Middle English Dictionary Entry
plain(e adj.
Entry Info
Forms | plain(e adj. Also plaien, plane, plein(e, & (errors) paine, pleie. |
Etymology | OF plain, plaine, pleine adj. It is difficult to distinguish ME plain(e adj. from plein(e adj., to which some of the quots. given here may belong. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. plaine n. & pleine adj.
1a.
(a) Flat, level, even; of geographic areas: low in elevation, lowland; broad, flat; also, of an engraving: worked in low relief; ~ contre (ground, place, thing), a plain, plateau, or lowland plain; (b) maken ~, to raze (a city, castle, etc.); also, make (sth.) level or even; planir and as ~ as a ~ table, as flat as flat can be; from (of) the ~ erthe, from ground level, off the ground; upon the ~ erthe, flat on the ground; all the ~ world, the whole wide world; (c) of a field, pasture, path, etc.: bare, open, free of obstructions; cleared, prepared for sowing; also, free of people; also, of the sea: unobstructed by rocks; ~ place, a clearing, an open space; ~ contre, land which is not built up, rural country [quot.: c1436]; ~ lond, unfortified land [quot.: Mannyng 4821]; (d) of a street or path: easily traversed, open, public; of a field of battle or lists for jousting: open, clear; (e) comp. adj. plainer as noun: a plain, lowland, valley.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)31/353 : He com in-to a fair cuntray..Smoþe & plain & al grene; Hille no dale nas þer non y-sene.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Num.33.49 : Þei settedyn tentys..in þe more pleyn [WB(2): the pleynere; L planioribus] placys of Moabytes.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Kings 7.28 : He made ten brasene feet..& þat werk of þe feet was between grauyngis pleyn [L interrasile].
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.47.8 : These waters..gon doun to the playn thingus [WB(2): pleyn places; L plana] of desert.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.133 : Nilus..ouerfloweþ þe pleyn contraies [L plana] of Egipt.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.289 : Þe lond [of Flanders] is pleyne [L plana] and skarse of wode.
- (?a1390) Daniel *Herbal (Add 27329)f. 71rb : Qwan thei potte or floure, we sette bowes to bere hem fro þe ground, or ellis if we lete hem renne on þe ground we take stones brode & pleyn or bredes or sich thing & sette þe pottes softe & clene þeron.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)85a/a : Þe blinde..spurneþ ofte in pleyne way & stomleþ.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)169a/b : A Downe is a litel swellynge..of erþe passyng þe pleyne grounde and nouȝt rechyng to hiȝnesse of an hille.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179b/b : Þe londe is playne and bereth goode corne.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)211a/b : Aristotil seiþ..þat herbes þat men eteþ groweþ bettre in playne place and in high..for in playne place and euene is moche moysture.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)319/17 : Þe corde wole be þe better if it be playn [L plana], & not round.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6395 : Ne cragges ne roches sal nan þan be, Ne dale ne hille ne mountayne; Bot alle erthe sal be þan even and playne.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)172/10 : In þat kyngdom of Medee þere ben many grete hilles & litill of pleyn erthe.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)174/27 : In Caldee is a pleyn contree & fewe hilles & fewe ryueres.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)101b/a : William setteþ hym in a playne bedde.
- c1440(a1400) Eglam.(Thrn)329 : Men mett hym, als I saye, On þe playne grownd þer he laye: Feftene fotte and mare.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1290 : Thise hende..Behelde..Pensels and pomell of ryche prynce armez, Pighte in þe playn mede, þe pople to schewe.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)1772 : Vp to þe hilles fro þem þey wend, & left þe Troiens þe pleyn lond.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)96a : We seeþ ofte in playn feld citee I-buld þat haue no help of hul ne ryuer.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)9/21 : Toward the west was sumtyme the cete of Tray vpon a reuer in a fayr pleyne place [L in loco pulcherimo et plano].
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)2079 : He þat..pight has his place on a playn ground, Hym þar not hede to be hurt with no hegh falle.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)6013 : In þe way whare it was playne, Oxen it drew with myght and mayne.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)1.135 : The pleyne growndes [Trev.: þe londe; L plana terræ] of Egipte be replete with water.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)360/4 : The wyne made of the reysen growinge in hilles agains the sunne is of driere kynde than is the wyne made of reysen growinge in playne cuntree and moiste.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)79/37 : Wyn whos grape growys in hellys..ys of moor drye kynde þan þat growys in playn and moyst valeyes.
b
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)22532 : Þe sixte day..Al þis world shal be made pleyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4383 : Þis toun was brent & brouȝt lowe, Boþe tour & wal with þe soil made pleyn.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)48/26 : Þis citee tuke Iosue..& kest it doune, and made it euen playne with þe erthe.
