Middle English Dictionary Entry
last(e adj. superlative
Entry Info
Forms | last(e adj. superlative Also lest(e, lasten & (early) latst(e, latzste, leaste & (errors) lelaste, laczste, lastre. |
Etymology | Prob. from adv. Also cp. OE læt adj. & lætemest. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. lat(e, later(e, latest(e.
1.
(a) Latest, last, final; ~ idus, the ides of a month [see idus]; at the ~ endinge, in the end, at the last; bi the ~ ende, by the conclusion or sequel, by what happened afterward; ~ dai (ende), the final day (conclusion); (b) used of the close of someone's life; ~ age (elde), old age; ~ dai, the day of death; ~ ende (endinge, thing), death; also, the last part of one's life; ~ houre, the final hour of life; ~ wille, one's will, testament; (c) used of the end of the world; ~ assise (dom), the Last Judgment; ~ deth, the second death of the condemned at the Last Judgment; ~ ende (endinge), the end of the world; ~ dai(es, ~ houre, ~ tide, ~ times, ~ trompe, etc.; (d) ?much later; ~ daies; (e) ~ save (withouten) on, the last but one, the next to the last; two (seven) the ~, the last two (seven); the six ~, the last six.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)4168 : Þe sefennde, þe lattste daȝȝ, He sette þeȝȝm to resste.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)127/11 : Hwen leof freond went from oþer, þe leaste [Nero: laste] wordes þet he seið, þeo schulen beo best edhalden.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)8/20 : Þus doþ..to laste [Corp-C: leatemeste] uers of euerich imne.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)65/18 : Þe laste boȝ of þise zenne is huanne man agelt his treuþe.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)245/16 : Þe laste yefþe..is þe yefþe of wysdom.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))2 Esd.8.18 : He radde in the boc of the lawe bi eche daȝes, fro the firste dai vn to the laste dai.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 12.59 : Thou schalt not go thennis til thou ȝelde also the last ferthing.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.2.19 : I haue knowe thi werkes..and thi laste werkes mo than the former.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.263 : Artaxerxes..put out Nactanabo, the leste [L ultimo] kyng of Egipt.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)18/14 : This cercle wole I clepe the lymbe of myn equatorie, þt was compowned the yer of crist 1392 complet the laste meridie of decembre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.826 : Come is the laste tokne of alle.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.47 : He leet the feste of his natiuitee Doon crien thurgh out Sarray, his citee, The laste Idus of March after the yeer.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)210a/b : Also some bereþ fruyte oones a ȝere and some ofte, but þe laste fruyte rypeþ nought but abydeþ rawe and grene.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1492 : Þe formast werld adam be-gan, Þar-of lameth þe last man.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)608 : If þay wer farande and fre and fayre to beholde, Hit is eþe to leve by þe last ende.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.8439 : And with þat last dedly fatal wounde..he bare hym to þe grounde.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)2914 : Of seuene ȝeer þis is þe last day.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4774 : For I ne preise that lovyng Wherthurgh men at the laste eendyng Shall calle hem wrecchis.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)9b : Hit bryngiþ oute þe laste burþen of a woman when she haþe borne childe.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.m.5.28 : In autumpne, that is to seie, in the laste ende of somer.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)163a/b : And for þi was it [cautery] seid in olde tyme þe last instrument of medicyne, noȝt for lastnez of þe ende bot of ordre, ffor after diete and ffarmacie and ffleobotomye oweþ cauterie to be done.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)111a/a : And in þe laste ende of þe obtalmia, it is good to take hote, salte water.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)134b/b : Make ane oynement wiþ wexe and oile, & at þe laste ende putte þerto a litil vyneger.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)272 : Alle þe wordis..ben set in zed, which is þe laste lettre of þe a, b, c.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1682 : Now mot I seyn..And of the laste kyng Tarquinius.
- c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.47 : Þe last worde byndeth þe tale.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Hatfield (Hatfield 281)513 : And in this same yere, the Tuesday, the last day of Janeuer, was a bataill doon withinne leestes in Smythfeld.
- c1450 Metham Physiog.(Gar 141)126/5 : Tho personys be..slow in the begynnyng and in the laste endyng hard.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.33.20a : Þe more þou trauaillest to kepe þin herte..þe harder som time fro þe biginnynge to þe laste ende.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)21b/b : Þer ben in þe heed mo ventriclis þan oon..for þat þe spiritis schulden dwellen by sufficient tyme to þe laste digestioun.
