Middle English Dictionary Entry
brǒun adj.
Entry Info
Forms | brǒun adj. Also brun(e, broyn, bruyn; (in cpds.) brom-, bron-. |
Etymology | OE brūn brown, dark; shining; also OF brun (from Gmc.). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Dark, dull; of the human body: black-and-blue [quot.: a1425]; (b) cheerless, frowning, gloomy; (c) with names of colors: dark, deep; ?also, mixed with brown, brownish; ~ bai, dark bay; ~ basup, dark purple, ?brownish purple [cp. OE brūn-basu]; ~ murrei, dark purple-red; etc.
Associated quotations
a
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)470 : I sette my siȝt sadly on a þing, Be hit briȝtter oþer broun, beter oþer worse.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)113b/a : He is peyntid wanne & broun [L fuscus depingitur].
- a1400 PPl.C (Corp-C 293)4.125 : Broun [Hnt: þat fur shal..for-brenne al to blewe askes].
- c1400(1375) Canticum Creat.(Trin-O 57)202 : Out of þe water she wente þo..For cold of þe water broun [rime: adoun].
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)78 : For betyng was his body broune.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)106/21 : Here colour is liche vyolet or more browne þan the violettes.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)54 : Browne: Fuscus, subniger, nigellus.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)923 : Þat weduringe chaungeþ, Now broun and now briht and now breme stormys.
- (c1450) The Rote is ded (CotR 2.23)221 : Iclosid we have oure welevette hatte, That keveryd us from mony stormys browne.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)152/42 : I am kynge with crowne by bankys and brymmys browne.
- a1605(c1422) Hoccl.Compl.(Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)2 : The broune [vr. brome] season of myhelmesse was come, and gan the trees robbe of ther leves That grene had bene..and them in-to colowre of yelownesse hadd dyen.
b
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)77/34 : Browne [L fuscus] & vnhappy with-outen lyght I lurk.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.3630 : Ther fortune eek, which gan on hem frowne, Inpacient and doolful to endure, Ther froward fate with hir lookis browne.
- c1450 De CMulieribus (Add 10304)36 : Envy caste down his browne loke.
c
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)132.133/1 : Þeos wyrt, þat man violam & oþrum nama banwurt nemned, heo ys þreora cunna: þa on ys brun-basup [read: basuw], & oþer hwit, þridde ys ȝeoluw.
- (1342) in Whitaker Hist.Whalley 1309 : De xxxv jumentis..quorum vj nigra..j broun bay.
- (1386) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)2.257 : [A cloak of] broun murre [and] Redmelle.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)213b/b : Trees of aloe..wiþ somdel bitter sauour and broun reed colour.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)214a/a : Þe aloe þat hatte epaticum is liche to þe liuere in colour and is broun redisch.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)58 : Þe beest hewe of rennyng houndes..is iclepid broun Tawne.
- (1415) Invent.Agincourt in Archaeol.7088 : Vn Vpland long de Scarlet furre ou broungrey.
- c1450 Hrl.Cook.Bk.(2) (Hrl 4016)73 : Fry hem in faire grece or buttur til þei ben browne yelowe.
2.
(a) Of a brown color, brown; (b) in names: ~ berd, brown-bearded; ~ eie, brown-eyed; ~ lok, brown-haired; (c) ~ bred, bread containing rye, bran, etc.; ~ medle, variegated cloth of a predominantly brown color; ~ swin, a porpoise; (d) ~ baker, a baker of brown bread; ~ smith, a worker in copper, bronze, or brass; (e) ?of a purple color, ?brownish purple.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Leuedi sainte (Add 27909)19 : Mi brune her is hwit bicume.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8841 : He was..Vair mon..of broune here.
- a1350 Bytuene mersh (Hrl 2253)14 : On heu hire her is fayr ynoh, hire browe broune, hire eȝe blake.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.207 : His palfrey was as broun as is a berye.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.394 : The hoote somer had maad his hewe al broun.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.294 : Þo nolde..no Beggere..non halfpeny Ale..drynke, Bote of þe Beste and þe Brouneste þat Brewesters sullen.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18833 : His cher was dredful..His hare, like to þe nute, brun.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5024 : Hij ben broun of hare as hij weren aar.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)78 : Þat oon is clepyd broun, þat oþer jelow, and þe iii dune.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)79/6 : Apon þe roche of cristall growez gude dyamaundes, þat er of þe colour of cristall, bot þai er mare dymme coloured þan þe cristall and broune as oile.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1376 : Byggly on a broune stede, he profers full large.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)153 : Take wheten bred, & tost hyt, tyl hyt be browne.
- c1450 Treat.Fish.(Yale 171)9 : Þen coler euery parte..in dyuers colers, as yn to yelow, Grene, Broune, Tawny, Russet, and duskyn colur.