- c1450(?1436) Siege Calais (Rome 1306)30 : The walles thay wolde bete adovn, Tour, castell, and dongeon, And all shuld be made pleyne.
- 1448 Rich.(Arms 58)430/6844 : Kyng Richard lup into his sadel anon Of the playn erthe that he stod on.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.354 : A ȝate on þat Castel was thore, From the plein Erthe A stones Cast & More.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)4940 : Þe castel off Seynt George de Reyn þey ffelde doun and made al pleyn.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)9 : A pyler pyȝt was doun vpon þe playn erþe.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4138 : He was won in-to a werd all of wast fildis, Quare nouthire holtis was ne hilles..Bot all as planir & as playn as a playn table.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5402 : To my powere vndire-putt is all þe playn werd.
- c1450 Siege Thebes (Rwl D.82)272 : He..lete cast downe euery house of þe Cite, And last no stone stond on the walles, but made hit playne and euen with the soyle.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)211 : Pray hem that thei restore the pore men to here lond, breke down the heggis, make pleyn the dykes, and then schal I have rest.
c
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2217 : Þei trauailed al a niȝt..no couert miȝt þei kacche, þe cuntre was so playne.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.62.10 : Greiþeþ weye to þe lord; pleyn makeþ þe goyng [WB(2): make ȝe a playn path; L planum facite iter] & gedereþ awey þe stones.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.408 : Fro the leese which is plein Into the breres, thei forcacche Her Orf.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.5251 : He brente The pleine contre al aboute; The Cites stode of him in doute.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)439 : Þer he busked hym a bour..Of hay and of euer-ferne and erbez a fewe, For hit watz playn in þat place for plyande greuez.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)28 : They [roebucks] haunten..in valeys and somtyme in playn Cuntre.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3313 : Þe soil, smoþe, bare, and pleyn, Þei maked had redy to bere greyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.865 : Þei fledde hym as þe deþ for fere, For where he rod he made a path ful pleyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2162 : Þe se is calme and fro rokkis pleyn.
- c1425 Twiti Venery(1) (Vsp B.12)153 : Whan that ye se anoþer y-goo out of the foorme, as in playn feld, or lond yerd..and your houndes fynde wel of hym, ye shull saye, 'la, douce amy.'
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)113 : But if dette or damage be behynden before the ballives..more thanne it shulde ben for hem that ben sithyng or duelling in the toun or in pleyn cuntre, [etc.].
- (1448) in Willis & C.Cambridge 1355 : Item, that the..grounde betwene the same diche and the College arreised of a grete height so that hit may atte alle flodes be pleyn and drie grounde.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)1723 : Whan al was fled, & feld was playn, Brutus turned his folk a-geyn.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)4821 : Hys pleyn londes he let hym haue, Bot his forteletes he dide saue.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)25a : Nouȝt onliche þis schulde ben vsed in playn felde but also..on hyȝe clyues and rokkes.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)89a : Suche charus most eueremore haue playn grounde and not hully ne stony.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.369 : Of plein Erthe to-forn þat gate was..The whiche but xxx pas was Of lengthe.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)495 : We han mirthe ful miche in medus and feldus, Þere faire placus and plain han plente of flourus.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)3417 : Þe passage..sall playn [Dub: plane] be & open.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)106/20 : He had þis monke in-to a playn felde vppon a fayr day, whar þe wynde blew.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)164 : A gret cherch of Seynt Michael, whech stood on a hil fast by Glasconbury, the erdqwave threw it fer awey, and left the ground pleyn.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)12/399 : We purpose to shewe in oure pleyn place in þe xxxjti pagent..how to crystys herte a spere gan pace.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)24 : My good Awngell..brynging my sawle in to a grett playn valey, wher was nother mone ne sonne ne ster that gaffe any liȝte.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)19/23 : Thay wentyn into..a pleyne place be-sette aboute with monttanys and woddis, watris and moris.
d
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18747 : Iesus vr fader has mad al plain Gate til vr heritage a-gain.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.103 : Men out of bileve..maken a comoun weye and playne where fendis and beestis may freely go.