- a1500(a1400) Wycl.FHC (NC 95)351 : For as þe holy gost is þe laste persone of god, after whom comeþ noon oþur, so it is of þis synne.
- a1500 Sln.2584 Med.Miscell.(Sln 2584)131/9 : Baldemoyne..schulde be gederid in þe laste ende of þe ȝeer.
b
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)15778 : Upponn hiss lattste ȝer..he comm..To þolenn dæþ.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)191/11 : Þus, lo, in euch stat rixleð bitternesse: earst i þe biginnunge..i þe forðȝong of god lif, & i þe leaste ende.
- c1275 Þene latemeste dai (Clg A.9)17 : Þenche we on þe laste dai, þat we schule heonne fare Vt of þisse worlde.
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Cmb Gg.1.1)179 : Le clerck soune la drener apel [glossed:] laste knel.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.32.20 : Y shal hude my face from hem, & y shal byholde þe laste þyngys [L novissima] of hem.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Wisd.4.8 : The laste age [L Senectus] forsothe wrshipeful is not longe durende.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.11 : Þanne Alisaundre..wroot his laste wille [L extremam voluntatem].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)148a/a : A forlyued cok leiþ eiren in his laste elde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23928 : And on min aun last dai, Þat es nu mi hope.
- a1400 Prov.Wisd.(Bod 9)76 : Þinke alwey on þi last ende!
- (1413) Will in Bdf.HRS 216 : I John Cheyne..make and ordene my testament and my laste Wille in this maner.
- (1423) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)267 : I be whethe to Alys Payn, of sche be with me in to my last ende, c marks.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)806 : Þe last ende of mans lyfe es hard, Þat es, when he drawes to ded-ward.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)2596 : Swilk als his last day fyndes a man, When he sal out of þis werld wende.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)303/17 : Þowh there schulde neuere noon be so greet a fool ne so blynde as þou art for to abyde of repentaunce to þe laste hour, ȝitt schulde þei þinke in þat laste hour of my mercy.
- (1426) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)340 : I, William Chichele..dispose for my lyf and sowle by this my testament or last wille in this wyse.
- (c1434) Drury Wks.(CmbAdd 2830)78/111 : The laste enoynt aleggit boþyn gostly seknesse & bodyly.
- (1444) Will Daubeney in Som.RS 19341 : I wol that William, my sone, have ij salers gilt..and ij of my beste horsse and goddis blessing and myn wt a condicion that he lette not my last will.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)3649 : Thynke on ȝoure last endynge!
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)366/2 : In my laste soper I ȝaf my-selfe to my disciples in sacramente.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)29 : Here endethe this most pitevous cronicle..translated oute of Latyne into oure moders Englisshe tong, bi youre symple subget John Shirley, in his laste age.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1096/33 : Thys ys my laste requeste.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)23055 : And of þas kinges ende, nulle hit na Brut ileue buten hit beon þe leste dæð [Otho: þan laste day] at þan muchele dome.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)48/6 : Luueliche lauerd, et te lelaste [Roy: laste] dom, ales him from deaðe.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)263 : And it sal ben ðe laste tid, Quan al man-kinde..Sal ben fro dede to liue brogt.
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)472 : Þat is þe kynde of gywes þat leue shal ffor-to þe laste ende; Hit shal byleue ffor-to domesday.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.187 : Þe þre ȝates to þe westward bitokneþ þe prechyng þat shal be preched til hem þat lyuen in þe last endyng of þe werlde.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.15.52 : We schulen ryse aȝen..in the laste trumpe.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)2 Pet.3.3 : In the laste dayes, illusours..shulen come.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)1 John 2.18 : The last hour is.. antecrist cometh.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Jude 2.18 : In the laste tymes ther shulen come scorners.
- c1390 ?Hilton Qui Habitat (Vrn)88/14 : Þe elde of holy chirche is þe laste ende of þis world.
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)1 Pet.1.20 : Crist..was y-knowe by-fore þe ordeynynge of þe worlde, & y-schewed in þese laste tymes for ȝow.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)90/7 : Now þou schalt here of þe þridde vndirnymyng, þat is to seye, of þe laste day of doom.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)374/25 : Fro þe bigynnyng, whanne I made þe world & also creaturis, ȝeuynge hem beynge to þe ymage & liknes of me, vnto þe last day, I vse & haue do & do what þat euere I do wiþ prouydence.
