Middle English Dictionary Entry
art n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | art n.(1) Pl. (early) ars & artes. |
Etymology | OF sg. art, pl. arz, ars & L (acc.) art-em, pl. artēs. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) One of the seven traditional fields of study, or disciplines, included in the basic curriculum of the medieval university, i.e. grammar, rhetoric, logic or dialectic (constituting the trivium), and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music (constituting the quadrivium); the seven (liberal or fre) artes or ars; art quadrivial, one of the disciplines of the quadrivium; ~ of nombring, arithmetic; ~ of speche, rhetoric; (b) the whole field of the 'seven arts', or of the trivium or the quadrivium; faculte of art, the field of the liberal arts; maister of art, master of arts (i.e. of the seven liberal arts); art trivial, the field of the trivium; (c) specif., 'dialectic', 'rhetoric'.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(LdMisc 108)4 : Gret clerk þis Mayde was; Þare nas non of þe seue Ars þat heo maister of nas.
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)6/168 : Þe halle was a midewerd..Þerinne was paint..alle þe seuen ars [7S(3): sevene sciens].
- c1330 St.Greg.(Auch)83/380 : Gregorii couþe wele his pars..And vnder stode wele his ars.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)6.359 : He made hem alle lerne gramer and oþere fre artes and science [Higd.(2): artes liberalle; L liberalibus artibus].
- c1390(?c1350) SVrn.Leg.(Vrn)63/79 : Of artes..Þat liberales clerkes don calle.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.162 : Arsmetique..Be which multiplicacioun Is mad and diminucioun Of sommes, be thexperience Of this Art and of this science.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.104 : Acordant to his wordes was his cheere, As techeth art of speche hem that it leere.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179a/a : Þat noble cite Athene, modir of liberal artes, norse of philesophers.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)333a/b : As art of nombres and mesures serueþ to diuinite, so doþ þe art of melody for musik.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)8/14 : A surgian..muste studie in alle þe parties of philofie & in logik, þat he mowe vndirstonde scripturis; in gramer, þat he speke congruliche; in arte þat techiþ him to proue his proporciouns wiþ good resoun; in retorik þat techiþ him to speke semelich.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)11.166 : Any science vnder sonne, þe seuene artz [C: ars] and alle.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)18.114 : Doctours of decree and of dyuyn maystres, That shoulde þe seuene ars [vr. arts] conne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.945 : By gemetrie, as longeth to þat art,..He fynde myȝt..Þe mesour hool of þe circumference.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)3b/a : It bihoueþ þe Cirurgien..for to konne or to knowe þe principalez of medicene. And with þat it is semyng þat he konne somwhat of oþer artes or craftes [L artium].
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)7.617 : Nero hadde lernid his grameer And the seuene artis callid liberall.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)prol.76 : The philosophre prompt to profre Vche art quadriuial.
- a1450(c1405) Purvey Determ.(Trin-C B.14.50)174/148 : Alrede þe kynge ordined opone scolis of diuerse artes in Oxenforde.
- a1450(c1405) Purvey Determ.(Trin-C B.14.50)174/161 : Bede drew in-to Englische þe liberal artis, leste Engliche men schuldon be holden barbarus.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)30 : Doctours and techers of liberalle artes.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)48b : [In Athens] was flour of philosophie and vniuersite and scole of alle þe seuene artes.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1485 : A philosoffer..In þe Syense full sad of þe seuyn Artes.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1497 : Cassandra..Þat Enformet was faire of þe fre artis.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)4609 : Þir artis with to dele, Is þar na lare in ȝoure land, labour of scolis, Fesike, ne no philosofy..ne poisei, ne practyse of lawe?
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)1.365 : She lerned thanne the liberal artes seuene.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)1.3 : After the nowble wryters of artes [Trev.: of arte and of science].
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1939 : Arsmetryke..Wythout hyr byn the syx Artes vnsure.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)86 : An arte that is cleped astronomye.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)64 : Wyse sche was and curtes of mowthe, All the vii arse sche cowthe.
- c1450 Art Number.(Ashm 396)33/14 : Algorisme is clepede the art of nombryng.
- c1450 Art Number.(Ashm 396)35/11 : We writene in this art to the lift side-warde, as arabiene writene, that weren fynders of this science.
- a1500 GRom.(Add 9066)264 : He did paynte the vij artes aboute the bed.
- a1500 Methodius(3) (Stw 953)193 : Þey fond þe art of astronomy.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Edm.Abp.(Hrl 2277)220 : At Oxenford..Of art he radde six ȝer contynuelliche ynouȝ, & siþþe, for beo more profound, to arsmetrike he drouȝ.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3191 : A poure scoler, Had lerned art; but al his fantasie Was turned for to lerne astrologye.
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)59/7 : Many men telliþ þat in general studies vnneþe is y-founde to sillyng a profitable book of þe faculte of art or of dyuynyte, of lawe canoun, of phisik, oþer of lawe ciuil.
