Middle English Dictionary Entry
cast n.
Entry Info
Forms | cast n. Also kest, (?) cost. |
Etymology | ON; cp. OI kast. Many senses come from casten v. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) The throwing of a dart, stone, etc.; casting with a sling; throwing or putting the stone as a sport; hurling missiles with a siege engine; (b) the throwing of dice; al is cast on a ~, all is risked on a single throw; at last ~, at (one's) last throw, with (one's) back to the wall; (c) a throw in wrestling, a fall; (d) a throwing away, a loss; (e) speaking, utterance; (f) a sudden movement; a blow; ~ of eie, a turn of the eye, a glance; (g) counting, reckoning; (h) a trick, stratagem; a plan, plot, scheme, malicious intention; treacherous conduct, trickery; fer ~ [in part a fig. use of sense (a)], a far cast, a clever trick, a brilliant scheme.
Associated quotations
a
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4547 : Campaneus was on the wallys slayn, with cast of ston he was so ouerlade.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Num.35.17 : If a stoon he throwe, and with the cast [WB(2): strook] sleeth, lijk maner he shal be punishid.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.868 : Who that hath an hed of verre, Fro cast of stones war hym in the werre!
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)66b/a : Torqueo: to tormenten wyþ caste of darte.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)3037 : Thane boldly þay buske and bendes engynes, Payses in pylotes and proues theire castes.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)460 : Thay brekene oure walles, our Toures alle, With caste of his Engyne.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2091 : Ye mooste to the wallis goon And defende this place with caste of stoon.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)73/15,18 : Surdyte toke the stonne and cast it vij fote ferthre. And when the kyng and the ladys sawe the cast, they mervelled..Then said Henry to Surdyte: 'Why haue ye so longe abyden to cast that grete caste?'
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)453 : Vse eek the cast of stoon with slynge or honde.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2909 : John Gower, Now thou art ate laste cast.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)25480 : Vnworthi am I..for to rise On domesdai be-for iustise, þar all es casten on a cast.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)338 : The same brigge hath be febler and febler, and euer schal so be into tyme he be at his laste cast.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)11394 : Somme pleide at hasard fast, & lore & wonne wiþ chaunce of cast.
- c1450 Dice(1) (Frf 16)3 : Yow alle that lysten knowe her chaunce By caste of dyse.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1025 : Frelich Beryn þrewe þe dise, And lost with þat same cast al was leyde a-down.
- c1460 Alas my childe (Dub 432)21 : Disepleyers. Play on þi cast.
c
- c1410(c1350) Gamelyn (Hrl 7334)248 : Schal it be holde for a cast, or elles for noon?
d
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)63 : Castynge, or a caste:..jactura.
e
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1295 : Freschly he askez, Ferde lest he hade fayled in fourme of his castes.
f
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)768 : He conveyen hym con wyth cast of his yȝe.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2298 : Kepe þy kanel at þis kest, ȝif hit keuer may.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)613 : With a caste of þe care [IrBl: carhonde] in kautelle he strykes.
g
- a1500 Lydg.LOL (Adv 19.3.1)p.103 : And ych yere wer certeyn dayes three By calkyng, cast, and computacion Sowght and chosen owt.
h
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Esth.8.3 : His werste castis [L machinationes], that he hadde thoȝt out aȝen the Jewis, he comaunde to be maad voide.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2468 : Myne be the maladies colde, The derke tresons and the castes [vr. costes] olde.
- (c1390) Chart.Abbey HG (LdMisc 210)340 : He be-þouȝt hym of a caast of gyle, hou he miȝt distroye þe noble abbeye.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3605 : She was war, and knew it bet than he, What al this queynte cast was for to seye.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2374 : For Supplant with his slyhe cast Fulofte happneth forto mowe Thing which an other man hath sowe.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1070 : For loke fro fyrst þat he lyȝt wythinne þe lel Mayden, By how comly a kest he watz clos þere.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2413 : Myn honoured ladyez..þus nor knyȝt wyth hor kest han koyntly bigyled.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6326 : Þe fraude fully of tresoun, þe cast also of false collusioun Be raked oute.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.364 : Þis is þe caste of þe fend, to kyndle fir in heerdis.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)714 : But vnfaithfull freke, with þi fals cast, þat such a lady belirt with þi lechur dedes.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)4351 : Þen the fynde, with his falshed & his fercast, Entrid in þat ymage & onswaret the pepull.