- (?c1436) Duke Burgundy (Rome 1306)6 : O thou Phelippe..whan wiltow rise And in pleyn felde doo mustre with thy launce?
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)11/24 : Ner besyde the paleys is a fayr pleyn place for iustyng and turnement wel ordeynyd, and for alle othere dedis of armys.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7218 : Yche furde folowand on other..past furth prudly into þe plaine feld.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)126/1 : She straue & chidde in the plaine strete wit her neyghboures.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)11/21 : Thay wolde figh with ham in the Playn felde.
- ?a1525(?a1475) Play Sacr.(Dub 652)373 : Now wyll I passe by thes pathes playne.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)343 : On foote and on faire horsse fought þei samme; Priken on a plaine feelde preeved knightes.
e
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.1.34 : Ammorre hartede þe sonys of dan in þe hul, ne he ȝaf to hem place þat to þe playner [WB(2): pleynere places; L planiora] þei myȝte descendyn.
1b.
(a) Smooth, even surfaced; of bed clothes; undisturbed; also fig.; ~ as a line; plat and ~; maken ~, to polish (sth.), make (sth.) smooth; (b) of the body or a part of the body: smooth, unwrinkled; also, hairless, bald; of the face: flat, without prominent features; of hair: straight, not curled; of a bird: with unruffled feathers; (c) anat. flat or smooth; surg. of a wound: smooth, clean, without rough edges or bone splinters; of a splint, surgical instrument, etc.: smooth, flat, plain, without lateral projections or rough edges; pathol. of an infection: smooth, not eruptive or scabby; also, simple, without complications; (d) of the sea, a lake, or the air: calm, smooth, even, gentle; (e) gon ~ pas, wenden with pas ful ~, to go directly or straightway; ~ wei, a direct path.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)2379 : Þai polyst it [wooden beam] and made it playne.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)106a/b : Þe body of heuen is rounde and playne wiþoute.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)205a/a : Reyben..is a litel stoon..and is y-schape rounde and pleyne.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)240b/a : Platanus is a tre and haþ þat name for þe leues þerof beþ playn, brode, and large; ffor pleyn is plantos in grew.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)323/10 : Presse it [the spine] yn with a playn tree [L lignea plana].
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1068 : Conforme þe to Kryst, and þe clene make, Þat ever is polyced as playn as þe perle selven.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1134 : If þou be waschen wyth water of schryfte, And polysed as playn as parchmen schaven, Sulp no more þenne..þy saule þerafter.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.546 : Whan þe soille..was made pleyn as lyne, Þe werkmen gan þis cite for to founde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.723 : Þer wer..fleccheris, And swyche as koude make schaftes pleyn.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4638 : Thebes [was] brouht vnto Ruyne And with the soyle made pleyn as a lyne.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)1342 : Vnder þe erth a hole þai made..Þan þe fader..dited þe hole euyn and playn.
- a1425(?a1400) PCounsel.(Hrl 674)138/28 : Take good gracyous God as he is, plat & pleyn as a plastre, & legge it to þi seek self as þou arte.
- a1425 WBible(1) (CC 145)Ezek.21.11 : Þe swerd..I ȝaf hym to be mad pleyn [WB(2): forbischid; L levigandum].
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)452 : He sey..Hyr lyppys rody, hyr chyn wych as pleyne Pulshyd marbyl shoon.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1578 : The sydes..Was..Pight vp with pilers all of playne marbill.
- c1450 Treat.Perf.(Add 37790)234/34 : This litel stone..is rounde and be the circumference playne.
- c1475 A philosophre (Hrl 372)p.41 : Ther was no..wrestlyng whereby he was ywroke; But also pleyne was his bedde at the morwe As at even.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.120 : Ȝyf he wele it [a knife] grynde blont and pleyn, it shal gryndyn blont & pleyn.
- a1500 Agnus Castus (LdMisc 553)188/3 : Yf a man wol wel chese of þe fruyt [nutmeg], he most tak þulk þat is playn and somdel heuy.
- a1475 Sidrak & B.in Centaurus 12 (Lnsd 793)223/5221 : Þogh it were al plein londe As þe pawme of myn honde..He shulde neuere be so ȝare To goo it þorgh..In a þousand daies wiþ-outen mo.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.769 : He seth hire front is large and plein Without fronce of eny grein.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)35b/a : His skin is pleyn & smethe of here withouten any.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)143b/a : Þey [goshawks] beþ I-loued of hire lordes..& I-stroked in þe brest & in þe taile and I-made playne & smothe [L replanantur].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)286a/b : And some han pleyne face wiþouten noseþurles.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6404 : Þe face hij han playne and hard, Als it were an okes bord.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)860 : She semede lyke a Rose newe..I dar wel seyn; Hir forheed frounceles al pleyn [F poli].