- a1450(?1404) As þe see (Dgb 102)229 : His [the world's] last ende is had-y-wist, When deþ haþ þy lyues kay.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)548 : For drede of dome in þe last day.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)53/58 : Ȝour soulys may þei saue at þe last Asyse.
- a1500 Earth(3) (Rwl C.307)12/23 : Erthe oute of erthe shalle com to the laste calle.
d
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5458 : And mani thinges he þam tald, Bath þat þai suld ouer bidd And suld in last dais bi-tidd.
e
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)14/19 : Þus ed euch gloria patri..& ed te leaste vers wið uten an of þe salm.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.15.1 : And I siȝe..seuen aungels hauynge seuen the laste plages [WB(2): veniauncis].
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)17/24 : Fra þe witsunday til þe lentyn, sal it ilke niht be saide wid þe sexe last salmis of te nocturne.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)288 : Laste, save one: Penultimus.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)94b/b : But two þe laste causis ben as it were an vndirstondynge.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)71a : Laste save one: penultimus.
2.
Most recent; ~ age (time), the age immediately before the present one; the ~ dai, yesterday; ?also, recently; mondai ~, last Monday; fridai nou ~, fridai ~ was, last Friday; ~ king, april the ~, etc.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3430 : I saugh today a corps yborn to chirche, That now on Monday last I saugh hym wirche.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)65a/a : Þerfore it is aboue wondres & most wondirful þat in þe laste tyme mannes fleische is I-made goddis fleisch.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)16122 : A siȝt..she in hir slepyng say þis ilke laste nyȝt.
- (1411) RParl.3.650a : The forsaid Lord the Roos, at the last Parlement of oure sayd liege Lord..compleyneth hym by a Bille.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1575 : Ȝe weren brouȝt into this lond..But now this last nyght.
- (1423) Pet.Sutton in Fenland NQ 7308 : And there opon to graunte and relesse unto youre seid povere tenaunts..as myche as it pleases to youre discrecion to allowe hem of ther rent of the last yere.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.360 : Frend, in Aperil the laste..How neigh the deth for wo thow fownde me.
- (1431-6) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.1109 : I grete yowe wele, mervaylyng gretely þat on Fryday now laste, whan ye had dyned wyth me..come one to me..and cited me to apere afore yowe.
- (a1440) Let.Coventry in EHR 55642 : He payed to a mason on aftur even that last was for stones xvj s. viij d.
- (1445) Paston2.72 : The Vikare of Paston and yowre fadre, in Lenttyn last was, wher thorwe and acordidde.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)592 : Slike a knaue þaire last kyng hade.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2785 : Twa of þe tethiest ere tint..Þat lost was now þe last day.
- (1452) Let.Christ Ch.in Camd.n.s.1917 : Our metropolitan churche..stondith nowe destitute of a fader, John..your last Archbishop.
- (1465) Paston (Gairdner)4.126 : He is come ridyng homeward on Friday last was.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)501/17 : Com on with me, for we woll go se thys man that my lorde brought frome the foreste the laste day.
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)115/11 : He of His goodnese liste make Himself to be knowe and shewed in the last age.
3.
(a) Last in space; ~ ende, one of the extremities of the body, the last part of a figure on an astrelabe, the end of a thread or cord; also fig.; ~ gut, the last or lowest part of the intestines; two ~ fingeres, the last two fingers, the ring finger and the little finger; (b) furthest, most remote; ~ ende, the most distant part; ~ innere membres, the innermost organs of the body; ~ se, the sea at the far boundary of a country; ~ termes, furthest boundaries; ~ thinges of helle, the remotest depths of hell; (c) nearest in space; ~ boundes of helle, the uppermost boundaries of hell; ~ element, the element nearest to man.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.494 : Som man preiseth his neighebore by a wikked entente, for he maketh alwey a wikked knotte atte laste ende; alwey he maketh a but at the laste ende that is digne of moore blame than worth is al the preisynge.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)57b/b : Þe tone partie is cleped vena arterialis, þe whiche goeþ for to norissche þe lunges, and þe residue ascendinge is braunched in manye braunches vn to þe laste ende off þe bodie [*Ch.(2): vnto þe extremytees].