- (1421) RParl.4.158a : Only connynge men and approved sufficeantly y lerned in art, filosofye, and fisyk.
- (1423) Let.Bk.in Bk.Lond.E.(Gldh LetBk I & K)108/2 : Maister Gilbert Kymer, Maistre of art, Doctour of Medicyns.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)14 : Arceter, or he þat lernethe or techethe arte: Artista.
- (1455) Lin.DDoc.77/16 : I wol that the said ij prestis be seculers, bachelers of diuinite, or at the leste maisters of Arte.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)6.333 : Sche..hade noble auditors and disciples, to whom sche redde the arte trivialle [L trivium legeret].
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Rv.(Manly-Rickert)A.4122 : Ye han lerned art; ye kan by argumentz make a place A myle brood of twenty foot of space.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)21a/a : Dialetica: art.
- ?a1425 Const.Masonry(1) (Roy 17.A.1)567 : Gramer forsothe ys the rote..But art passeth yn hys degre, As the fryte doth the rote of the tre.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)990 : Many men..wenen þat writynge No trauaile is; thei hold it but a game: Aart hath no foo but swich folk vnkonynge.
2.
The principles and practices of such organized fields of knowledge and activity as law, medicine, theology, philosophy, literary composition, alchemy, astrology, and magic; ~ of medicine, ~ of song, ~ poetical; ars (art) magique; curious (sotil, secret) artes, strange or occult 'sciences'.
Associated quotations
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.69 : He..fliȝ into..Spayne, forto lerne curious and sotil artes and sciens þere.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2204 : Vn to oure art [medicine] it is nat pertinent to norice werre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2607 : Hermes was on the ferste of alle, To whom this art [alchemy] is most applied; Geber therof was magnefied.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.2369 : Zorastes, which thexperience Of Art magique ferst forth drouh.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2602 : Circes and Calipse, That cowthen do the Mone eclipse..Of Artmagique Sorceresses.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.35 : Of philosophie Or lawe or oother art particuler.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1120 : Yonge clerkes, that been lykerous to reden artes that been curious, Seken in euery halke and euery herne Particuler sciences for to lerne.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)74 : Neptenabus, Wijs in þis ars [astrology] and maliciouse.
- (1415) Hoccl.Oldcastle (Hnt HM 111)150 : Some wommen..Wele argumentes make in holy writ. Lewde calates! sittith down and spynne..To Clerkes grete apparteneth þat aart.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)0a/a : Þe arte & craft of medicene & þe witte of helþe..a comentacioun or a colleccioun of þe art i. crafte of Cyrurgie.
- (1449) Metham AC (Gar 141)455 : Qwere ys..Venus secretary, The qwyche..offtyn in ars magyk hath wrowgt.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)788 : I was able to have lerned tho..other art or letre.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)1168 : Lamekes sone Tubal, That found out first the art of songe..But Grekes seyn Pictagoras..the firste fynder was Of the art.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1095 : Nat that I wilne, for maistrye, Here art poetical be shewed.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1562 : Phylosophy..ys clepyd also the Arte of Artes.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1577 : Dame Phylosophy Within hersylf all artes doth contene.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)74 : Fro lay men, fro clerkes, and so fro every man they hidde this arte.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)137 : As I had this arte by grace frome heven, I gyve yow the same here in chapters seven.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)2975-8 : Truste not to geomancy, that superfluous arte..Trust not to all astrologiers..for that arte is as secret as alchymye.
3.
The principles and practices of a craft; a craft or occupation; art mechanical.
Associated quotations
- c1300 SLeg.Marg.(Hrl 2277)194 : Þu [Devil] schalt telle me of ȝoure art..Whi werrie ȝe cristene men among alle oþere mest?
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1693 : Artificiers, Whiche usen craftes and mestiers, Whos Art is cleped Mechanique.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.2.44 : To geten hem gloryous name by the artz of werre or of pees [L uel belli uel pacis artibus].
- c1430 Const.Masonry(2) (Add 23198)270 : Euery maister of this art schulde be wysse and trewe to the lord that he seruyth..if they be founde rebell at suche congregacions..and repreue of this art, thei schulde not be excusyd.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)7.73 : Certeyne instrumentes of his makynge, made by arte mechanicalle [Trev.: craft of honde; L arte mechanica].
4.
A code of morals or of behavior, such as that of chivalry, courtly love, or love-making; art of chivalrie; loves art.
Associated quotations
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2791 : Wisdom, humblesse, estaat, and heigh kynrede, Fredom, and al that longeth to that art.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.476 : Of remedies of loue she knew par chaunce, For she koude of that art the olde daunce.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.933 : What falleth unto loves craft..Yit so fer cowthe I nevere finde Man that, be resoun ne be kinde, Me cowthe teche such an art.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.680 : The Parables of Salomon, Ouydes art [vr. artes], and bokes many on.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1241 : Syn ye so muchel knowen of that art, Ful hertely I pray yow, telle vs part.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1543 : Bot to take þe toruayle to my-self to trwluf expoun..To yow þat..weldez more slyȝt Of þat art..Hit were a fole felefolde.
