Middle English Dictionary Entry
ǧentī̆l adj.
Entry Info
Forms | ǧentī̆l adj. Also gentile, gentille, gentel(le, gentle, ientil(e, ientel, jentil(e, jentille, jentel & gantil, iantaile, jantil, jantel & gintil. Pl. ǧentī̆l & ǧentil(e)s. |
Etymology | OF gentil, jentil, jantil & L gentīlis. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of noble rank or birth, belonging to the gentry, noble; -- often implying character or manners befitting one of gentle birth; -- also used of Christ; sup. the gentileste, the noblest, the noblest men; (b) ~ blod, noble ancestry; also, persons of noble ancestry; ~ boren, high born; ~ hous, a noble family; ~ kinrede, noble stock or family; ~ name, an illustrious name.
Associated quotations
a
- a1250 Wooing Lord (Tit D.18)273 : Noble men and gentile and of heh burðe ofte winnen luue lihtliche cheape..hwer mai i gentiller mon chese þen þe?..as te gentileste lif þat eauer liuede on eorðe.
- c1230(?a1200) *Ancr.(Corp-C 402)45a : Noble men & gentile ne beoreð nane packes.
- a1350(1307) Execution Fraser (Hrl 2253)107 : Sire Thomas of Multone, gentil baroun ant fre.
- a1350 Flem.Insur.(Hrl 2253)58 : Myn eorles ant my barouns, gentil ant fre.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)368 : Mi treuþe y pliȝt To sir Amiloun, þe gentil kniȝt.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)40/463 : Gentil King [vr. Ryche Kyng]! Ȝete were it a wele fouler þing To here a lesing of þi mouþe.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3848 : O worthy, gentil Alisandre, allas That euere sholde fallen swich a cas!
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)636 : Y pray þe, iantaile kniȝt!
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.72 : He was a verray, parfit, gentil knyght.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.961 : Wheither thow be male or female, yong or old, gentil or thral, free or seruant, hool or syk.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.2056 : This noble, gentil queene, Whan sche most trusteth, was deceived.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.693 : He hath leuere talken with a page Than to commune with any gentil wight.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)3037 : Ȝyf þou be come of hygh blode And þou dost more euyl þan gode, Vnwrþyly art þou made gentyl.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1180 : He herȝed up alle Israel, and hent of þe beste, And þe gentylest of Judee in Jerusalem biseged.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2190 : This is not myn entendement To clepe no wight..Oonly gentill for his lynages.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)30a/b : Generosus: gentel & noble of kynde.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)24/9 : He maketh to come before him..the nobleste of birthe & the gentylleste damyseles of his contree.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)26 : Bastarde of fadyr gentylle and modyr vngentylle: Nothus, notha.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)190 : Gentyl of awncetrye: Ingenuus..Gentyl be fadyr and modyr: Ingenuus.
- a1450(?1348) Rolle FLiving (Cmb Dd.5.64)97/31 : Pryde of þi riche kynne or of gentyl.
- a1475(?1445) ?Lydg.Cal.(Rwl B.408)292 : Helpe me, ientyl virgyn, Seynt Fryswyde!
- a1500 Parton.(1) (Add 35288)3707 : Sethen he off Cheualrye ys the fflowre, Off alle Fraunce eke the Gentyleste.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (Hrl 2277)p.6 : Heȝe men..ther were menion For reverence of the heȝe cunne and the gentyl blod..Of wham heo com.
- c1300 SLeg.Marg.(Hrl 2277)47 : If heo were of gentil blod, his wyf heo scholde beo.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)89/11 : Hy ne lokeþ naȝt, huer-of ham comþ þe zoþe noblesse and þe gentil kenrede.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2539 : It were destruccioun To gentil blood to fighten in the gyse Of mortal bataille.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1180 : He tolde hire..Of Rome how that the gentil blod In Barbarie was betraied.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.794 : He myhte noght have such manere, Of gentil blod bot if he were.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1153 : For he was born of a gentil hous And hadde his eldres noble and vertuous.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.72 : He was, to speke as of lynage, The gentileste yborn of Lumbardye.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10644 : By hys speche þey vndyrstode Þat he was man of gentyl blode.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4250 : Ioseph was o gentil [Frf: gentel] blod.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4338 : Maydenes, wepyng in distresse, Ful gentil born and of gret fayrnesse, With hem þei ladde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2208 : To hem þat ben..Renomed & born of gentyl blood.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1848 : Ful likly is þat al þe gentil blood þoruȝ-out þe world shal distroied be.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2194 : Though he be not gentill born.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.6.41 : Thanne is gentil name but a foreyn thyng (that is to seyn, to hem that gloryfien hem of hir lynage).