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)61a/b : And for to seen þe anothomie þe better, y wille begynne at þe laste gutte, þe whiche is cleped rectum oþer longaon.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)123b/a : Perseueraunce of akkeþ with a feuer sleeþ ofte times and corupteþ þe laste bone of þe finger, & it is cleped of þe comune pepil os frangulum.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)1.8.9 : And the nombre of the degrees of thoo signes be writen in augrym above, and with longe divisiouns fro 5 to 5, dyvidid fro the tyme that the signe entrith unto the laste ende.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)144 : Let hure blood on þe ryȝt honde on a veyne by twene two laste fyngeres.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)32a/a : Alwey bitwene euery tweie iuncturis is engendrid a braun y-proporciound to þe same membre & place, anoon to þe laste extremitees of þe fyngris, so þat as wel haþ þe laste iuncture a propre felynge and meuynge whanne it nediþ as haþ þe myddilmoste or þe firste.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)66a/b : And so forþ þoruȝ þat oþir side where þou schalt fynde þe laste ende of þi þred, wiþ which þou madist þi firste sticche.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.47.21 : Alle þe puples of it, fro þe laste termes [L novissimis terminis] of Egypte vnto þe vttermast costez of it.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.32.22 : Hit shal brenne vnto þe laste þyngys of helle [L inferni novissima].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Deut.34.2 : Þe lord shewede to hym..al þe lond of Iuda vnto þe laste see [L ad mare novissimum].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.419 : Þe lond of Catenesey..is in þe laste endes of Scotlond.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)58b/b : Also þe reynes bene of þe laste inner membres, & þere him nediþ grete hete.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)194b/a : Island is þe laste Regioun in Europa in þe norþe biȝonde Norwey.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Is.42.10 : Synge ȝe a newe song to the Lord; his heriyng is fro the laste partis of erthe [WB(1): fro the vtmostes of the erthe; L ab extremis terræ].
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.5.7 : And that the laste ile in the see, that highte Tyle, be thral to the.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.m.1.26 : He schal forleten the laste [L extimum] hevene.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)288 : Laste of alle: Ultimus..extremus.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)71a : Laste:..Extimus.
c
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.12.64 : Whanne Orpheus and his wyf weren almest at the termes of the nyght (that is to seyn, at the laste boundes of helle), Orpheus lokede abakward.
- c1450(?c1400) Wycl.Elucid.(StJ-C G.25)5 : Þe firste day he maide..þe sunne & þe moone & þe sterres in þe upper element, þat is, þe fijre; þe secunde day in þe myddel element, þat is, watir..þe þridde day beestes & man of þe laste element, þat is, þe erþe.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)50b/a : And þis laste and loweste Element, þat is, erþe, is hangynge & meuynge in þe myddil of þe round spere of þe firmament as a centre þat is sett in þe myddil of a sercle, and it is round as an appil as alle oþere beþ.
4.
(a) Last in a book, treatise, poem, part of a book, etc.; ~ ende, ~ endinge; ~ save on, next to the last; (b) most recent in a book, etc.; last aforementioned; ~ seid, last mentioned.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Mac.p.897 : Here endith the storie of Machabeus, the whiche is the laste book of the Olde Testament.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2583 : As to the poynt that Tullius clepeth causes, which that is the laste poynt, thow shalt vnderstonde, [etc.].
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)4/12 : And of her reulyng is almest al þat j wil wryte Bot in þe formest of þis boke & in þe last endynge.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)58/15 : Þus Auicenne techiþ in þe laste chapitle of þe firste book.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)85/20 : Þat schal be seid in þe laste eende of þis book.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)47/5 : Pure mekenes mustirs he here in þe last ende of his reule.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)35b/a : Forwhy, as Haly witnesseþ in þe laste ende off tegni, þat þe toþer fiftene tretys þat he made of þe anothomie ben not ȝitte translated.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)42b/a : And galien telleþ þe cause in þe laste chapiter saue one of þe viij boke de vtilitate particulari.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.11.19 : This conclusioun wol I declare in the last chapitre of the 4 partie of this tretys.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1093 : Appollo..This lytel laste bok thou gye!
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)11/30 : Policronica in his last ende of [t]his chapitre..concludithe, seiynge one þis wise.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)13a/b : And þus endiþ þe þridde doctrine & þe laste of þis chapitre.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)47a/a : Þus endiþ þe lastre chapitre of þe secunde distinccioun of þe firste partie of þis compilacoun.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)112/17 : Ȝe beoð ful feor from ham..ah þet fule breað of þis leaste [Tit: laste; Cai: leste] unþeaw, þet is, of leccherie, stinkeð se swiðe feor.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)18/30 : Mak thanne a narwere cercle som what ferther distaunt fro the laste seid cercle.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)20/1 : Mak yit anarwere cercle som what ferther distaunt fro this laste seid cercle.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)22/33 : Thise last seid 9 diuisiouns in the midnyht lyne shollen seruen for Equacioun of the 8e spere.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)160a/b : Þis laste emplaister, oþer anoþir þat is licheþer to, schal be leid apon þe herte.
