folnoumbre þe poudre [WB(2): dust, that is kynrede; L pulverem] of Iacob & knowe þe noumbre of þe lynage of Irael?
4.
The material substance from which man's body comes and to which it returns; the decomposed remains of a person's body.
Associated quotations
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)155/742-3 : Þou nart bote of poudre y-welt And aȝen in to poudre schelt, Manne, at þyne ende.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.3.19 : Poudre [WB(2): dust; L pulvis] þou ert, & in to poudre þou schalt torne.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)6.475 : Whan here body was i-take up of þe erþe, it was i-founde al i-roted and i-torned into powder.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204b/b : Of pouder..bodyes with soule haþ bigynnyng and endeþ and torneþ in to þat it com of.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)929-30 : For þou nees but a pudre plain, to puder sal þou worth a-gain.
- a1400 DCChrist (Roy 17.B.17)62 : He shal come doune..And, bi þo soune of þo trump, shal rayse of powder Þo body & lede hit agayne Crist in þo aier.
- c1425(c1400) Primer (Cmb Dd.11.82)p.60 : Þou madist me of cley & schalt brynge me aȝen in-to poudur.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)5/3 : I schal speke to my Lord, I þat am but poudir & asches.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1865 : He þat graithist is of gudis gird all to poudire.
- c1450(?c1425) St.Christina Mirab.(Dc 114)132/7 : O fulswete and fulblessyd body..Now is an ende of thy laboure; now schalte þou reste in poudir.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)154/3 : The Weldy Werriours, the Dukes and the tyrauntes..byth into Powdyr and to askis turne.
5a.
(a) A medicinal powder administered directly or used in preparing ointments or potions; also fig.; [see also senses 1. (a) and 1. (b)]; capital ~, powder for wounds of the head; citrine ~, powder of yellow color used in treating illnesses of the eye; ~ grek, a caustic powder made of arsenic sulfide and quicklime; red ~, an astringent or styptic powder; ~ Wauter, a medicinal powder attributed to Walter Agilinus (13th cent.); (b) powder used in alchemy; a particular alchemical powder; ~ of paris, ?a compound of arsenic.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)148/21 : Verst he ssel þerto do þe smeringes and þe plastres of zuete warningges..yef þet ne is naȝt worþ, þe poudres efterward and prekiinde of harde wyþniminge.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)34/20 : Leie aboue þe wounde a poundir [read: poudir; vr. poudere; L puluere] maad oon partie of frankencense & of two parties of sandragoun.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)20.357 : The plastres of þe persoun and poudres biten to sore.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)109b/a : Renners aboute fro house to hous..seme þat þei kunne hele of alle maner sekenesse of þe yȝen be cause þat þei haue an oynement oþer a pouder oþer a water, & indifferentlie leien to her medicynes to alle maner euels in þe yȝen & maken men þat maie sumdele seen starke blinde.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)41/25-7 : Þerfore I putte aboue, aftir þe puttyng of þe poudre greke, of þe moste subtile mele of barly abundandly, þat is called alfita, aboue þe poudre greke.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)4/32 : The medicynal instrumentes beeþ gouernaunces and drynkes, blood latyng, oynementes, emplastres, and poudres.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)137/4 : The citryne powdre..is gode in þe ende of obtalmya.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)241/19 : Ȝif hym þat captal powdre wiþ wyne þat is made of pympynel, of betoyne, of auance, [etc.].
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)250/9 : Þe captal powdre..is made, after Galien, of yreos ylleriaca, of the mele of fecches, of mannis, [etc.].
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)599/27 : Þe rede powdre..Take of bole armonyak one partie, of brayed galles anoþer partie, [etc.].
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)634/16 : Þe powdre of Benevenutus..for alle spottes: Take of sugre candi ana i, [etc.].
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.2 Merch.(Hrl 2255)278 : With hem they brouhte..Ful precious poudrys and confortatives.
- a1450 Treat.Horses (Sln 2584)123/509 : And ȝif þou wilt haue out þe wicked flesche with-oute keruyng or brennyng, þen schalt þou make suche a poudur.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)223/8 : For þe dropsy in þe wombe and fete..Take..ij peny-worthe of rubarbe and..iij peny-worþe of poudir watur.
- a1450 We bern abowtyn (Sln 2593)p.279 : I have a powder for to selle..It makit maydenys wombys to swelle; Therof I have a quantyte.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)64a/a : Þe rede poudre..staunchiþ merueylously þe flux of blood.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)88b/a : Whane it is þus mundified, þanne leye þerto þe poudre regeneratif of whiche J spak in þe firste doctrine of þis same chapitre.
- a1500 Hrl.2378 Recipes (Hrl 2378)96/22 : Take iii penywyghte of scamonye and ii penywyght of rubarbe and vi penywyght of sene and iii penywyght of poudre water.
- a1500 Med.Bk.(2) (Sln 405)106 : iij wheiȝt of pouder water [vr. poudre wauter].
