Middle English Dictionary Entry

cǒmen v.
Quotations: Show all Hide all

Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

1a.
(a) To be coming, approach; arrive; ~ on, to come on, come along; (b) comen and gon, to come and go, arrive and depart; (c) in combination with another verb to indicate purpose or consequence: comen (to) sen, comen speken, etc.; (d) to come (for a certain purpose); -- with after, on, or for phrase.
1b.
Used to encourage action in impv. constructions: (a) com and loke!, etc.; (b) com, telle me!, etc.; (c) come of!, come on!, hurry up!, make haste!
1c.
To approach or come (in a certain manner); -- (a) with pres.ppl.: ~ riding, to come on horseback; ~ wending, come on foot; etc.; (b) with inf. [See Mustanoja pp. 536-7]: ~ riden, to come on horseback; ~ flien, come flying; etc.
2.
Of persons: to proceed; come, go; -- (a) with adv. or adv.clause: ~ her (hider); ~ ther (thider); ~ in (doun, out); etc.; ~ neigh (ner, to, up), come near, approach; arrive; ~ after, to follow; ~ ayen, to come back, return; ~ bi, to pass by; ~ samen (togeder), to meet; join; to meet in combat, clash; etc.; (b) with prep. phrase: ~ in (into, to) (a place); ~ bi the strete (in the wei), to come along on the road; ~ biforen, to appear before (sb.), present oneself to; ~ from (of), to come from (a place), return from (a journey); ~ through, to pass through (sth.); ~ to, to come to (sb.); to come to see, call on, visit; ~ to diner (mot, sprece), to come to dinner, a meeting, an audience; ~ toyenes, to go to meet (sb.); ~ upon, to descend upon (an enemy), attack; (c) with adv. & prep. phrase.
3a.
Of things, processes: to proceed; to come, go; to reach (to), issue (from), etc.; -- (a) with constructions as in 1 & 2: ~ in (doun, from, of, out, up), etc.; (b) of a message, rumor: ~ in (to) ere, to reach (someone's) ear, be heard.
3b.
To extend (to or from a place); ~ oute, to protrude.
4a.
To attain, obtain: (a) ~ to, to attain to or reach (a certain state or position); ~ to fortune (grith, knouinge), etc.; ~ to liven, to survive; (b) ~ at (to), to attain to or achieve (sth.); ~ to dede (effect), to realize or be realized, come true; ~ abouten (to ende, to purpos), to achieve (one's) purpose, succeed; (c) ~ to blisse, ~ to (eche) live, etc., to attain to the joys of heaven, to eternal life, etc.; (d) ~ (to do sth.), to succeed (in doing sth.); (e) ~ bi (to), to get at (sth. or sb.); to come by, acquire; (f) ~ bi, to grasp or understand (sth.); to solve a problem, find an answer; (g) ~ to amendement (ded-bote), to make amends.
4b.
To get (into or out of a state, etc.): (a) ~ to, to get into (a certain condition or situation); ~ to (unto) wo, ~ to wikkede ende, to come to grief; ~ in crie with, to consort with; ~ under subjeccioun; etc.; (b) ~ into this world, ~ on (to) this lif, ~ to man, to come into the world, become a human being, be born; (c) , ~ of (to) elde, ~ to age to come of age; (d) ~ to god (god ende), to turn out well; ~ to god, to benefit (sb.); (e) ~ to nought, to become nothing, end existence; to be in vain; (f) ~ to ende, to come to an end, terminate; (g) ~ oute of elde, to get away from or escape old age.
4c.
To come into (someone's) possession, power, proximity, or scope of action; -- with indirect object of the person or in phrases ~ til (to); him com help, he received help; ~ til honde, ~ to honde(s; lightli come, lightli go, etc., easy come, easy go.
5.
To be a descendant (of a certain stock, class, or family); to come (of good family, etc.); -- with doun of, of, out of phrase.
6.
To derive or result (from a source); to arise or spring (from), originate (in); -- with of, from phrase.
7.
(a) Of things or situations: to come into being, arise, come about, come forth, start; -- also ~ abouten; ~ in (on, up); (b) of human beings: to come into existence, be born; ~ of moder (wombe); ~ forth; (c) of seeds: to sprout, grow; ~ forth; of plants: to emerge in spring, grow; ~ up.
8.
To become (sweet, weak, etc.); ~ on fir, to become passionate; what sal com of þe, what shall become of you.
9a.
(a) To occur, happen, come about; -- also, ~ abouten (forth, on, up, upon); (b) is to comen, shall happen, come to pass or exist; is bound to happen; lif to ~, future life; thing to ~, thing coming, a future event, the future.
9b.
To happen to (sb.), come to, come upon: -- (a) with obj.; him com blisse (bote), he was saved (cured); hem cam herte, they took heart; come hem lif or deth; etc.; (b) with on, over, upon, to phrase.
10.
(a) Of a point in time, a festival, a season: to arrive; time is comen (to), the time has come; to come domes-dai, until doomsday shall come; etc.; -- also, ~ aboute (in, on, to, up); (b) time to comen, time coming, future time, the future; (c) come seven-night (twelve-month), when the end of a week (year) comes, in a week (year); come estern, come Easter, by Easter; -- time clause, with subjunctive; (d) hir time come, her time to give birth came; ne com nought yet min time, my time to die has not yet come.
11.
(a) To be becoming, proper, or natural (to sb.); -- with obj. or to phr.; (b) to be incumbent upon (sb.), be (one's) task.
12.
Of combat: ~ after (in, on), to attack or pursue; ~ to bataille, to engage in combat; ~ of, to deal (with an adversary), defeat.
13.
Of narration: ~ ayen (eft) to, return to (a subject); ~ of, to continue a narrative; ~ to, to reach (the end of an activity); ~ to the pointe, to arrive at a (certain) point; ; nou cometh the pointe, now comes the important point.
14.
Misc. phrases: (a) ~ aboven, to rise above (an enemy), overcome; (b) ~ after, to follow, come after (sth. else); (c) ~ ayenes, to go against or infringe upon (an ordinance); (d) ~ at on, to come to agreement; (e) ~ doun from, to descend from (glory); (f) ~ ner, to get near or touch (sth. that is hopeless or harmful), meddle with; (g) ~ ner, to have an adequate conception (of sth.); (h) ~ forth (oute), outre ~, , to be disclosed, become known, come out; ~ in light (to sighte), to come into view, appear; (i) ~ awei (oute of), to get away from, escape, abandon; (j) ~ in wille (in-til thought, on mod, to herte, to minde), to come to (one's) mind, etc.; occur to (sb.); ~ oute of remembraunce, to be forgotten; (k) ~ from swouninge (to minde, to self), to regain consciousness, come to, wake up; (l) ~ to the preve, to come to test; (m) ~ togeder, to have intercourse, copulate; ~ at, of the male: to approach (the female); (n) ~ togederes, of ingredients: to mix with each other, blend, bind; (o) ~ up, of income: to accumulate.

