Middle English Dictionary Entry
custū̆m(e n.
Entry Info
Forms | custū̆m(e n. Also custom(e, -oume, costum(e, -om(e, -oum. |
Etymology | OF costume, custume. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Traditional or customary practice of a nation or group; established usage; a tradition or custom; ben ~, to be traditional or customary; holden, kepen ~, observe a custom or usual practice; bi ~, of ~, by traditional usage, according to custom; (b) proverb: custom is second nature.
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)89 : It is custume þat ech chirchsocne goð þis dai a procession.
- c1300 SLeg.Mich.(LdMisc 108)130 : Ȝwane huy a-rereth anie churche..Opon an hul, bi custome huy makieȝ of seint Miȝhel.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)520 : Þe costom þai nouȝt knewe, For þi fro bord þai ran.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2010 : Of on þat knew þe kostome of þe cuntre of grece.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.97 : Fro þat tyme it was custome þat þe kynges of Engelond sent þaire corones to seint Edmond.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.1616 : The hihe festes of Neptune..As it was custumme and usage, Sollempneliche thei besihe.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1889 : So longe hath Mayus in hir chambre abyden, As custume is vnto thise nobles alle. A bryde shal nat eten in the halle Til dayes foure.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Num.28.10 : Ȝe schulen offre moiste sacrificis that ben sched bi custom [L rite].
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.17 : Hereof taken Cristene men custome to preche on Sundai.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)21358 : Þe britons þase dais wer sene Hald aunciene custum troiene.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)461 : Custume was..In tyme of þe elde lawes, Knygtes scholden kepe bestes.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)367/274 : Oure costemes to kepe wele ȝe canne.
- (1458-9) Reg.Chanc.Oxf.in OHS 9414 : To defend the priuelages, libertes & custummes of the sayd Uniuersite.
- (a1460) DSPhilos.(Helm)183/14 : Kinge Phelip payed euery yere, of custume, a trewage to the king Dayre.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)139/33 : Atte that day, of custume, he yaue grete yieftis.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)25/20 : That is of non auctorite, but of custom of folke.
- -?-(1435) Doc.in Power Craft Surg.314 : Thei to make it knowen to the mair..as custum & maner of the Citee wole.
b
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)33/41 : Þe..prouerbe seithe: custome & vse is a noþer nature or kynde.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)72/10 : He þat has vsyd to ete at oon certayn hour, and tarys his etynge to oon oþer hour, he..mekyll greuys his kynde, ffor costome ys þe oþer kynde.
2.
(a) The customary or habitual practice of an individual; habitual behavior, a habit; a personal habit; also, a habit of an animal; (b) bi ~, in ~, of ~, as a matter of habit, by habit, habitually; (c) ben in ~, haven of ~, to be accustomed; haven in ~, be in the habit; also, follow (a practice) habitually.
Associated quotations
a
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)75 : Ure louerd..berege us wið alle iuele customes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.532 : If I schal more seie Upon the nature of the vice [drunkenness], Of custume and of excercice The mannes grace hou it fordoth.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.682 : Euery nyght and day was his custume [rime: volume]..To reden in this book of wikked wyues.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)7603 : Ȝyf hyt be done þurgh custome, Þan falleþ þarfore harder dome.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)4 : The game causeth ofte a man to eschewe þe vij deedly synnes..alle good gustumes and maners commethe therof.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Heb.5.14 : Of hem that for custom [L pro consuetudine] han wittis exercised to discrecioun of good and of yuel.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)2287 : Hurre holde custoum he þouȝt to do, For euer to stele was hurre crafte.
- c1450(?c1400) Wycl.Elucid.(StJ-C G.25)6 : Alle maner vnskilful beestes..kepen her customes of kynde.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)1573 : A custowme it Js of alle schrewed hertis..that rathere the evel thanne good scholen speke.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)26/22 : And necessite constrayne the to chaunge custome, thou muste done it wisely.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)1661 : He had a custome þat he kepyd.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)49/22 : Who that ys agreved with my custum, lette hym amende hit.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)54/97 : Yf þou vse oftyn tyme to swere, it may gendyr custom in the.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)78/19 : Ȝif they haue done it ofter then ones, or in olde custom, let hem haue penaunce of x or xii yere.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)16/26 : Olde custom is harde to breke.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)47 : Ofte he wolde bi costome to Meseles fare.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)29139 : Þar es steps thrin Þat man mai fall wit-all in sin..Þe first in thoght, þe toþer in dede, Þe thrid in sin in custum lede.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)76/6 : If þat þe pacient..hadde bi nature eiþer bi custum [Add: costeme] a feble stomak [etc.].