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2090 : Yit were it betere that I were youre wyf, Syn that ye ben as gentil born as I, And have a reaume.
- c1440(c1350) Octav.(1) (Thrn)133/1099 : The emperoure gane þe childe byholde: He was so curtayse and so bolde..And euer he thoghte..The childe was comene of gentille blode.
- (1449) Will Grimston in Archaeol.45126 : I will then that the Reversion be unto..the heiers of his body so yn gentille blode lawfully begoten.
- a1450 Who þat wole knowe (Dgb 102)57 : Thouȝ þou be of gentyl blod, Þenk all com of Adam and Eue.
- c1455 Spec.Miser.(Tak 32)241 : Of Gentel blood for I was boorne, I was ryght prowd and bare mee heye; Poure men and syke I hadde in skorne.
- c1450(c1400) Emare (Clg A.2)73 : The emperour of gentylle blode Was a curteys lorde and a gode.
2.
(a) Having the character or manners prescribed by the ideals of chivalry or Christianity; noble, kind, gracious, etc.; (b) courteous, polite, well-bred, charming; graceful, beautiful, handsome; (c) used ironically.
Associated quotations
a
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)85/24 : Muche word is of ou, hu gentile wummen ȝe beoð, vor godleic & for ureoleic iȝirned of monie.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)3482 : So large he [Arthur] was & so hende & al so debonere, So hardi & so gentil & of so vair manere.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8689 : He was þulke of alle is sones þat best bicom king to be, Of vairost fourme & best maneres & mest gentil [vr. ientyl] & fre.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1431 : He was so gentil of condicioun..Thei seiden that it were a charitee That Theseus wolde..putten hym in worshipful seruyse.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)11.23,27 : Iob þe Ientel [vr. ientile; B: gentel] in his Ieestes seide, [etc.]..To Iesu þe Ientil [vr. gentil] þat Iewes to-drowe.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1170 : Redeth Senek and redeth eek Boece! Ther shul ye seen expres..That he is gentil that dooth gentil dedis.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)73b/b : Lordis schal be noble & gentil of herte, of fleisch, & of þouȝt.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.188 : Sir James of Auenu, he had þe first eschele..Gentille of norture, & noble of lynage.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)62 : Jonas joyned watz þer-inne, jentyle prophete.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1056 : I have falsed oon the gentileste That evere was, and oon the worthieste!
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.pr.6.51 : Foreyn gentilesse ne maketh the nat gentil.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.273 : A poore man which that is vertuous..I dar..calle hym gentil veraili in deede.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)48 : Þe romanes..wer strong of power and gentill in helping of all men þat wold pray hem of frenschip.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)6 : To all þo þat be vertuose, gentyle, & freborne, I wryte þis sympul tretes.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4918 : I am moche be holde to do for hem alle, for they haue be to me ryght gentil and good at alle tymes.
- c1450(?a1400) Chestre Launfal (Clg A.2)334 : Þe gantyl knyȝt..seyde, 'Gramarcy, my swete wyȝt!'
- a1500(a1400) Cleges (Adv 19.1.11)25 : The knyȝt hade a ientyll wyffe; There miȝt non better bere life.
b
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)1934 : Whar woldestou so stable man ffynde, þat ȝif a ffayr womman come, Gentyl and hende, and by-souȝte him of ffolye [etc.].
- a1350 Ichot a burde in boure (Hrl 2253)41 : Heo is..graciouse, stout, ant gay, gentil, iolyf so þe iay.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)1973 : Ouer him stode a naked swain, A gentiler child..In world no wot y non.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)27/305 : He seiȝe..Sexti leuedis..Gentil & iolif as brid on ris.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.785 : He schal desire joie and merthe, Gentil, courteis and debonaire, To speke his wordes softe and faire.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)185b/b : The men þerof ben..grete werriours, gentil in cloþinge, sober in spekynge, mylde in hert.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4957 : Non was lik to hym..Stille of his port and gentil with to play.