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)75/26 : Þay fande þare women with berdis rechande downn to þaire pappes, & þaire heuedez playne abownne.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)18/524 : I lyue..vndir kay That y ne may now stroke yowre sidis pleyne.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)29/9 : That man is deboner..with soft heere and playne.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)380/22 : The visage that is plat and playne, and is nat sharpe nor grete, it is ill.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)235/37 : He is wel dysposid aftyr kynde that hath tendyr flesh, the body nethyr ouer roghe ne ouer Playne.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)236/2 : Plente of lockys Playne Wythout moche cryspynge.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)62b/a : The sole of þe foot..of a beest..hatte planta in latyn, for it is pleyn.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)54b/b : With a threde strong, euen, & playne, as a silke..Be þe nedelez long, playne, and anoynted.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)113a/b : Þise infeccionz..ar playne & haþ not vnequalitee ne vlceracion.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)131a/a : And som [spots in the eye] ar playne, And som eleuate somwhat & bothorate.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)44b/b : Þe vtilite whi þat it is pleine wiþ inne & wiþ oute is be cause þat neiþer þe dura mater neiþer þe pannikel..schulde ben hurte off þe extremites of him.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)98b/a : Alle maner scharpenesse schal be made pleine with instrumentes of iren.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)100a/a : When þe bone..is clene oute, make þe sides of þe braine panne pleine with þin instrumentes.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)124b/a : Splentes..ben beter and þeie be pleine þen rounde.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)128b/a : Ȝif þe enpostume cumme of colde..þe figure of his [read: him is] pleyne, & he occupieþ moche place.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)234/22 : Woundes with kyttinge of the brayne panne persynge, some ben playne and euen and some ben scharpe and flawy.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)252/4 : It [surgical knife] makeþ playne [*Ch.(1): it planeþ; L applanat] and deperteþ the scharpenesses.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)390/3 : If..þai [skin infections] be noght playne, and vneven and bylede, þai ben cleped scabbe, teterys, and drye scabbes.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)572/17 : Anoþer [instrument]..is pleyne and longe, in þe manere of a beeme with a pype.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)18b/a : Þe Brayn panne..is playn wiþouten..And..it is playn wiþinne.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)19b/b : Þe verual bonys ben more playn and lasse round in þat place þan in ony oþir.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)38a/b : The stomak is compouned of tweye pannyclis, of whiche þe ynnere is neruous & villous and þe vttere playne & carnouse.
- c1475 *Mondeville (Wel 564)162b/a : Aftir þat it be maad playne in þe beste maner þat it may be maad.
- c1475 *Mondeville (Wel 564)163b/a : Fro þe tyme þat al þing is taken out of þe brayn panne þat schal be taken out, maad playne, & fro þe schiueris be taken out of þe concauite.
d
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.1982 : The wynd was good, the See was plein; Hem nedeth noght a Riff to slake.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)156b/b : Þe see hatte equor..for he is euen and playne.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Leg.(Hrl 4196)13/161 : Hastily þe tempest seste, And so..With windes playn to land þai pas.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)4766 : Þe se sal seme playn And stand even..With-outen mare rysyng or fallyng.
- ?1435(1432) Lydg.Hen.VI Entry (Jul B.2)19 : In alle the hevenes there was no clowde seyn..The eyre attempred, the wyndis smoth and pleyn.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)9.1703 : Who may the furies of Fortune appese, Hir troubli wawes to make hem calm & pleyn?