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1113 : We sal do gladli of custum Þat air til vs wos ful irksum.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)209/20 : He vsid of costom to com on þe night to matyns.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)77/16 : Ȝif eny haue hauntyd it of custom, let hym vse the forsaide [penaunce] of vii yere.
c
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)291 : Anoþur man þar haþ þis maner of worchynge in costume.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2217 : Loke that thou have in custome ay First to salue hem, if thou may.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)376/14 : Þey seyen euery daye psalmes and preyers þat þey haue in custome to seye.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)26/14 : He that hath in custome forto ete twies a day, and he vse to ete but ones, it grevith him.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)388 : He went to se his catell..As yresmen had of custome.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)7005 : He had of custome, Ilk ȝere anes þider to come.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Guy (LdMisc 683)280 : Whan poore ffolk, ffor sustentacyoune, hadd in [vr. of] costom to entren at the gate.
- a1500 Discip.Cler.(Wor F.172)33 : Hir husbond was in custom, every nyght to be drunk of wyne.
3.
Natural or normal way; of ~, naturally, usually.
Associated quotations
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.135 : Þe see forsoþe, of þe custome of his kynde [L de more naturæ suæ], ascended and weted þe kynges legges.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.6.56 : Swiche ben the customes [L mores] of perturbaciouns, and this power they han, that they mai moeve a man from his place.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)101b/a : Þay warne anoþer of þe kynde of þe membre and of þe consuetude i. of custume.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)8.2275 : Lat men alwey haue this in remembraunce: Moordre, of custum, wil eende with myschaunce.
4.
Traditional practice recognized as a kind of law distinct from the law of ordinance or nature; a customary law; ~ of (the) maner, manorial custom.
Associated quotations
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)471 : Lawes þere beoth and costomes þat habbethz euere beon i-holde.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)553 : Of ower olde lawes..þe king him let a traunscrit take of þis customes echon.
- (1399) RParl.3.423b : It es noght my will that..I wold disherit any man..no put hym out of that that he has and has had by the gude lawes and custumes of the Rewme.
- (a1402) Trev.Dial.MC (Hrl 1900)34/2 : Many citees þat were fre of paiyngis by priuyleges & customs, payde wiþ gode wille.
- (1423) Pet.Sutton in Fenland NQ 7307 : If any tenaunt erthe or ploght an acre of bonde londe holdyn after the custome of the maner, he schall pay for the acre viij d.
- (1424) Revoc.Wm.Boston in Sur.Soc.2122 : The paryssh kirkes where the peple is bonden be custume and lawe to receiyve thaire sacramentz.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)58/23 : Amanges þe Sarazenes..þer dwellez many Cristen men..þe whilk vsez diuerse lawez and custommes after..þe ordinaunce of þe rewmes whare þai dwell.
- (1450) RParl.5.172b : Every persone havyng possession or occupation in eny of the premisses..by eny graunte made to hym..by copie of Courte rolle, or otherwyse by custume of maner.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)3568 : My custommys & myn ordynauncys..Ye han ytournyd at your wyl.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)104/110-11 : Lawe is kyndly governaunce; right cometh out of mannes probable reson; and custome is of commen usage by length of tyme used; and custome nat writte is usage; and if it be writte, constitucion it is y-written and y-cleped.
5.
(a) A customary rent or service; (b) ~ pannage, ~ peni, ~ pound.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chart.Abbey HG (LdMisc 210)339 : To hauen & to holden þis preciouse place..for þe seruyse & þe customes þat longen þer-to to þe chef lord of þe fee.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.110 : To suere he [Stephen] was dryuen, Þat..Ne costom no seruise of þing þat he forgaf, Þat noiþer he no hise suld chalange rif no raf.
- (1447-8) Shillingford118 : Meny other housis, londis, and tenementis..beryng custume or rente.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)7984 : Þe monkes possessiouns made he Fra all seruice and customes fre.
- ?c1470 Extent Kilkenny in Curtis Ormond Deeds 2 (DubNLI D 1517. m.2)355 : They shall pasture ye grond and pay ye costemys that ys assignyt to ye grond.
- (c1475) Doc.in Bk.Brome (Brm)143 : My maner of Cryssygham with all hys pertinences..hommages, rentes, sysys, custumys, servyes, lyberteys.