5.
(a) Most extreme; greatest, best, worst; (b) humblest, lowest, basest.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.43 : Þe Affres..overcome Marcus Regulus wiþ al his oost at þe laste mescheef [L ultima pernicie].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.221-2 : O doghter, which that art my laste wo, And in my lyf my laste ioye also, Tak thow thy deeth.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)102a/b : Also, ȝif þe same scorpioun oþir an oþir is I-brused and I-leide to þe wounde, it is þe laste remedye.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)32b/b : It is made a grete flewme..by laste hardnyng [*Ch.(1): vttermore induracioun].
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.20.16 : So there shulen be the last men the firste.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416)108/23 : Þe fifþe, ȝif he be furst in werk among his peris and last in ordre.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.5.54 : Gemmes drawen to hemself a litel of the laste beaute [L postremae..pulchritudinis] of the world.
6.
As noun or absol.: (a) the last or final man, thing, time, sin, curse, sacrament, etc.; [see also alder ~]; (b) the most recent man, the latest comer; (c) the last person or thing spatially; the last or lowest of a set of vertebrae; the last zodiacal sign in the sky; the last part of a sign on an astronomical instrument; the rear of an army; (d) the remotest heaven; (e) the last part of a book, chapter, or discussion; the last of a list of items discussed; twein ~, the last two; thre ~, the last three; (f) the greatest one, the highest, the supreme; (g) the humblest person, the lowest in rank.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(?OE) Vsp.A.Hom.(Vsp A.22)235 : Fram þa forme man to þa latst þe wrð et þes wrldes ende, nas tid ne tyme, ne ne wrð, þat god ne send gode mænn his folc forte ȝelaðie to his rice.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)19/28 : Forðan ðes werȝinge nis bute erres of ðare laczste [read: latzte].
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)46/25 : Nart tu nawt te ane i þis..þing, þe forme ne þe leaste; þu hauest monie feren.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)172/24 : Ga we swa duneward rawe bi rawe aþet to þe leaste [Nero: laste].
- a1275 *Body & S.(4) (Trin-C B.14.39)30a : Moni fre bodi sal roten; be i nout te laste.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)14/9 : Þe zeue sacremens..cristninge..and þe laste, anoylinge.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.10 : Ich am þe first & þe last in lijf, and was ded & nov I lyue for euermore.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.47.2 : And fyue men, þe laste [L Extremos] of his breþeren, he sette befor þe kyng.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Amos 9.1 : Y shal slea in swerd the last of hem [L novissimum eorum]; ther shal no fliȝt be to hem.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.5437 : A point which..is the laste of alle tho I wol thee telle, and thanne ho.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7838 : Þe thrid eild wit þis es past; Þar-of þis saul was þe last.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.2952 : Of Vlixes þe dreme to discrive, Þe laste of alle he hadde be his lyue.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.798 : For sorwe..this nyght shal ben his laste.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)273 : The tenþe token was þe last, And þat made þe Jewes sore agast.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)44/29 : Thei were the furst atte the masse and the laste therfrom.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)61/18 : The ix foly and the last that Eue dede was the grettest.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)57/171 : The xde comaundement of god and last is þis.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)151/143 : Thow I be þe last þat take my leve.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.20.12 : These laste [L Hi novissimi] diden worche oon our, and thou hast maad hem euen to vs.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)547 : Bygyn at þe laste þat standez lowe, Tyl to þe fyrste þat þou atteny.
c
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)42/4,14 : Ley ther þt on ende of thy thred, & þt other ende in to the laste of geminis..ascende vpward in the meridional lyne..to the laste of geminis in the lymbe.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1215 : The tuelfthe, which is last of alle Of Signes, Piscis men it calle.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.709 : Þe sixe & twenti..and þe laste..þe grete Agemenoun.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)28b/a : And þe seuenþe of hem and þe laste is ioyned in þe same maner to þe firste spondile of þe rigge.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)36b/a : Þanne it contynueþ him silf wiþ þe lowere ribbis in eiþir side strecchinge to þe rigge boon til it be ioyned wiþ þe laste or þe loweste..of þe xij spondilis of þe rugge.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)53/1 : Geraud and alexandyr, thegh they were fryst Sette in the laste of the hoste..Smyten out to the formyst.
d
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)105b/a : And þe firmament þey clepiþ þe firste heuen and þe laste, as philosophro meeneþ.
e
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)9/25 : Ich write ow..of uttre þinges i þe earste dale of ower bod of ower seruise & nomeliche i þe leaste [Nero: laste].