- 1448 *Glo.Chron.C (Arms 58:Kooper)f.149v : Thenne Edmund Irensides counseil foryaf hym that he shulde be aboute to destroye that places that were yelde to Knut and made Uhtrede erle of Northumberlande of þe same purpos, But Knut by the same wyse, iwar of hure caste, stroyed her contre ferst, ffor he bytoke Westsex and som of Merchineriche.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1764 : I haue wilily waited þi wiles & þi castis.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)5941 : He wolde bringe by some Kaste Oute of prison hir lemman in haste.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)89.10 : Swa oure ȝeris ere occupyde in ydell and swykil kastis about erthly thynge.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)135/593 : This was a qwantt gawde and a far cast. It was a hee frawde.
2.
(a) A missile; (b) the number turned up at a throw of the dice; (c) a sartorial contrivance, a belt or girdle; (d) a certain quantity; the amount of hay for which the king's purveyors would allow a halfpenny; ?the amount of bread allowed for one day or for one meal; also as term of association: a ~ of bred; (e) hawk. the number of hawks started in pursuit of the quarry at one time; also as term of association: a ~ of haukes.
Associated quotations
a
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)2099 : For to hem rauȝtte no caste, But þe quarel of þe arblaste.
- (1443) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2248 : They shot xxiiij shotts, and cast with ij ingynnes xxij casts; every cast of th'oon ingynne vijc weight, of th'other vc.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2471 : Tho fayled hem cast, þat were with-inne..For stoone was ther noone to wynne.
- c1450 Siege Thebes (Rwl D.82)270 : Ethiocles..purveyed strong resistence..making redy al þeire Artelery and cast of stone.
b
- c1475 Dice(2) (Brm)37,41 : Sysse, synke, and dewsse ys ȝour cast; ȝe dessyer, but be not agast..ȝowr cast ys sysse, synke, and as; ȝe stond rygth in wonder casse.
c
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2376 : Þenne he kaȝt to þe knot, & þe kest lawsez, Brayde broþely þe belt to þe burne seluen.
d
- (1424) Let.Bk.Lond.I (Gldh LetBk I)288 : That takers and purveours of hey and litere..maden afore this tyme here cast of hey and litere at here will, and assessed every cast at a halfpeny.
- a1450 Terms Assoc.(1) (Rwl D.328)603 : A caste of bred.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)318/12 : Bere with the of my wyne in too flagons of sylver..and also two caste of brede.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)607 : Þay schyn haue two cast of hay.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)631 : Two cast of brede he tase.
- a1475 in Hodgkin Proper Terms54 : A Cast of bred.
- 1790(1471-1472) Ordin.Househ.Edw.IV(2) (Topham)56 : This yoman takyth to his chambre dayly..one caste of brede, ij messe of greete mete.
e
- a1450 Terms Assoc.(1) (Rwl D.328)603 : A caste of haukys of the toure.
- a1500 in Hodgkin Proper Terms55 : A Caste of haukys of the toure.
3.
(a) The range of a sling, the distance to which it will cast; (b) a short distance; stones ~, a stone's throw; ~ of an alblast, as far as an arbalest will shoot; ~ of a coit, distance a quoit can be thrown; (c) stones ~, the time needed to throw a stone, an instant; (d) intention, purpose; (e) the form or design (of a building, etc.); the shape or image (of the sun's path); human form or shape; (f) nature, type, kind; (g) ?ability to do or make, art, skill.
Associated quotations
a
- a1500(?a1400) KEdw.& S.(Cmb Ff.5.48)191 : Þer is no bow þat shall laste To draw to my slynges caste Nought be feel fete.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Magd.(2) (LdMisc 108)563 : To þulke stude he cam so neiȝh, al bote a stones caste.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)8986 : Fram his feren he folwed him al mast þe cast of an alblast.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.215 : Dyoclicianus paleys haþ pilers as hiȝ as a stones cast [Higd.(2): soe hie as a man may caste with a stonne].
- c1390 Chart.Abbey HG (Vrn)357 : Þenne wente he forþ from hem as hit weore a stones cast.
- a1400(?a1325) Bonav.Medit.(1) (Hrl 1701)307 : A stones kast þan from hem he went.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)61/16 : A stones cast fro þat chapell is anoþer chapell.