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4375 : Wee see..Þe playne purperyn see full of prode fischis.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.70 : The see may now be pleyn wiþouten wawe, And now wiþ styffe stormes turne and wende.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)2699 : In a while it [the sea] is tranquylle And playne & calme.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)370/429 : Now reste we vs..vp-on this pleyn lake.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)5666 : Whanne þe see bigynneþ to flowe..Þe erþe swoloweþ it aȝein And makeþ the see lowe and plein.
e
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)3082 : Thurgh þe hal Sir Ywain gase Intil ane orcherd playn pase.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)7654 : Fra þe erth untylle þe cercel of þe mone, es Þe way of fyve hundreth wynter..Þat es als mykelle space at say, Als a man moght ga, in playne way, In fyve hundreth yhere.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)4769 : He royse and wentt with pase full playn.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)4910 : Þoo oxin went with pace full playn And led þe arke to Ebrews land.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.42.25b : Þer is..an hiȝe pleyn weye as mekil as may ben in mannes werke to contemplacion.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)8913 : Seuen heuenes ther bien..and vche planete a heuen betwene as muche space as a mon wil go of playne way in fiue hundret ȝer.
2.
Geom. Confined to two dimensions, as it were on a flat surface without depth; ~ figure, a figure having but two dimensions; ~ mesure, the measure of length or width.
Associated quotations
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)328b/b : Of gemetrie is foure manere dymmensioun, playne, and gretnesse of nombre, and gretnesse of resoun, and solid figures. Playne figures ben conteyned in lengþre and in brede.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)328b/b : Of pleyne figures is many special maner schap.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)329a/a : Diategramon is a pleyne figure.
- ?c1400 Treat.Geom.(Sln 213)58 : This tretis es departed in thre, þat es to say, hegh mesure, playne mesure, and depe mesure.
3.
(a) Plain, simple, unadorned; also, stripped of valuables, bare; of clothes: unembellished; also, without padding; (b) plainly woven, not twilled; ~ cloth, a fabric without twill, design, or embroidery; (c) without armor; in ~ armes; (d) common, ordinary, usual; also, modest, lowly [quot.: a1420]; also, not intimate or overly familiar [quot.: a1450]; (e) mus. monophonic as opposed to polyphonic; in plainsong.
Associated quotations
a
- [ (1322) Will de Bohun in Archaeol.J.2348 : j plate dargent pur espices ove le pee ove escuchouns des divers armes, et ij autres plates playnes dargent. ]
- (1366) Will York in Sur.Soc.481 : Lego Willielmo..unam peciam argenti playne cum cooperculo.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1531 : In þe palays pryncipale upon þe playn wowe..Þer apered a paume, wyth poyntel in fyngres.
- (1415) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)46 : Y wille and ordeyne þat Elizabeth, my wief, have..iij cortyns..ij playn and þe þridde striped with plonket riban.
- (1415) Will in Bdf.HRS 226 : Item, a playn sanap of viij ȝerds long.
- (1415) Will in Bdf.HRS 228 : Item, a gilt pot..y-graue with a pale of columbyne and an oþer playn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3846 : He returneþ to þe temple ageyn To spoyle and robbe & to make al pleyn.
- (?c1425) Doc.in Sur.Soc.4586 : In xij discis argenteis..viij piece pleyn.
- (1438) Acc.Bk.Carpenter Co.2 : Paide For twey newe borde cloþes playne ix s. iiij d.
- (1438) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.12 : A doseine of plaine salers..Also a dosen of cowped salers..Also a dosen of counterfete salers weinge xiij lb.
- (1444) Will Daubeney in Som.RS 19341 : Y wol she have..ij best playn swte of Napry, a dosyn spones, a plain basyn of Sylver.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)2014 : Mantels sal þai haue certayne, In winter dubil, in somer playne.
- (1450) Lin.DDoc.39/22 : Item, ij smale towelles of Raynes playne; Item, ij Surnapes of Raynes wroght.
- (1451-2) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.17 : Item, a playn towaill conteynyng x yerdes.
- (1455) Will York in Sur.Soc.30189 : I yeve and bequeeth to my wyfe..ij coppis of silver playne with M and S in ye grounde..Item, j chalis of silver and gilt playne, with j lambe graven in ye patyn.
- (1459) Invent.Fastolf(2) in Paston Letters (Gairdner)3.188 : Item, ij playn borde clothys for my maister is table..Item, iiij tewelles playn warke.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)29 : Neuer were ne use suche stuffid dublettes fro this tyme forth, but orden the a playn dowblette.
- a1500(1465) Leversedge Vision (Add 34193)30 : The said playn aray was..more shapply to me and bettur bycomme me then did my stuffid aray that i vsid afore tyme with bolsters.
- -?-(1415) Will in Som.RS 16401 : My wyll is that my body be beryed in the churchehey..ryghte as they mowe stappe on me and a flat playne stone save my name ygraved yarin.
b
- (1415) Will in Bdf.HRS 226 : Item, iij Brewers of playn cloith.