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)48/25 : Of eare is al þis leaste [Nero: al þet leste] to ancre bihoue.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)13/27 : Þe neȝende article and þe þri laste belongeþ to þe holi gost.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)57/181 : But theys tweyn last most streytly, both dede and thought þei do for-bede.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)22a/b : Þis chapitre schal stonde bi two doctrines, þat is to seie, ffirst of þe forheed & hise parties and þe laste of þe eere and hise parties.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)82a/a : Þou schalt late him vsen of þilke symple medicyns or compouned acordynge best to sich a complexioun, whiche ben y-writen in þe fifþe doctrine and þe lastre of þis chapitre.
f
- c1475 *Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)8/12 : But now speke we of Rome, which was last in souereyne mageste and excellent vertu.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)71a : Laste:..supremus, summus.
g
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mark 9.34 : If any man wole be the first among ȝou, he schal be the laste [WB(2): the laste of alle; L omnium novissimus], and mynystre of alle.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.990 : Crist is souereyn, and the preest meene..and the synnere is the laste..thanne sholde nat the synnere sitte as hye as his confessour.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Mat.20.16 : So the laste schulen be the firste, and the firste the laste.
7.
In phr.: at (the) ~, atte ~: (a) finally, at last, in the end; atte even ~, at the very last; [see also alder ~]; (b) at the end of one's life, at one's death; also, at the end of the world; (c) after a long time; after a while; forto at the ~ that, until the time that; (d) and again, and also, moreover; (e) as it turned out; (f) finally in space, furthest, remotest.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3765 : Þat com at þan laste þat heo [?read: heom] wes alre leofust.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)21021 : Þa æt þan laste, þa lette heo blawen hornes & bemen.
- a1250 Ancr.(Tit D.18)71/31 : Atte last hwen he understond þat ha is al ituht wel..þenne scheaweð he hire, [etc.].
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)28/23 : Vor ette laste, hwon he is iwend awei, 'þeos ancre,' he wule siggen, 'is of muchele speche.'
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)475 : And ate laste toward us is al blac atþe monþes ende.
- c1300 Worldes blis ne last (Arun 248)7 : And atte laste poure and bare it lat man wan it ginth agon.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3031 : At last, quan it was ouer-gon, Hadde Moyses ðo leue non.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3853 : And at ðe laste ne-ðe-les, Eft he come sone to cades.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)2847 : Þo þe tidinge sprong þat hii come attelaste, Þe brutons, þat were helples, aboute hom drowe vaste.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)11/117 : Þo lay sche stille atte [vr. at þe] last.
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)97/491 : Atte last him schal bitide His auentour, be it neuer so strong.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)239/31 : Ate lasten [Vices & V.(2): At þe laste] com an-oþer to-uore þe prince.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)95 : Þere walked he a-boute þe walles to winne in siȝt, & at þe last lelly a litel hole he findes.
- (c1380) Chaucer CT.SN.(Manly-Rickert)G.360 : But at the [vr. atte] laste..The sergeantz of the toun of Rome hem soghte.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.41.9 : Þann at þe laste [L Tunc demum], þe mayster of botelers remembryng seiþ.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mark 16.14 : At the laste [L Novissime], hem enleuene restinge, Jhesus apperide to hem.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1760 : Til at the last [vrr. atte last, att laste], aslaked was his mood.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.707 : But trewely to tellen atte laste, He was in chirche a noble ecclesiaste.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1820 : Til ate laste longe and late, He seide: 'O ye, my lyves hele, Sey what you list in my querele.'
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.915 : And atte laste he chees hym for to wende And come agayn right at the yeres ende.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)276b/b : Þanne comeþ first out blood, & þanne as it were quytter and good mylk, atte lasten nought worse þan mylk.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4972 : First he wald þam mak agast And siþen reu on þam atte last [Göt: at þe last].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.593 : And at the last, on his schulders square, Of verray myȝt þe firmament he bare.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)603 : Þe chapel saw he at þe last.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)971 : So longe he walketh in this wildernesse, Til at the laste he mette an hunteresse.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)232/28 : At þe last, thorw þe steryng of owr Lord, þer was a marchawnt of Lynne herd tellyn þer-of.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)17 : Atte þe laste [Win: Atlast]: Tandem, demum, novissime.