- (1415) Hoccl.Oldcastle (Hnt HM 111)196 : Rede..Vegece of the aart of Chiualrie.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.927 : Thise loveres wolden speke in general, And thoughten that it was a siker art, For faylyng, for t'assayen overal.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2246 : For pride is founde in every part Contrarie unto loves art.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1607 : Jason..coude of love al the art and craft.
- a1500(c1370) Chaucer Comp.L.(Benson-Robinson)38 : Love hath me taught no more of his art, But serve alwey and stinte for no wo.
- 1532(?a1400) RRose (Thynne)40 : It is the Romance of the Rose, In which al the art of love I close.
5.
(a) Knowledge or know-how as applied to a situation or a problem, ability to apply or practice an 'art'; usen ~, apply an 'art'; failen of (in) art, fail in the application or practice of (one's) 'art'; (b) the application of human skill or means, 'art' as opposed to nature.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)78/40 : Þis twei luþere dragones þat ȝe habbuth hidere i-brouȝt, A-rereth heom, ȝif ȝe mowen, oþur eower art nis nouȝt.
- c1300 SLeg.Kath.(LdMisc 108)103 : Þou faillest of þin art; An-oþur þou most segge, ȝif þou þencst of þine maistrie to habbe part.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)11894 : Bot-if we [doctors] fail nu of vr art.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)736 : Þine herbes faileþ and ek þine art [astrology].
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)15.352 : Astrymyanes alday in her arte faillen.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.11 : O lady myn..Cleo, Thow be my speed..To ryme wel this book..Me nedeth here noon other art to use.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)7434 : Ne alle þe clerkes..Couth never telle, bi clergy ne arte, Of þa payns of helle þe thowsand parte.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)15698 : He knew..many manere coniurison, & mani chaunces couþe descrie By sciences & artz of clergye [vr. þorgh quantise & clergie].
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)376 : His artis he fandis, And changid by enchantmentis his chere all to-gedire.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.35 : Wheþer myn art and occupacioun [Chaucer Bo. 1.pr.4.144: my studie and my kunnynge; L artes] Haue þus deserued falsly to be blamed.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)7.73 : He founde grete treasures..by the arte of nigromancy [Trev.: by craft; L arte nigromantica].
b
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)664 : And þei þe eorþe were al to-delt, ho-so miȝte bi Art, Ȝeot nis þare to wonien Inne onneþe þe seuenþe part.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.197 : Nature ne art ne koude hym nat amende.
- a1400 Ancr.Recl.(Pep 2498)140/20 : Þat synne [lechery] ne may noman wiþstonde..bot hij þat ben chaste of kynde oiþer þorouȝ art.
6.
(a) Learning, scholarship; (b) skill, craftsmanship; don ~, apply (one's) skill.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Rv.(Manly-Rickert)A.4056 : The grettest clerkes been noght wisest men..Of al hir art counte I noght a tare.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Rv.(Manly-Rickert)A.4097 : Yet kan a millere make a clerkes berd, For al his art [vrr. hart, hert].
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.336-7 : Of arte he had þe maistrie..was neuer mon of arte so þat sped..þat in Cantebrigge red.
b
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)3063 : A quointe worc it [Stonehenge] is, Of stones al wiþ art ymad.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)8711 : Wit alkin art, Nede-wais it [child] most twix þam be part.
- (1421) Hoccl.Hen.V Vict.(Hnt HM 744)19 : We can for noon aart..Your worthy deedes, as vs oghte, preise.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.257 : Som men hem delite With subtyl art hire tales for to endite.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1266 : Ther is art ynough for to redresse That yet is mys, and slen this hevynesse.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5483 : Alexander..with his arte, closis..twa & twenti kyngs.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)4084 : A king mot..peyne him to purchase him a good fame; Ther-in lat him laboure and doon his art.
7.
(a) Cunning, craftiness, trickery; (b) a clever or crafty plan or device; also, a means or manner of doing sth.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)98/521 : He moste kunne muchel of art.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)65 : Huyche manyere þet me zuereþ, oþer openliche oþer stilleliche, be art oþer be sophistrie.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2546 : He begiled Adriane..With swich an art and with swich subtilte, As thow thyselven hast begyled me.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)335 : Have ye men..never a del of trouthe?..We wrechched wymmen konne noon art.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)14 : Stronge men and wise eschaped not wommans arte.
b
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2445 : Saturnus..That knew so many of auentures olde, Foond in his olde experience an art [etc.].
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fri.(Manly-Rickert)D.1486 : Som tyme we been goddes instrumentz And meenes to doon his comandementz..In diuers art [vrr. acte, actes] and in diuerse figures.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)511 : By which art, or by what engyn, I myght come into that gardyn.
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)7.71 : The philosophre, deluded by that arte [Trev.: by þat craft; L arte].