- (1442) Invent.Gild in PSAL ser.2.5123 : Item, j ffyne pleyn cloth.
- (1444) Will York in Sur.Soc.30100 : Lego eidem Johanni j mappam de plane cloth.
- (1459) Will York in Sur.Soc.30236 : j towell de playn cloith..j metecloth, j towell de playnecloth.
- (1475) Stonor1.155 : It., iij Tabyll clothys of playn clothe.
c
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)6477 : Of þine hauberk vnarmi þe: In pleyn armes wil we fiȝt.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7564 : Wit armes cums þou me again, And i agains þe al plain.
d
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1269 : Lat vs..in our port be but humble & pleyn.
- a1425(?a1400) PCounsel.(Hrl 674)160/20 : It is þe perilousest purpose þat may be, a ȝong man to folow þe feersnes of his desire..namely..to climben in hiȝe þinges, not only abouen him-self bot abouen þe comoun plein way of Cristen men.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2617 : Ful is the place of..songes amorous of maryage, AS thylke tyme was the pleyne usage.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)10 : Kepe þee euere playn and comown, to ech a man half straunge, sauynge euere þe boond of charite.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)27 : It is speedful to him..þat he be playn and comown to alle, and not ful hoomly wiþ noone.
e
- c1450(c1400) ?Clanvowe Cuckoo & N.(Frf 16)118 : Hit thynkes me I syng as wel as thow, For my songe is both trewe and pleyn.
4a.
(a) Clear, explicit; unambiguous, unmistakable; also, evident, overt; (b) of a planet's orbit: fixed; (c) of a gem: clear, transparent, or translucent; (d) free from deception or distortion; actual, real, true; ~ account; ~ cas (mening, soth, treuth); (e) of persons, the heart, the will: candid, honest, sincere, truthful; reliable, dependable; open, frank, forthright; of the countenance: having a sincere expression or an honest appearance; hole and ~; ~ conscience, a clear conscience; ~ withouten gile (ipocrisie); (f) simple, pure, absolute; paradise ful ~, ?utter paradise; (g) as noun: at ~, in (short and) ~, plainly; the ~, the plain case; the short and ~, the long and the short of it, briefly, concisely.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3471 : It was hir pleyn entente To haue a child the world to multiplye.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1487 : This is theffect and his entente pleyn.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18a/a : Þese liȝt þinges & playne Iseide of goode angelis schal suffice at þis tyme.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78b/a : Sweuenes þat beþ trewe buþ somtyme opun & playne & somtyme I-wrappid in figuratif, mystik & dym & derke tokenynges.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3072 : Sche hadde þus vn-to hir knyȝt In euery þing ȝoue instruccioun, Pleyn doctrine, and informacioun.
- a1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)343 : My men..wald put þam fro þaire purpos playn.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)101/19 : I sey not þat þei [hypocrites] schul þanne be schewed in brokyn ne in pipyng voices aȝens þe pleyn disposission of þeire kynde.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)101/21 : He..haþ a pleyn & an open boystous voice.
- a1450(c1405) Purvey Determ.(Trin-C B.14.50)171/28 : Moises..rede it, as is pleyn in Detronomie.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)161/127 : Suthfast schalbe all my sawe, And poure haue playnere & playne to say And aunswer as me awe.
- ?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)54/21 : Triumphe is a full and a plener [vrr. pleiner, playn] ouer comynge of Enemyes bi bataile.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)286/2 : It is pleyn, þan, how þe prophete calleþ mans herte confession.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)10528 : Fals prophettes..sayd þei suld..maynteyn all þat purpase playn.
- a1456 Marmaduke SSecr.(Ashm 59)217/23 : Þe remenaunt of þe kynges subgitz..rehercen and tellen to þeire wyves, þeire children, and þeire servantz, and given hem pleine ensample and clere instrucc[i]on of þeire kynges noblesse.
- (1469) Stonor1.105 : Send us a..cope of al your dedes made seth the dethe of your ffader with a more playne instruccioun.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)245/4 : I reporte me to thaim..for to acquite thaire trauthe and conscience in playn maner.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)245/7 : His oppinion is no counseile but playn flateringe.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)4845 : Of all hir manerys callid trew and payne [read: playne], Ser Amelok hir fader was certayn.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)189/99 : Powere haue I plene and playn, To say and answere as me aw.
b
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)423 : God..ilke a planet hase put in a plaine course..As he formed hom first flitton þai neuer.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)203a/b : Þe þridde [gem]..is white in þe oone syde and pleyne in þe oþer.