- ?a1450(?1350-75) Pass.Christi in Norris Anc.Corn.Drama (Bod 791)1890 : May pysso ef atta last.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)387/33 : And atte euen laste, whanne hee is towarde bedde..hee schalle aske of hir þat, what-so-euer hee haþ þat daye lafte vndone þat hee sholde haue don, by hire bee fulfillid.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)91/2695 : And whan that hit is redy at the lest, I shalle hit bere when loue next holdith fest.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2293 : Ther may no man hele murdir, þat it woll out atte last.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)235 : But at the last he was delivered on that condiccion, that he schuld not come at Bury ne he schuld not passe the se.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)302/3 : And at the laste sir Beawmaynes smote the othir uppon the helme.
- a1500(?a1400) Firumb.(2) (Fil)58 : He swovned thryes & keuered at last.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)97/33 : Þat self noble spiritalte stirrys þer-with, so þat part mellys noght with part, to at the laste it come to wyt and herynge.
b
- ?c1335 Þe grace of godde (Hrl 913)63 : Hit is mi rede, while þou him hast, Þou spen it wel þat helplich be For god; but þou nelt, at þe last, Oþer men sulle aftir þe.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7737 : He ne lay neuere uaste Sik in is bed vor non vuel bote in is deþ vuel atte laste.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)919 : I haue leuer..þis langour þole þeȝh i for dreȝing of þis duel deie at þe last.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.115 : In þat mount he schal deme þe worlde at þe laste [L in fine].
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)218 : And whon mon hedde iliued in care, Atte laste he moste dyen and forþfare.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)193 : Ful many oon hangith at the laste.
- a1450(a1400) Athelston (Cai 175/96)31 : And at þe laste, weel and fayr, Þe kyng hym dyyd withouten ayr.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)246 : Bot sethin a swetnes haue þai sall, And at þe last swetest of all.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)150/12 : Bot at the last he must nedes leve this worlde.
- c1500 Castle Love(3) (Ashm 61)114 : Syche a blys God had hym lente, And at þe last to heuyn haue went.
c
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)26785 : So þat at þan laste no man þare nuste wo oþerne smite.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)596 : And þe king scholde al þat lond ase is owene take Forto atþe laste þat him luste ani prelat make.
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)35,38 : We comen ate laste In suyþe þuyster stude..Ate laste ore suete louerd forþere us gan lede.
- c1330 Otuel (Auch)455 : Þe kniȝtes woxen boþ fol wroþe & drowen swerdes ate laste, & eiþer huȝ on oþer faste.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.5 : Odo com aȝen and was nyh þe kyng and wente at þe laste..into Norþhomberlond, [etc.].
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2859 : Hij hym telden hou Edippus Had yslawe his fader Layus And, more woo atte last [LinI: at þe laste], Hou he wedded his moder Jocast.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)823 : And at the laste this Piramus is come.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)27.255 : Anon he beheld A-bowtes wel faste, & þe ton hed of the yl down bowed Atte laste, and the toþer hed gan to Rysen þere An hy.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)444 : So at the laste I was war of a man in blak.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1407 : Tho was I war, loo, atte laste..That thys ylke noble quene On her shuldres gan sustene Bothe th'armes and the name.
d
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)104/8 : Ate laste [Vices & V.(2): And more-ouer; F De rechief], he one is zetnesse an uestnesse ine onlepi poynte.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)141/13 : Ate laste [Vices & V.(2): And also; F De rechief] þe milde bouȝþ generalliche oueral.
e
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)888 : Þay..nyteled þer alle þe nyȝt for noȝt at þe last.
f
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)178b/a : And þan is in þe myddel þe prouynce of Cartage; Than is getulia and atte laste, aȝens þe cours of þe sunne and þe souþe, is þe londe þat hat Ethiopia.
8.
In phr. or cpd.: a (than) ~, o ~: (a) at last, finally; [see also alast]; (b) after a time; afterward; (c) and again, furthermore.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)28/6 : Aleast [Tit: Olast] oremus hwa se con.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)162/1 : O least [Nero: alast; Tit: O last; Cai: Alest], þah unneaðe þurh þe abbates ropunge, þet he hit seide & deide þrefter sone.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)9/31 : Siggeð alast [Corp-C: on ende] ine stude of benedicamus, requiescant in pace.