- (1455-6) Will York in Sur.Soc.30201 : Willelmo Blysse..unam murram cum uno browne shell.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.32 : Lay hur [a goose] to fyre and rost hyr browne.
- a1500 Sln.521 Recipes (Sln 521)134/13 : Take a cruste of a whyte lofe þat ys ryȝt browne and ete it.
b
- (a1130) Anc.Chart.in Pipe R.Soc.1026 : Thomas Ailwinus Brunloc.
- (1202) Feet Fines in Archaeol.Cant.3212 : Gaufridum Brunloc.
- (1279) Assize R.Nhb.in Sur.Soc.88263 : Brunberd, Will.
- (1305) Pat.R.Edw.I349 : Peter Brunlock.
- (1315) Pat.R.Edw.II318 : John Bruneye.
- (1332) Sub.R.War.in Dugd.Soc.647 : Roger Brounie.
c
- (1345) Doc.in Riley Mem.Lond.230 : [A woman's surcoat of] brounmedle.
- (1348) Will York in Sur.Soc.451 : Robam meam de brounemelly..unum mantellum de brounemelly.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4034 : Hir bord was serued moost with whit and blak, Milk and broun breed.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)54 : Brunswyne [Win: Brunswyn] or delfyne: Foca, delphinus, suillus.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)12871 : Thow the ffyllest..Off metys that ben off lytel prys, As off benys or browne bred.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)627 : He shalle bake..brom bred hard.
- a1500 Bring us (BodPoet e.1)285 : Bryng vs in no browne bred, fore that is mad of brane.
d
- (1296) in Fransson Surn.136 : Thom. le Brounesmyth.
- (1317) in Fransson Surn.136 : Rich. Brounsmyth.
- (1327) in Fransson Surn.136 : Will. Brounsmyth.
- (1441) Let.Bk.Lond.K (Gldh LetBk K)258 : White bakers shall bake no hors brede..broune bakers shall bake whete brede as it comyth grounde fro the mylle withoute ony bultyng of the same. Also the seid broune bakers shall bake hors brede of clene benys and pesyn, And also brede that is called housholdersbrede.
e
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)115.93/1 : Ðanne hys þeos wyrt tweȝra cinna; þat his, wer & wyf: þe were hafað hwite blostman, & þat wyf reade oþþer brune.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)136b/b : Þe rayne bowe..takeþ..of þeire a maner of broune coloure [L iacinctinum].
3.
(a) Of persons: brown, sunburnt, brunet; prob. also, brown-haired; swarthy or sallow (from the effects of love or Mars' wrath); of a brown-skinned race [quot.: a1398]; (b) in personal names.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)265/143 : Him þouȝte þat hit a womman was, naked and swiþe broun, Ase heo was with þe sonne i-brent.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1008 : With hem com mani chanbioun, Mani with ladde, blac and brown.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5441 : Þe xvi was Amores þe broun.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Co.(Manly-Rickert)A.4368 : He was..Broun as a berye..With lokkes blake.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)30b/a : In hote londes comeþ forþ blake men & browne as among þe Moores.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4465 : Þi [Mars] wrath..causest men to be..Consumpt, sklendre, broun & ceferyn hewed.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)1694 : He vsed no wemen, brown ne quite.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1213 : Dame Fraunchise..was not broun ne dun of hewe, But whit as snow.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)98/6 : Men sumtyme lufly broyn it [love] makes, & payll.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)15/16 : She sawe hym fair, sanguyn, broune, and high.
- c1450 Sume men (Cai 383/603)21 : God saue ale hem þat buþ broune.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)56/167 : Þow she be..whyte as swan, And þi wyff brown.
- a1500 Wast bryngyth (Cmb Ff.2.38)p.188 : Many oon goyth vp & downe..In þryste & hunger, sunne brente & broun.
b
- (1161) in Pipe R.Soc.419 : Magister Thomas Brun.
- (1168) in Pipe R.Soc.1282 : Aschil Brun.
- (1181) in Pipe R.Soc.3066 : Brunburd, cambitor regis.
- (1183) in Pipe R.Soc.3253 : Alanus Bruncoste.
- (1187-8) Pipe R.Lan69 : Adam et Galfridus Brun.
- (1202) Assize R.Lin.in Lin.RS 22414 : Benedictus Brune.
- (1208) Feet Fines Yks.in Sur.Soc.94124 : Rogerus Bruncarl.
- (1228) Close R.Hen.III132 : Emma Brun.
- (1256) Assize R.Nhb.in Sur.Soc.882 : Will. Brun.
- (1279) Assize R.Nhb.in Sur.Soc.88323 : Brunrobin.