- a1500 Bod.EMisc.Lapid.(BodEMisc e.558)25/73 : The playn emeraude is full goode to loke vpon and to beholdyn.
- a1500 Peterb.Lapid.(Peterb 33)p.94 : Þer ben iij maner iagunces; þat one is full of geynes [read: greynes], þat oþer ȝelow, þe þryd is pleyn..þe pleyn iacyuncte will suffer no feyr.
d
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.864 : Of goddes wille and as it was Sche tolde him al the pleine cas.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1452 : Sche him wolde sein Of hire astat the trowthe plein.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1638 : A man schal..knette upon conclusioun His Argument in such a forme, Which mai the pleine trouthe enforme.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.194 : Clerkis wil write..The pleyn trouthe whan a man is goon.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.148 : Þer may no man his pleyn menyng know.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)673 : Fynaly -- this the trouthe pleyn -- he retourneth..To the matere which that he kam fro.
- (1440) Visit.Alnwick359 : We enioyne..that..ye shewe a fulle and a playne accompte of alle the revenues of your place.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)214 : It is ful profitable to..knowleche þerof þe pleyn trouþe.
- (1445) in Webb Rec.St.Barth1.499 : Sworn every man above sayd be hymself upon a boke to sey the playn trowthe.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1235 : Þat fynde I a plat sooth and a pleyn.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)56/31 : She..tolde not the serpent the plaine trouthe..she putte condicion in her ansuere.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1151 : Touch no man the galle; It is my pleyn counsell.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)378/7 : [Phisonomias hath tolde] you the playn trouthe of my compleccion.
- c1500 Alone walking (Trin-C R.3.19)25 : My trouth so pleyn Ys take in veyn.
- c1500 Melusine (Roy 18.B.2)193/5 : Ye saye the playne trouth of it, and your reason is full good.
e
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.736 : I have..Be plein withoute Ypocrisie.
- (c1400) Gower PP (Eg 2862)308 : Pes..mai noght be gete..Bot wher the herte is plein withoute guyle.
- (1418) Let.in Ellis Orig.Let.ser.1.15 : Ȝe schol fynde hym a good man and a spirituel, and pleyn to ȝu with owte feyntese.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2076 : Þis wommen..so wel can feyne..With humble chere and with face pleyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2093 : So pleyne þei seme with wordis fair glosed, But vnder-nethe her couert wil is closed.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3738 : With face hool and pleyn He welcomed hym, al ageynes herte.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5212 : In his menyng þouȝ he wer nat pleyn; For vnder-neþe he was with fraude frauȝt.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1724 : Trouth shuld longe to a king, Of his word not be variable, But pleyn and hool as a Centre stable.
- c1450(a1449) Lydg.Doubl.(Frf 16)39 : Women be hool and pleyne, Yet ay be-war of doublenesse.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)116 : So pleyn she was..That she nyl hiden nothing from her knyght, Lest he of any untrouthe her upbreyde.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7866 : Men are..All put in a purpos with a plain wille.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1089/3 : He ys jantill..and in hym ys no maner of male engynne, but playne, faythfull and trew.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)230/2 : Dame Iulian..promisid, by her trowth & very trewe feythe & playn conscience a-fore god.
- a1500 I may woll (Cmb Ff.1.6)20 : I..Wyll neuer change but kepe..Wyth alle my myght to be bothe true & playn.
- a1500 Religious pepille (BodPoet b.4)25 : Fals Raungor ys fled..And playn prechorws there to sey at large.
f
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.926 : No wonder is for in hir grete estat Hir goost was euere in pleyn humylitee.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)929 : Þou nees bot a pudre plain, to puder sal þou worth a gain.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)375/48 : Adame..Þis menys solas certayne, Such light gune on vs lende In paradise full playne.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)38/1108 : His secretary callid promys playne The self tyme wrote the letter of trete.
- c1480(1422) Lydg.SD (Add 48031)50/24 : He was anoon foriuged, dempte, and nempned rebell, as plain enemy and rebell vnto the Citie of Rome.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)60/78 : Lyff xal be grawntyd of paradys ful pleyn.
g
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1091 : So stood the heuene whan that we were born; We mote endure it -- this is the short and playn.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.577 : Of Grisildis wordes and hir cheere, He tolde hym poynt for poynt in short and playn.