- a1350 Sayings St.Bern.(Hrl 2253)29 : Ȝet a-last þou shalt deȝe.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)26785 : And a þan laste ne mihte mon wite wha oðerne smite.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)14/2 : Þrefter wendeð ow to ure leafdi onlicnesse..aleast [Nero: alast] to þe oþre ymagnes.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6818 : Þe fless þat beistes has forwit tast, Ne ete yee noght þar-of a last.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)100/14 : Alast þanne [Vices & V.(2): And also; F De rechief] þet he is uader..he loueþ þet he heþ ymad.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)139/22 : A-last [Vices & V.(2): And ȝit more; F De rechief] hit is wone of þe poure manne.
9.
In phrases: (a) bi the ~, at the latest; (b) bi the ~, at last, in the end; (c) in the ~, ?in the last stage, ?in the utmost degree; in his (their) ~, at his (their) death, at the close of his (their) life; into ~, ?unto the last, ?to the fullest extent; (d) to the ~, at the end; to the end; to thi (unto mi) ~, to thy (my) death; unto mi (thi, his) ~, until my (thy, his) death; to mi ~, as long as I live; (e) to the ~, fully, completely.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)231 : He..sette ænne deȝie, þat hi alle be þe latst to þa deȝie þer were.
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)235 : He hað ȝelaðed alle fol[c] to ane dȝeie, þat is, domes dȝeie, þat hi alle þer beon be þe latst.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)4786 : & þat strengþe him last Fort arnemorwe bi þe last.
b
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1327 : He ful clanly bicnu his carp bi þe laste.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3190 : But yche lede by the last aliet þerto.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Ecclus.30.1 : Who looueth his sone bisily ȝeueth to hym scourgis, that he glade in his laste [L in novissimo suo].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.94 : He that..verraily repenteth hym in his laste [vr. laste ende], holy chirche yet hopeth his sauacioun.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)31a/a : Colera prassima and eruginosa is made, the whiche ben in þe laste [*Ch.(1): þe vttermost] of þe malice.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)86/304 : The Jewes in Jessen faren noȝt soo; They haue al likyng in-to last.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)94/12 : The said prest mynystred the sacramentis of confession and penaunce to sike folke of the said hospitall, labouryng in theire last.
d
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.983 : Sche tolde..al the hole tale, And in hire speche ded and pale Sche swouneth welnyh to the laste.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.304 : Now am I come unto my laste; Fare wel, for I schal sone deie.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2408 : In ȝour seruise I schal vn-to my laste Perseuere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3588 : He..hath his trouþe pliȝt For to be trewe boþe in wele and wo Vn-to his laste, to hir and to no mo.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1894 : For þou arte come..to þi laste; Þi fatal day hath his cours I-ronne!
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.537 : Help me from The deth, for I..More than myself wol love yow to my laste.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.255 : And Pandarus to coghe gan a lite, And seyde, 'Nece, alwey, lo! to the laste.'
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.870 : I..wol love unto my laste.
- a1450(?1420) Lydg.TG (Tan 346)784 : Riȝt so shal I, til Antropos me sleiþe..hir faithful man be found Vnto my last.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)1.505 : And luffe hym best playnly to my laste..while my lyve may laste.
e
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.250 : God wot the cause to the laste Of every right and wrong also.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)12015 : When the Cite was sesit & serchet to the last, Agamynon the grekes gedrit to a counsell.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)69a/a : Þe perilez & þe yuel accidentz ar abiden vn to 100 daies after Rogerinus; and after legestrez & Justicez to 4 daiez, for sich is þe laste terme of acutez; and after þe 4 Maistrez to 15, which is comon terme of acutez.
Note: Also see 165a/b for laste [L vltimus] terme of apostemez. Commune here appears to mean 'ordinary' [L communis]; laste here, contrasted with commune, seems to mean 'longest allowable' (period for the condition to obtain). We don't seem to have a gloss covering this.--per MJW.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.6ra (1.1) : In þe reyns it [urine] is decocte and digestede, þat is for to say soden and defiede, and þere he takeþ his fynal forme and his laste colour.
Note: Additional quot. Editor's gloss: ~ colour 'ultimate colour, final stage of colour development'.