- (1296) Sub.R.Sus.in Sus.RS 1027 : Greg. Brunekoc.
- (1300) Doc.in Bateson Rec.B.Leic.1362 : Will. de Byrie qui facit se personam et non est, et aliquis Brunrobyn.
- (1310) Close R.Edw.II281 : Hugh Brunessone.
- (1311) Court R.Colchester 118 : [Robert called] Brounerobyn.
- (1313) Sub.R.Glo.(1) in BGAS 19262 : Rogerus le Broun.
- (1324) Close R.Edw.II180 : John le Bruyn.
- (1332) Sub.R.Bdf.in Suf.GB 18146 : Johannes Brounchyld.
4.
In plant names: (a) ~ bugle, some member of the genus Ajuga; ?creeping bugle Ajuga reptans; ~ fenel, some kind of fennel; ?hog's fennel Peucedanum officinale; ~ maithe, mayweed Anthemis cotula or a similar plant; ~ mint, ?spearmint Mentha viridis; (b) ~ wort [cp. OE brūnwyrt], any of several plants; ?the whortleberry Vaccinium myrtillus; = brother-wort [quot.: PParv.]; as gloss to L splenium, splenion: ?the dwarf spleenwort Asplenium ruta-muraria, ?scaly ceterach or spleenwort Ceterach officinarum.
Associated quotations
a
- c1465(?1373) *Lelamour Macer (Sln 5)8a : Browne bugill, som calliþ him silfe hele, and sum calliþ him hartworte.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)137/17 : Bigula is an herbe þat men clepe brounbugle.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)204/10 : For a sore throte. Take brown mayþe, and juce yt.
- c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251)207/9 : For swellyng of þe stomake..take wormet, brown mynte, calamynt and sawge.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)120/306 : Fallynge euell. Take verveyn and the clote and broune ffenell.
- a1475 Russell Bk.Nurt.(Hrl 4011)991 : The makyng of a bathe medicinable. Holy hokke & yardehok, peritory, and þe brown fenelle.
- a1500 Hrl.2378 Recipes (Hrl 2378)117/23 : Here begynnes makyng of salues..Take..broun bugle, agrimoyne [etc.].
- a1500 Herb Salad in James Cat.Cai (Cai 414/631)487 : Herbes for a saled: letuse..broun fenel, dent lyon, chiboll or poret.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)53/10,13 : Take..brombugle..and ouþer herbys þat beþ sanatyf..þe most of sanigle, pympernele, and bron buygle.
b
- ?c1125(?OE) Dur-C.Gloss.(Dur-C Hunter 100:Cockayne)305 : Splemon [?read: Splenium]..Brun vyrt..Vaccinium: Brun vyrt.
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)123.108/1 : Nim þisse wyrte wyrtrume, þat grecas splenion & romane uerion & engle brunewyrt hatað.
- c1225 Wor.Bod.Gloss.(Hat 76)20 : Splenion: brunewurt.
- ?a1300 Wor.F.157.Gloss.(Wor F.157)185 : Vaccinium, uel pelemum: bronwrt.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)54 : Brownworte, herbe: Pulio, peruleium.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)224 : Þe same doþ þe leuere tempered wyþ broune wort.
- ?a1500 Henslow Recipes (Henslow)28/18 : To do way þe dyde flesche. Take bronwort and hony.
5.
Of steel, weapons, armor, glass, etc.: shining, polished, bright.
Associated quotations
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)154 : Þe Inglische hem defended wele Wiþ gode swerde of broun stiel.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)110/1959 : He smot him wiþ his swerd broun.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)5609 : Wyþ ys swerd of style broun, þe cercle on ys helm he bar adoun.
- a1400 Amis (Eg 2862)2465 : With swerd bryȝt and broun, Þay went in to þe hale.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4408 : He took in honde a rede pensel, Wiþ a soket of broun stel.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)990 : Þe borȝ watz al of brende golde bryȝt, As glemande glas burnist broun.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)618 : Þe cercle watz..Of diamauntez..Þat boþe were bryȝt and broun.
- a1425-a1500(?c1350) Libeaus (Kaluza)597 : Þey diȝte a logge of leves Wiþ swordes briȝt and broune.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1487 : With brandes of broun stele, þey brettened maylez.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)542 : He betiþ on harde..with a sore wepne Bet on þe broun stele.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)2617 : Syre turpyn and charlyoun, with here gode swerde broun, hewyn on the helmes bryȝt.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: The list of variant spellings in the form section is incomplete and needs revision to accord with standards of later volumes of the MED. Provisional revised form section: Also broune, broin, brome, (in cpds.) bron-, brom-; (chiefly early and in names) brun, (early) brune, (in name) bruin. Sup. brouneste. --notes per MLL