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.807 : Ther is also ful many another thyng That is vn to oure craft apertenyng:..Poudres diuerse, asshes, donge, pisse, and cley.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1133 : I haue a poudre heer that coste me deere Shal make al good.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1310 : He putte this ounce of coper in the crosselet, And on the fyr as swithe he hath it set And caste in poudre and made the preest to blowe.
- c1475 Mankind (Folg V.a.354)570 : Yff ȝe haue ony syluer, in happe pure brasse, Take a lytyll powder of Parysch and cast ouer hys face, Ande ewyn in þe howll-flyght let hym passe.
5b.
(a) Ground seasoning for food, spicery; ?pepper; [see also senses 1. (b) and 1. (c)]; (b) ~ douce, a sweet spice or combination of sweet spices; ~ fort, sharp or pungent spicery; ~ fort of gingivere or of canel, pungent spicery containing ginger or cinnamon; ~ lombard, spice imported from or associated with Lombardy; ~ marchaunt, a kind of spice or mixture of spices; ~ rostinge, spice used in roasting meat; blaunk ~, a light-colored, sweet powder, perhaps containing variously white sugar, ginger, cinnamon, or nutmeg; (c) used fig., superficial enhancement or appeal; -- ?as extension of sense 'spice'; sense 'medicinal powder' [more likely if 'rote' = 'rot'], or perhaps sense 'cosmetic powder' [a sense not attested till the next century].
Associated quotations
a
- (1391) Acc.Exped.Der.in Camd.n.s.5233/31 : Clerico panetrie per manus eiusdem..pro j capone, iiij d., pro poudre, j d.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.22 : Do þerinne powdour and salt and messe it forth.
- c1400 Femina (Trin-C B.14.40)83 : Et quaunt la table fuist oute, Grant poudre oue bon dragge: And whanne þe table was y led, Gret poudre wyþ goud dragge.
- (1449) Will York in Sur.Soc.45113 : De j pixide arg. cum scriptura Strew on powder.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)3092 : Þe þeff be slayn, openyd, and hys hyde off fflayn, And soden fful hastyly, Wiþ powdyr and wiþ spysory.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)201/26 : Thou shalt fynde hym at souper with syx knave chyldirne, and there he hath made pykyll and powder with many precious wynes.
- a1475 Russell Bk.Nurt.(Hrl 4011)620 : Þe fische in A dische clenly þat ye lay with vineger & powdur þer vppon.
- ?a1475 Noble Bk.Cook.(Hlk 674)48 : Sesson it up with pouder and salt and venygar.
- a1500 Mayer Nominale (Mayer)714/20 : De nominibus specierum..Hic pulver: powdyre.
b
- 1381 Pegge Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)100 : Droppe yt wyth ȝolkys of eyryn and god powder rostyng.
- 1381 Pegge Cook.Recipes (Dc 257)102 : Straw theron blaunche Pouder.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.381 : A cook they hadde with hem..To boille the chiknes with the marybones And poudre marchaunt tart and galyngale.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.14 : Dresse it forth and cast þer to powdour douce.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.15 : Colour it with safron and do þer inne powdour fort.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.16 : Seeth to gedre with powdour fort of gynger oþer of canell and macys.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.58 : Þanne take a porcion of wyne & powdour marchant & do þerto.
- (a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)p.63 : Make a syryp of wyne greke, oþer vernage, with blaunche powder.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)426 : Put therto pouder douce and serve hit forthe.
- ?c1425 Arun.Cook.Recipes (Arun 334)434 : Do thi flessh therto, and gode herbes and pouder marchaunt.
- a1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(1) (Hrl 279)15 : Ȝif [þou] haue Blank powder, straw on.
- ?c1450 Stockh.PRecipes (Stockh 10.90)122/17 : Make xiii cofynis of good fyn paste and fylle hem full of sawge and caste þer-to a lytill powdir marchaund.
- (1466-7) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.9991 : Et in 2 lib. dell powderlomberd empt. de eodem 3 s. 3 d.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.32 : Do þerto wyne..And powder dowce and salt.
c
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22:N&W)22/626 : Lete it no lenger be suffred to abide rote [?read: riote] no for to vse the pouder and semblaunce of sensualite and idill delites.
5c.
Misc. (a) Gunpowder; (b) a powder used by scribes, ?pounce; (c) a random pattern of dots or flecks in fabric; (d) ?a kind of plant; ?dust; (e) error for foudre.
Associated quotations
a
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1644 : Thrughout every regioun Wente this foule trumpes soun As swifte as pelet out of gonne, Whan fyr is in the poudre ronne.
- c1475 Gregory's Chron.(Eg 1995)118 : Non of the captaynys..shalle geve..to hem of the castelle of Faleys any..schottys, powder, gonnys, or any othyr comfort durynge the for sayde trete.
b
- a1500 Mayer Nominale (Mayer)683/3 : Nomina rerum pertinencium clerico..Hic pulver: powdyr.
c
- (1448) Acc.St.Mary Thame in BBOAJ 1214 : Item, a sute of white damask clothe of gold with orfrayes of grene welwet with buddys of gold pouder.
d
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.2607 : Off the vale..the pouder smal, Off pride, sente to the hih cipresse, That his douhter, off excellent fairnesse, Onto his sone, pleynli to descryue, Myhte be delyuered & hauen hir to wyue.
e
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)1063 : Hit is riht þat þe rink be reufully ended, And smite to þe smeþe ground wiþ a smart poudur.