- a1425 Siege Troy(1) (LinI 150)675 : Heo was gentil, curtays, & freo; Alle folk hire louoden.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)433 : Ȝe that be Jentel, so fresshe & amerous..Lusti, fre of herte..al shal turne in to asshes dede.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)190 : Gentyl and curteyse: Comis.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2193 : Galaes was þe gentilest [vr. jentilere] lady..of al þe oþere nyne & twenty.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3453 : Mony gret feste ffor ioy of þis iornay and þis gentill lady.
- c1450 Siege Troy(1) (ArmsAr 22)1264 : He was boþ gentel & small.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)192/1247b : She was a lovely creature, Jentill and swete, of fayre porture.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)193/1264 : Dydemedes was gentill and small; Achelles was long and grete.
- ?a1475 PParv.(Win)189 : Gentyl off answare: ingenuus.
- c1450(c1400) Emare (Clg A.2)391 : The lady, þat was gentylle and smalle, In kurtulle alone serued yn halle.
- c1450(c1400) Emare (Clg A.2)441 : She was bryȝth as someres day..And her-self a gentelle may.
- c1500 Lydg.Diet.(Rwl C.86)22 : Not gredy at þe tabill, In feding gentill, prudent in daliaunce.
c
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.647 : He was a gentil harlot and a kynde; A bettre felawe sholde men noght fynde.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.669 : With hym ther rood a gentil pardoner.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Co.(Manly-Rickert)A.4353 : Now telle on, gentil Roger, by thy name.
3.
(a) Belonging to a person of rank; also, suitable to a nobleman; noble, gracious, refined, graceful, beautiful; ~ herte, ~ bodi, ~ face, ~ hond, etc.; (b) of animals, birds, bees, fish: of excellent breed or kind; superior, excellent, fine; (c) of things: excellent, superior; ~ clei (wose), superior clay (muck); (d) of qualities, actions, words, behavior: noble, gracious, kind, generous; ~ to heren, delightful to hear.
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4192 : Þi faire body so gentil vor-swolwe he wole to niȝt.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)87/16 : Þe zoþe noblesse comþ of the gentyle [Vices & V.(2): gentel] herte. Vorzoþe, non herte ne is gentyl, bote he louie god.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1043 : For May..priketh euery gentil herte, And maketh it out of his sleep to sterte.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3360 : He syngeth in his voys gentil and smal.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2832 : It is signe of a gentil herte whan a man..desireth to haue a good name.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.304 : I pray to god so saue thy gentil cors.
- (c1391) Gower CA Suppl.(Bod 294)prol.61* : A gentil herte his tunge stilleth, That it malice non distilleth.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2208 : Of goldringes whiche he drowh Of gentil handes that ben dede, Buisshelles fulle thre..He felde.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.479 : Pitee renneth soone in gentil herte.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)168 : So dude þe dame Olympyas, Forto shewe hire gentyl face.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1764 : Of whiche þing, euery gentil herte Sholde haue rouþe and compassioun.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.5 : Plesance of love..In gentil hertes ay redy to repaire!
- (c1430) Let.Christ Ch.in Camd.n.s.196 : Alle myghty Godde contynue and encrece..after the desyres of your owyn gentyll hart.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)182/821b : He remembrith..her fayrenesse, Here gentil body, here lovesumnes.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)173/3 : There aperyd to hire a womman of gentel schap.
b
- ?a1300 Thrush & N.(Dgb 86)61 : Gentil fowel, seist þou hit me?
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)75/32 : Hy uoryeteþ alle oþre guodes, ase deþ þe gentyl hond huanne ha zyþ his praye.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.121 : Two gentil [Higd.(2): noble; L generosi] hors were ȝefen to þe duke.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4055 : This gentil cok hadde in his gouernaunce Seuene hennes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.1842 : As þe gentil faucon soreth, He fleth.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.195 : As it a gentil Poyleys courser were.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)142b/b : Pliniyus saiþ þat þe gentil fauucoun..vneþe takeþ prayes in þe day.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)278a/a : Gentile houndes ben cruel and ferse in pursuynge and in takynge of wilde bestes, & ben ful mylde and softe to men.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)283a/a : In gentil hors and noble, me takeþ hiede of foure þynges: of schappe and of fayrnesse, of wilfulnesse and of colour.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)117/10 : He hase..fewles of diuerse kyndes, as gerfawcouns, gentill fawcouns [Tit: faukons gentyls], laneres.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)196 : The dredful ro, the buk, the hert and hynde, Squyrels, and bestes smale of gentil kynde.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)373 : Nature held on hire hond A formel egle, of shap the gentilleste That evere she among hire werkes fond.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)4.799 : Fed stalons faat goth now to gentyl maris.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)22 : The samond ys a gentyl fyche.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)235 : Of the bee..Too kyndis are, a gentil and a vile.