- (1444) Wars France in RS 22.1463 : By..whiche..it may appere unto you more at plain.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.7 : Þer of I schalle speke more in playn.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)207/205 : Of ȝour concyens telle us þe playn with þis woman what xal be wrought.
4b.
Of words, language, speech, or narrative: (a) clear, unambiguous; truthful, direct, to the point; of one's manner of speaking: sincere; plat and ~; ~ English; ~ langage; (b) not embellished by the figures of rhetoric, simple, ordinary, unaffected.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 Vrn.Mir.Virg.(Vrn)140 : Þe Moder onswered aȝein Wiþ wordus Maylde, plat, and pleyn.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.50 : Hir facound eek ful wommanly and pleyn No countrefeted termes hadde she To seme wys.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.392 : Destraccioun..hath withholde Malebouche..so that he pronounce A plein good word withoute frounce.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2350 : The Sothseiere..wolde noght the trouthe spare, Bot with hise wordes pleine and bare To Themperour hise sothes tolde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6129 : Þei werne ful double of entent..þei wer sworn By fraude of oþe & nat by wordis pleyne.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)877 : As myn autour writ in wordys pleyn, By Iocasta he had sones tweyn.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.362 : Þis gospel telliþ a playen [vr. pleyn] storie how þat Joon Baptist cam forþ.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)113/5 : Þu lyest falsly in pleyn Englysch.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.3360 : A certeyn knyght..thyng shamful to be told, To speke pleyn Inglissh, made hym a cokold.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)22/21 : Of thi faucon be thou boolde and pleyne, And of thi word bothe clene and certeyne.
- c1447 in Willis & C.Cambridge 1p.lxiii : Plain lecture and exposicion botraced with docteurs sentences..parformyd daily twyes by two docteurs.
- c1450(a1449) Lydg.SSecr.(Sln 2464)450-51 : It shulde be translatyd ffrom Arabyk to moor pleyn language, ffor latyn is moore pleyn and moor dylatyd.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)1123 : In Proverbis a texte is to purpose, pleyne inowgh wythouten ony glose.
- ?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)53/14 : Triumphus bi descripcion is as mochell to seyne in pleyne englisch as a treble gladnesse..ordeyned for victors.
- c1450(c1386) Chaucer LGW Prol.(1) (Benson-Robinson)328 : Thou maist yt nat denye, For in pleyn text, withouten nede of glose, Thou hast translated the Romaunce of the Rose.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1099 : I be-seche þe now..Þe prophecy..of all my playn werdis, How me is destayned to dye.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)96 : My pitee doeth me constrayne To shew the trouth in a few wordis & playne.
b
- (c1390) Gower CA 1st Concl.(Bod 902)8.3068* : I have do my trewe peyne With rude wordes and with pleyne.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.3122 : Y have do my trewe peyne With rude wordis and with pleyne.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.720 : I lerned neuere rethorik certeyn; Thyng that I speke it moot be bare and pleyn.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1562 : Myn englische is to rude and eke to pleyn For to enditen of so hiȝe a þing.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.3543 : Þouȝ..þei nat ne rede In al þis boke no rethorikes newe, Ȝit I hope þei shal fynde trewe þe story pleyn.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.2 : Diuerse men..In metir sum and sum in prose pleyne, This book translated haue..Into Englisshe tonge.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)58-9 : He that shuld al commyn peple teche, He most for theym vse playne & comon speche. Thogh that I write in playn & homely wise, No good man shulde suche writyng despyce.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (1402) in Salzman Building in Engl.243 : Planebord [for repair of the roof].
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)2.235 : Noe made the schippe of pleyne burdes [Trev.Higd.: tymber i-planed wel smethe ; L de lignis lævigatis, id est, politis].
Note: Combination ~ bord a board planed smooth; also coll. timber with one or more smooth-planed surfaces. The Higden quot. at least appears to mean 'smooth as if planed with a smooth plane,' which places it in sense 1b.(a), though sense 1a.(a) ('flat, straight as if planed with a jointer plane') cannot be excluded, especially in the quot. from Salzman, and especially as those two operations doubtless operated in tandem.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.7vb (1.3) : This ieiune is globbede and rounde and bostuse..But duodenum, to whom ieiune is tyede, is pleyn and smoþe.
Note: Additional quot., prob. sense 1b.(b).