Middle English Dictionary Entry

frẹ̄ adj.
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Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

1a.
(a) Of a person: free in rank or condition, having the social status of a noble or a freeman, not a slave or serf; holding one's land in free tenure (i.e., a more or less permanent tenure depending upon fixed rents or services rather than upon the pleasure of one's feudal lord); ~ of blod, of aristocratic family; (b) as noun: a free person; bond and ~, ~ and bond, ~ or servaunt, theu and ~, etc.; (c) of a people: politically independent, not subject to a foreign nation or ruler; (d) out of the bondage of sin, not subject to the Devil; (e) as an element in names: free, freeborn.
1b.
(a) Not in captivity, released from prison or confinement; (b) free of the bonds of love or matrimony.
1c.
(a) Unrestricted in movement or action, at liberty to do something, free to do as one pleases; (b) of love, thought, etc.: not subject to control; (c) of assent, choice, decision, etc.: not constrained by external compulsion, unrestricted, voluntary; bi (in, of, on, with) fre wil, bi (thurgh) ~ assent, of wil ~, of (one's own) accord, voluntarily, willingly; after ~ wil, in ~ disposicioun, according to (one's own) desire or pleasure; bi (of) ~ eleccioun, bi ~ disposicioun, by the free choice (of a group of electors); ~ wil (choice), unrestricted choice, the right or power to choose; (d) theol. not predestined; ~ choice (eleccioun), choice uncontrolled by predestination; ~ wil (arbitracioun, arbitri), free will, freedom of the will; ~ bitiding, unpredestined happening, free occurrence.
1d.
(a) Of a road, passage, travel, etc.: unobstructed, clear open; ~ entre, free access; (b) law unimpeded, unchallenged; ~ entre, ~ entre and issue (out-going), ~ going, the right to enter and leave one's own property, the privilege of passing through another person's property to gain access to one's own; (c) clear (of something undesirable), clean, innocent; ~ of (fro, from), devoid of, free from, rid of; ~ fro meschef, unharmed; (d) surg. of ulcers: not entangled.
2a.
(a) Like a freeman; noble in character; gracious, well-mannered; noble in appearance, handsome; --often used in epithets or polite salutations; (b) as noun: person of noble character; gracious or beautiful woman; (c) of things: precious, excellent; of conditions, manners, habits, actions: befitting a freeman, noble; ~ kind, noble nature; (d) of the arts and sciences: noble; the fre artes (sciences), the liberal arts; (e) of a horse: noble, spirited.
2b.
(a) Generous, open-handed; ~ herte, kind heart, generosity; ~ of yiftes, liberal in giving; ~ of dispense, openhanded in spending; ~ of, generous with (something); (b) ready or willing (to do something), spontaneous; ~ of speche (tonge, wordes), speaking freely, outspoken, frank; with herte ~, willingly, gladly; (c) furnished without cost to the recipient, gratuitous; ~ almes, voluntary alms; ~ mete, food distributed gratis on a feast day.
3a.
Having a privileged status; esp. exempt from something: (a) of a church or monastery: independent of some kinds of external control, exempt from certain duties or exactions; (b) of a people or country: free of alien domination, exempt from tribute; (c) of land or property: exempt from certain taxes and services; freehold; also fig.; (d) of a person: exempt from a tax or toll; freed (from a duty or service); released (from an oath or obligation); (e) of a merchant: at liberty to buy or sell (in a certain city or country).
3b.
(a) Having membership in the corporation of a city or town, possessing the rights and privileges of a citizen; having the freedom of a city; also fig.; (b) having membership in a craft or guild.
4a.
In terms relating to manorial customs and land tenure: (a) ~ almes, property given to a religious foundation without payment in return and without requirement of services other than spiritual; also, the tenure by which such property is held, frankalmoigne; (b) ~ bole, a bull who runs with the herd; prob., a bull furnished by the lord of the manor [See Coulton, Med.Village 196-8.]; (c) ~ chace, the right to hunt on one's own property; (d) ~ commun, the privilege of sharing in the common pastures of the manor; (e) ~ fishing, the privilege of fishing in waters belonging to the manor; (f) ~ fold, ?the right of a lord to keep the sheep of his tenants in his fold; (g) ~ gift, ?a gift similar to ~ banch or ~ doueri; (h) ~ graunting, ?a gift of land under freehold tenure; (i) ~ servise, a rent owed to the lord of the manor by freehold land; (j) ~ socage, tenure of land by service other than military and without restriction as to sale, inheritance, etc.; (k) ~ tenement, freehold property; ?also, the tenure by which it is held; (1) ~ warein, the right to keep or hunt game in a certain place.
4b.
In terms relating to dowry and the marriage laws: (a) ~ ba(u)nch, land or property which a wife was entitled to retain after her husband's death and make use of until her own death, free bench; also, the tenure by which the property was held; (b) ?~ countes, a widowed countess who retains her title and property [see Brown's note]; (c) ~ doueri, cp. ~ banch; (d) ~ mariage, land or property given to a wife at marriage and jointly owned by husband and wife until the husband's death, after which it became the freehold property of the widow; in (into) ~ mariage, as a marriage gift; (e) ~ widwehod, the status of a widow who holds land in her own right.
4c.
In miscellaneous legal terms: (a) ~ aquitaunce, an unconditional release from an obligation; (b) ~ borwe, a freeman who becomes a surety; prob., one of the mutually responsible members of a tithing or similar unit, a frank-pledge; (c) ~ custom, a privilege accompanying the title to a freehold estate; (d) ~ faculte, unrestricted right or power to do something; (e) ~ hold, custody without confinement; (f) ~ lawes, laws suitable to free men; (g) ~ liberte, an unrestricted privilege; (h) ~ pardoun, an unconditional or complete pardon; (i) ~ plege, cp. ~ borwe; under ~ plege, jointly responsible for the conduct of the members of a tithing or similar unit; veue of ~ pleges, a court attended by the frank-pledges; (j) ~ pouer, unrestricted power or authority to do something; (k) ~ prisoun, custody, or a place of custody, without torture, as specifically in Limbo (the limbus patrum); (l) ~ court, ~ prisoun, a court, ?a prison, under the jurisdiction of an incorporated city.
4d.
maken fre of, to help (oneself) to (another's property); maken ~ over, to make (someone) lord over (something).