- c1475 Brm.Abraham (Brm)368 : I haue browt here full smerte Thys jentyll scheppe [the ram].
- a1500(?a1400) Torrent (Chet 8009)2033 : The kyng of Nazareth huntid there Among the hertes, that gentill were.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)38/505 : The dowfe is more gentill..for she is ay trew.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)89/8 : Hy weneþ by of gentile woze [Vices & V.(2): gentel cley].
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.718 : Now haue I told yow..Why that assembled was this compaignye In Southwerk at this gentil [vr. ientil] hostelrye.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3123 : It is a gentil pasture ther thow goost.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1015 : Þe crysopase þe tenþe is tyȝt..Þe twelfþe, þe gentyleste in vch a plyt, Þe amatyst purpre wyth ynde blente.
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)14a : Carwey is a gentill erbe, for comyn lesiþ his streynthe while þat carwey is þere by, for þis erbe is hote and drye.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)4088 : His schippus are richely fraught With flesshe and fysche..And gentil wynes of good odour.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)904 : Sir Arthure..Armede hym in a acton..Abouen þat a jesseraunt of jentyll maylez.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.711 : Taak of a gentil tre, Not wilde at all, withoute asperite.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)705 : Loo! ȝonder þe gentill Iubiter, how Iolyle he schynes!
- a1500(?a1410) Lydg.CB (Lnsd 699)352 : Off gentil frute bostith the gardeneer.
d
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.3089 : For gentil [vr. gentel] mercy oghte passen right.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2665 : This scole is of a gentil lore.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.29 : God bad vs for to wexe and multiplye; That gentil text kan I wel vnderstonde.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1115 : Looke who that..moost entendeth ay To do the gentil dedes that he kan.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.1212e : This is a gentil tale for the nones.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)278 : A juel to me þen watz þys geste, And iuelez wern hyr gentyl sawez.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1022 : Þe ioye of sayn Jonez day watz gentyle to here.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7093 : I nolde faile..þe to þanke for þi gentil chere.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)158a/b : About þe gentil [L generosum] helpyng, bene inquired 6 problemez.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)485 : So gentil ple in love or other thyng Ne herde nevere no man.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1090 : Many a gentil word she spak hym to.
- (?1440) Paston2.45 : She made hym gentil cher in gyntyl wise.
- (1472) Grant Arms in Antiq.49289 : The Hole Crafte..of masons corogeowsly meoved to exercise and use gentill and commendable guydyng.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)211/12 : Þe lawe of god..how resonable it is..how gentil, how rewardable.
4.
Pagan, heathen.
Associated quotations
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)76 : More to wyte is her wrange þen any wylle gentyl.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1432 : Nabugodenozar..Conquered with his knyȝtes and of kyrk rafte, In Jude, in Jerusalem in gentyle wyse.
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.95r : Aftur hym regnede Corpwold his sone which in good Xristendom and verrey innocence was slawe of Richerio gentil [cp. William of Malmesbury (134): a Ricberto gentili innocenter peremtus; and Bede, HE, II.15: occisus est a uiro gentili nomine Ricbercto].
5.
In surnames.
Associated quotations
- (1160) in Pipe R.Soc.250 : Judea Gentill.
- (c1200) Doc.Ireland in RS 5331 : Lambert le gentil.
- (1205) Fine R.King John322 : Jocy filius Gentill.
- (1242-3) Bk.of Fees715 : Johannes le Gentil.
- (1258) Select Pleas Manor.in Seld.Soc.252 : Beatricia Gentil.
- (1270) Close R.Hen.III227 : Willelmus Gentil.
- (1284-5) Feudal Aids 4290 : Thomas Gentyl.
- (1297) Sub.R.Yks.in YASRS 1640 : Joh. Gentil.
- (1327) Sub.R.Som.in Som.RS 394 : Johannes le Gentyl.
- (1335-6) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.100525 : Joh'i Gentilcors.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)62/66 : He muste be a clene knyght withoute vylony and of jantill strene of fadir syde and of modir syde.
Note: Not needed 1.(a)
Note: ?Phr. for 1.(b)