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)253 : Ther was nihe that place of the crosse, the space of a stones caste, a newe sepulture.
- c1440 Bonav.Medit.(3) (Thrn)199 : He hymselfe gose fro theme a caste of a stone.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.354 : A ȝate on þat Castel was thore, From the plein Erthe A stones Cast & More.
- c1470(?1458) Wey Jerus.(Bod 565)17 : Fro thens a caste of a coyte and sum what las, Mary dwellyd and herd her masse.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2008 : Er he had riden a stones cast, a blynd man with hym met.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)65 : The second I aske, how depe is þe See? 'Sir,' quod he, 'as is þe cast of a stone.'
c
- a1325(c1280) SLeg.Pass.(Pep 2344)2142 : Þo answerede seint Thomas by-þinne þe tyme of a stones cast: 'A my lord.'
d
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)4652 : Whan i knew al here cast of here wic wille, I ne miȝt it suffer.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1368 : Þe Chamberlayn..hur cast y-knew ful wel.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)1163 : When I schulde start in þe strem astraye, Out of þat caste I watz bycalt.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)1650 : To se þe was his caste.
- (?c1425) Hoccl.Jonathas (Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)2 : But my freend made me change my cast; Cleene out of þat purpos hath he me broght.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)394 : That thai myght fight with hem anoon, Honde of honde, þat was here caste.
- ?c1450 Nicod.(1) (Sion Arc.L.40.2/E.25)608 : Þusgate to pyne hym was þaire caste.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)121/148 : Go we to þe temple..and thank hym bothe, this is my cast, Of þe tyme þat is comynge now.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)146 : Hadde þei knowe þe kast of þe kyng stern, They had kept well his cumme with carefull dintes.
e
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)92/338 : Seie þert icome fram ferren londe..To makie atur after þis cast.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)22927 : Al þe flesshe þat was of mon Soþely shal be reised þon; þat was of mon shal com to cast.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)305 : Of braunches were here halles and here boures, Iwrought after here cast and here mesure.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)8735 : He dide masons diuise a cast What werk myghte lengest last.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1178 : On this castel to bethynke..The cast, the curiosite, Ne kan I not to yow devyse.
- c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)831 : A ston stiked þerein stoutlich igrave: Þe cast of þe sonne-sourse was corve þerin.
f
- c1390 Þe wyse mon in (Vrn)388 : A fol ȝif he speke no þing, Men wene he beo wys in doyng; Whon he bi-gynneþ to Iangle fast, Þen men knowen wel his cast.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)272b/a : Þay [bees] makeþ þerinne hous and chambres of wex wiþ sixe manere castes.
g
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)93/1971 : We sscholle hit make as we hit founde, For we beþ mazouns queinte of cast.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)3.19 : We wisse þe kynge and þi wey shape To be wedded at þi wille..For al conscience caste or craft.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)14.162 : Yf eny mason þer-to makede a molde, With alle here wyse castes, wonder me þynkeþ.
4.
(a) The situation in which one finds oneself, circumstances, plight; (b) occasion, opportunity; (c) at thilk ~, under those circumstances, on that occasion.
Associated quotations
a
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)654 : Sche..couþe fele þinges of charmes & of chau[n]temens to schewe harde castis.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)6205 : And him [Pharaoh] suld þan to reu his cast, þat þis folk was fra him past.
b
- a1500(?c1400) EToulouse (Cmb Ff.2.38)455 : Fro them he wente into a waste; To reste hym there he toke hys caste.
c
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3477 : And if she were with childe at thilke cast, Namoore sholde he pleyen thilke game.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 Terms Assoc.(3) (Lamb 306)234 : A Cast of havkes.
Note: Additional quot. for sense 2.(e).
- a1500 Terms Assoc.(3) (Lamb 306)234 : A Cast of brede.
Note: Quot. postdates sense 2.(d).
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1475(c1450) ?Scrope Mirror World (Bod 283) 3891 : And of hym that seythe the caste of the hous, thoo be worldis [charches] the whiche putteth oute his yee because he wil not torne the righte yee toward the walle, that is to seye, toward Godde.
Note: Here 'caste' translates 'degout' meaning 'drain water'. See French: "Et de celui qui voit le degout de la maison cest a dire les cures du monde qui lui crevent les yeulx." New sense?