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • (1388) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)5.90 : [The farm of the oven amounts to 42 s. yearly and there are 4 s. from] frepeny [payable at Michaelmas only].
  • Note: New cpd.
  • c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)2.338 : Whiche shall for man, be so goode ameyn That he shal nowe escape dawngerles Amyddes the foreste, fre from euery trappe.
  • Note: Postdates 1d.(c)
    Note: ?Closest to 1d.(c) which has only fig.
  • a1475 Gawain & CC (Brog 2.1)643 : The mynstrellis had yeftys fre That þey myght þe better be To spende many a day.
  • Note: ?sense
  • (1474) in Salzman Building in Engl.124 : [Paid…for the digging and removal of the earth…8 ft. in depth down to the stones called] le freebedde.
  • Note: Additional quote(s)

Supplemental Materials (draft)

Note: There are Latin analogs to the phrase fre prisoun. See, e.g., DMLBS the phrase carcer liber, s.v. carcer, defined as "free custody" (c 1258 "dicit quod senescallus .. optulit ei predictam marcam pro predicto T. et aliis per sic quod possunt esse in libero carcere" (JustIt 873) SelCWW 85 (cf. ib. 112: "in libera prisona")." Also DMLBS s.v. liber, the phrases ~era custodia, ~era prisona, defined as ('apparently'), "confinement, or prison, in which freedom of movement is allowed" : "solutus est sanctus et in ~era custodia tentus" W. Malm. GP III 101; "ab hominibus ejus captus, in ~era custodia habebatur" Id. GR IV 349; 1333 "nullus patriota debet imprisonari in castro, nisi in casu criminali vitam vel membrum tangenti, .. sed in aliis ~eris prisonis ad hoc deputatis" (Cust.) CartINorm. p. 3."