- a1500 Henley Husb.(Sln 686)43 : All maner..fermes, costomes, & all oþer þynges whereby eny profet..may aryse.
b
- (1272-3) in Davenport Nrf.Manorp.xxx : Idem respondent de ci s. ii d. ob. de redditu termini Sancti Andreae cum le custumpund.
- (?a1325) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 2109 fn. : [Those belonging] ad aulam inferiorem [of Cokefeld pay] custumpund xv s.
- (?a1400) Cust.Rent in OSSLH 2109 fn. : De custumpany xvj s.
- (1461) RParl.5.476a : Of a summe of money called Custume pannage for Swyne beyng within the Lordship of Estmeone.
6.
(a) A duty, toll, or impost on merchandise; customs; gret ~, customs duty on exports or imports; litel (peti) ~, an impost on goods taken to a market locally; (b) ~ fre, ~ paiing.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.13.7 : Ȝelde ȝe to alle men dettis; to whom tribut, tribut; to whom tol or custom for thingis borun aboute, tol or such custom [L cui vectigal, vectigal].
- (a1399) Oath Bk.Colchester6 : A remembraunce of the Custume of Dyverse Chaffarys comynge out of dyverse Cuntres.
- a1400 Usages Win.(Win-HRO W/A3/1)p.58 : Off custome of þe ffysch is þus: þat no man may habbe a bord but onleche of þe kynge, and ech bord shal to þe kynges rente a ferþynge þe day þat þer ys ffysch vpon.
- a1400 Usages Win.(Win-HRO W/A3/1)p.60 : Euerych hundred of laumprons comynge in-to towne shal fyue laumprons to custome to þe bayleues of þe town..and non oþer custome.
- (1405) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.32 : Wyth al maner of profitez and easementz, That is to seyn: costumz of pedders, wreke of the see, ankerage, [etc.].
- (1433) RParl.4.455a : Youre said Custumers and Countrollers enbeselyng of youre said Custume.
- (1442) Proc.Privy C.5.323 : Þat all manere of merchaundyses passyng out of the land of Ireland and commyng into the same paye to the Kyng pety custume in lyke wyse as it is used in Engelond.
- (1444) RParl.5.124a : That the seid Baillifs..chese and take such Tolreves to resceyve and gedre the tolle, and such Custumes as longeth to hem to take at the Yates of the seid Toun, for the comone profit.
- (1450) RParl.5.187a : The grete custume and litull custume in oure Port of Suthampton.
- (a1452) Doc.in Kingsford EHist.Lit.(CotR 2.23)363 : Þey enproche þe Kynges Customs and engrose þe gold and send hit over the See.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)659/12 : All ther goodis..shold be quyte fro tol, passage, and pountage, and all custome thurgh all his lond of Englond.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)4.16 : All þe custum of þe cloþe þat cometh to fayres.
b
- (1435) RParl.4.491b : Ther been diverses persones..that custumabely shippen..Wolle..withoute any custume payng.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)147 : In case that eny of his marchandise leve vnsolde..thei to have it with hem with owten eny costom payeng.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)152 : All men that wold aventure eny corne or vetayll to Burdeux or Bayon..on oure party schuld goo costom ffree.
7.
An exaction of tax or tribute; a charge.
Associated quotations
- c1330 SMChron.(Auch)1430 : He arered a costome her, þre hundred pounde ich ȝer.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.567 : To areysen wrongful custumes and taillages.
- c1410(a1387) Legal Gloss.Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)97 : Stalage, custom [L exactio] for stondynge in stretes in feyre tyme.
- (1422) Plea & Mem.in Bk.Lond.E.130/1 : Item William Brigis and John his man bringes vp newe Customes of diuerse men and wymen, ayenst þe Fredome of þe Cite, by faching of water..for whiche he maketh men to pay a certeyn to þe Toure.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)34/25 : Ȝe [a pirate] broght out of Bretayne ȝowre custom with care, Ȝe met with þe marchandes and made þam ful bare.
8.
A written record of the duties of household officers; a custumal.
Associated quotations
- 1790(1471-1472) Ordin.Househ.Edw.IV(2) (Topham)18 : This thirde Edward appointed diverse duties vnto his offices and officers by a formal and convenient custume, more certayne than was vsed byfore his tyme.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)5583 : Pore men…rekened þe custome houses echoun, At whyche þey had gode, and at whyche noun.
Note: New comb.: ~ hous
Note: Belongs to sense 2.(c).
Note: Gloss: A place of business, business establishment.
Note: This quot. has been taken back to books.
- a1500 *Nicod.(5) (Wor F.172)4b : A clips is made after the custom of the Sonne.
Note: Postdates sense 3.--notes per MLL