6a.
In cpds. and combs.: (a) ~ box (boiste), a box for powdered spice; (b) ~ bagge, a bag for ground spice; ~ vessel, a container for some kind of powder; (c) ~ bef, salted or spiced beef; (d) ~ beter, one who grinds spices.
Associated quotations
a
- (1379) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)2.205 : [To John de Heylesdon he leaves..a silver] poudrebax.
- (1388) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)5.22 : [2] powdre box [..4 s. 6 d.].
- (1400) Will York in Sur.Soc.4510 : Et pro iij salsariis, unde j coopertum, et j poudreboyste.
- (1406) Will York in Sur.Soc.4342 : j powderbuste de argento.
- (1412) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)7.243 : [3 sets of] botelles [and a] poudirbox.
- (1424-5) EEWills57/25 : Þan wul I þat my welbeloued wyfe Cecile haue alle þe remenaunt of my syluere vessell..powderbox, and salers of siluere.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)39/32 : Seyntes couden ete wel jnow þoow þe powder box bleuȝ not on here sawser.
- (1430) Will York in Sur.Soc.3013 : Lego..Domino Thomæ Morton unum powder box de ligno.
- (1437) Will York in Sur.Soc.3062 : Lego..filio meo..unum pouderbox argenti.
- (1446) Will York in Sur.Soc.45102 : De ij pulder boxes.
- (1459) Invent.Fastolf(1) in Paston Letters (Add Charter 17247:Gairdner)3.170 : Item, j powder box.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4915 : Item, to Davn John Wulfpet, my best powdyr box of syluer.
b
- (1393) Acc.Exped.Der.in Camd.n.s.52152/9 : Pro j pare powder-baggs, iiij d.
- (1445) Acc.Bk.Carpenter Co.12 : Item, for powdyr wessell, xxxvij s. iij d.
c
- c1500 PFulham (Trin-C R.3.19)p.125 : Men nowe adayes been so lycorouse, That fewe can lyve by stoore of howse, As brawne, bacon, and powder beeff.
d
- (1454) Proc.Privy C.6.227 : Thoffice of þe spicery..Alexander Rowton, yoman pouder beter.
6b.
In proverbs.
Associated quotations
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)670 : Who-so bereþ poudre in grete winde..bere he neuere so muche, Hit fleþ awey ful lihtliche.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)17.46 : Y shal littelel [read: littelen] hem as poudre to-fore þe face of þe wynde.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)26 : Þou wondrest of þe precious ornamentes þer of þat schal be as pouder be fore þe wynd.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.18.12a : He þat gaderiþ vertues wiþouten meknesse, he is lik to hym whilk makiþ and betiþ poudre of spicerie in þe wynd.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)42 : Who so euer þat berith othir vertues withoute humilite, he berith hem as in to þe wynde, or as men berith pouder in þe wynde.
7.
As surname.
Associated quotations
- (1260) Pat.R.Hen.III120 : William le Poudre.
- (1294) Court R.Ramsey204 : Johannes le Poudere.
- (1296-7) Acc.Cornw.in RHS ser.3.68230 : Et de 12 d. de Galfrido pouder.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1450 Liber Cophonis (Add 34111)45/321 : Tak þe seede of brome and fenelsyde…and stampe hem and…ȝif hym þes poudres in metes.
Note: new plural usage
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)223/9 : Peny-worþe of poudir watur, an half peny-worþe of sede-wale and a peny-wurþe of spykenard.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)94/251 : An oþ' for dropsy in the wombe and in the fete & for costyfnes and for glett [fo. 23 verso] and for wormes in the wombe and for badd stomake Take iiij peny wyght of scamony and ij peny wight of rubarb and vj peny wyght of cene and iij halpeny wight of redewale and halfe a peny wight of spyknard iij peny wiȝt of powder watter a peny wiȝt of floure of canell and dj vnce of sugre of cipress and bray hem wele in a brasen mortare all to powdir and vse this medecyne fastynge ech day a sponefull iij dayes & he shall be hole and haue a good stomake.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)134 : Take fyue peny wyȝt of rewbarbe, ten peny wyȝt of sene, ten peny wyȝt of pouder of gyngyr, ij peny wyȝt of skamonye, halfe a quartron of sugre caffatyn, iiij peny wyȝt of pouder wauter, a peny wyȝt of spikenarde. Ad purgandum. Take foure peny wyȝt of pouder of walnoot barke, and vj peny wyȝt of catapuce, & þre sponful of þe jus of walewort rote, and tempre hem wyþ wort.
Note: Additional quotations for sense 5a.(a); specifically for the phrase ~ Wauter, a medicinal compound attributed to Walter Agilon (Gualteri Agilonis Summa medicinalis). See further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. powder Walter.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. powder.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 5a.(a)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. capital powder.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 5a.(a)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. citrine powder.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 5a.(a)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. Greek powder.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc. (sense 5a.(a)), see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. red powder.