General Papers ARKIVOC 2001 (i) 17-54
Synthesis, chemistry and applications of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
and its derivatives
Jaroslaw Lewkowski
Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lódz, Narutowicza 68, 90-136 Lódz, POLAND E-mail:
[email protected]
(received 26 Jun 05; accepted 31 Jul 01; published on the web 08 Aug 01)
Contents
Introduction
PART A. 5-HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL (HMF)
1. A historical outline of studies on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 2. Aspects of the synthesis of HMF 2.1. The mechanism of the fructose dehydration 2.2. The kinetics of the HMF synthesis 3. Chemical conversions of HMF 3.1. Reactions of the Hydroxymethyl Group 3.1.1. The formation of esters 3.1.2. The formation of ethers 3.1.3. The formation of halides 3.1.4. The oxidation 3.2. Reactions of the Formyl Group 3.2.1. The reduction 3.2.2. Condensation reactions 3.2.3. Oxidation reactions 3.3. Reactions of the furan ring 3.4. The polymerisation of HMF 3.5. Electrochemical conversions of HMF PART B. 2,5-FURANDICARBALDEHYDE (FDC)
4. The Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarbaldehyde (FDC) 5. The Chemistry and Applications of 2,5-Furandicarbaldehyde (FDC) PART C. 2,5-FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID (FDCA)
6. Methods for Synthesis of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) 7. The Chemistry and Applications of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Conclusions References
ISSN 1424-6376 Page 17 ©ARKAT USA, Inc