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)5/31 : Eleusius..hefde iunne feolahschipe to affrican, & wes iwunet ofte to cumen wið him to his in, & iseon his dohter.
  • Note: Quot. needed for date in sense 2.(b).
  • c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1028 : Alexander with ane ost..to saile he begynnes..In-to þe coste of Calodone, he comes him ouer first, And þar a cite he assailes.
  • Note: New meaning for sense 2.(b).
    Note: Modify first gloss: "(b) ~ in (into, to) (a place);--also refl."
  • a1475 Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)4631 : Richesses ben here bodily And some þere ben also goostly, And whoso comeþ þat oone tille [Ld: vntyll], He may haue þat oþer if he wille.
  • Note: New phrase for sense 4a.(a).
    Note: Modify the boldfaced phrase comen to = to attain to or reach (a certain state or position) to "~ til (to, until), to attain or reach (a certain state or position)".
  • c1450 Dc.Prov.(Dc 52)p.48 : Spele Frenssh and construe art, And þou schalt selde com to thy part.
  • Note: New sense for sense 4a.(b).
    Note: Modify gloss: "~ at (to), to attain or achieve (sth.); also in prov. expression."
  • a1150(?OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)67/4 : Þas witen & þas gedrefodnysse þonne gewurðeð & ateowodnysse þæs awyrgoden Antecristes tocyme, se þe on þysne middeneard towweard is to cumene.
  • c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)9757 : Ȝe neddress streon, wha tahhte ȝuw To fleon & to forrbuȝhenn Þatt irre þatt to cumenn iss?
  • a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)3 : Þat oðer tocume beð on domes dai, and þat we abiden..And alle þo þe ben tocumen her after abideð his tocume.
  • a1250 Creed (Blick 6864)p.138 : Þanen he is to cumen for to dem þa quike & þa deede.
  • c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1190 : Ich..wod al þat to kumen is.
  • a1300 PMor.(Jes-O 29)143 : Neuer ich in helle ne come ne þer to cume ne recche.
  • Note: Quots. needed for date in sense 9a.(b).
  • (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)495 : To cumme: Futurus, venturus.
  • Note: Additional quot. for sense 9a.(b).
  • ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)23911 : Þat in help of þe traitour comes Fra outen landes..Þai come on als traitours and thefes, Þis hile and pople sar grefes.
  • Note: Quot. needed for date in sense 12.
  • c1440(a1349) Rolle 10 Com.(Thrn)10/30 : In thre maners mane may syn in swerynge..Also if he com agaynes his athe, noght fulfilland þat he has sworne.
  • Note: New phrase and gloss for sense 14.(c): "~ ayenes oth, to break (one's) oath."
  • c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)31b/b : Þe braun of þe arme is endid þre fyngir brede or þan he come to þe ioynct of þe elbowe.
  • Note: New sense: "~ to to extend as far as (a certain location) reach to."
Note: The list of variant spellings in the form section is incomplete and needs revision to accord with standards of later volumes of the MED.--all notes per MLL