Middle English Dictionary Entry
yēver(e n.
Entry Info
Forms | yēver(e n. |
Etymology | From yēven v. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) One who voluntarily gives away a possession, one who gives a gift freely and unconditionally, a giver; also, one who gives alms; almesse ~;
(b) a contributor to an institution, donor;
(c) one who confers favors, benefices, or gifts by virtue of office or high station; yeveres of chirches, simoniacs;
(d) one who gives in discharge of a debt, in hope of return, or otherwise in exchange.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)139/28 : Gladne ȝiuere luueð godd.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)120/17 : Huanne þe yeuere heþ ziȝþe to his oȝene prou, þet ne is no yefþe.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.9.7 : God loueth a glad ȝyuere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)28862 : Almus…Als it war a bemester, Cumand to þe yate of heuen, Criand…þat þe giuer mai helped be.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)7.70 : He þat beggeth…but if he haue nede…he bigileth þe gyuere.
- c1400 Femina (Trin-C B.14.40)101 : Goud hyt ys to be a almesȝeuere [F almoigner] Of goudes þt ye may gete.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)43a/a : Munerarius: a ȝeuare [Pep: gyffare].
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)159/36 : A frend ȝeueþ a present to anoþir…þe iȝe is not sett oonly upon þe ȝift but also in þe herte and in þe affeccioun of þe ȝeuer, and so he kepiþ þe ȝift by loue of affeccioun.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)6/8 : The fende…has for soth almus giffars.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)40/22 : Almes…goth be-for the ȝeuer; it ryngez the gate of the kyngdam of heuen.
- ?c1450(?a1400) Wycl.Clergy HP (Lamb 551)390 : Men demen it a grete synne to ȝeue lande entaylid by mannys lawe fro þe persone or þe kynred þat it is entaylid to…And…it…is…demyd fulle grete synne amonge þe peple, not oonly to þe ȝeuer but also to þe takere, for boþe þai done…wronge to hem þat it is entaylid to.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)105 : Our religious…are largist bihiȝtars and scarsist geuars.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)1.3 : God lufis wele cherid gifers.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.65 : Takyngge of ȝyftys byndyȝt and iargyȝt the takere, and ȝeuyng dysiargyȝt the ȝeuere.
b
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)552 : Whanne lordis and ladies…ȝauen…to religiose couentis…good…the ȝeuers trustiden that the receyuers wolden expende thilk good vertuoseli and holili.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)88/16 : He wold not…lette þe deuocion of þe ȝeueres, ne be rekles of þe sustentacion to þe seruauntis of God.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)47/21 : Though so be the receyvours of these goodes…mistake themeself, yet I saye not that the charite of the yever shulde be cast awaye and takyn as for a synne.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.791 : It [simony] is the gretteste synne that may be…swiche yeueres of chirches putten out the children of Crist and putten in to the chirche the deueles owene sone.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)73/12 : He that will geue ought to vndirstonde and knowe the puissance and the auctorite of himselfe that is the gevar and also the state of him that he will geue vnto.
- c1475 3 Consid.(UC 85)186 : He ne is no liberalle yiver but rathir a verry sparpoyler and wastoure by foole largesse…unfitting in a kynge or Prince.
d
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)36/20 : Be a liberal yeuere and thou schalte haue frendes.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)405 : This receyuer…if he openli knoulechith that he wole not performe the biheest mad to the principal ȝeuer…bi sentence of the iuge he may be mad lese the thing…to him ȝouun.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)157/27 : He is an onwyse man that…Yeftis yewyth to Rymoris…for thay Praysith hare yeueris be thay neuer So vicious.
2.
(a) A dispenser (of power); a giver (of honors, grace, etc.);—freq. used in ref. to God; ~ of benefices, in Hellenistic title: a Benefactor;
(b) ~ of counseil, a counselor, an advisor; ~ of the laue, the laue ~, the supreme lawgiver, the giver of divine law; yeveres of laue, laue yeveres, legislators, teachers;
(c) in comb.: exaumple ~, an exemplar.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.23 : Helper, punscher of trespas, and ȝever [L largitor] of worschippe, kyng Edgar is a goo to þe kyngdom of hevene.
- (1395) Wycl.37 Concl.(Tit D.1)148 : The kingis of hethene men…ben clepid geueris of beneficis [WB(2) Luke 22.25: good doeris; L benefeci], but ye not so.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)14397 : Þair blisced lauerd…Sa mighti meke, sa mild o mode, Sua fre giuer of all-kin gode.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)133/35 : Þei myȝten lerne for to renne to me…knowynge me to be to hem ȝeuer of alle goodis and graces.
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.25/14 : O thou…vnkynde mane to the yeuer of all goodys.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)517 : Iuno, scheo was gyuere of myght.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)76 : Þe kyngs of folk…are callid ȝefars of benefices.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)41/11 : Þe Gyuer of graces, fro whom all goodis passys forth, to ilke man his goodis deles.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Job 36.22 : Lo, heȝe god in his strengþe & noon to hym lijc in lawe ȝyueres [WB(2): among the ȝyueris of lawe; L legislatoribus]!
- c1390 Psalt.Mariae(2) (Vrn)67 : Heil of syon douhter briht, Of whom…Þe lawe-ȝiuere til vs was diht.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)384/6 : Ihesu, þat…maker, kepere, & ȝeuer of þe lawe.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apol.(Dub 245)73 : Bi sciens of canoun holy writ is blasfemid, ȝhe, God himsilf, þat is þe lawe ȝefar.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)55 : The first of you is a strong wariour; the second, a grete ȝever of counseill.
c
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)898 : Ther were notable and famous doctours, Example yeuers of lyuyng gracyous.
3.
(a) Someone or something responsible for communicating some aspect of itself to another; an author, imparter, a source;
(b) ~ of hele (helthe), helthe ~, translating either L salutare n. or salutaris adj. as n.: ?deliverance, salvation; ?a deliverer, savior;
(c) a producer, generator; ~ of light, a lamp [transl. L luminare].
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)121/15 : Uor þet þe holy gost is properliche þe loue þet is betuene þe uader and þe zone…þeruore is ariȝt þe holy gost propreliche yefþe and yeuere Vor he him yefþ and is y-yeue.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)239/8 : Alle ben not disceyued by sich gladnes, but oonly siche vnparfiȝt folk þat setten al her ioie moore in þe ȝift of comfort and delyte of þe visitacioun þan in me þat am þe ȝeuer.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2228 : Thow yevere of the formes, that hast wrought This fayre world.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)59 : Þis maker vnmaad or þis keper vnkept haþ his beyng and his keping fro and of hym silf al oone wiþoute eny oþer ȝeuer or keper to hym.
- a1450 Chauliac(4) (Cai 336/725)3/5 : I haue…ȝolden þankyngis to almyȝti god, þe ȝeuere boþe of euerlastyng lijf of soulis & helþe of bodies.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.177 : If þey [read: he, i.e. God] haue resayued of withoute This blisfulhede, þan seweth sikerly, Þe yeuere of þat þing…Precelleth þe receyuere.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)48b/b : Among alle planetis þe sunne is moost noble and herte and ȝeuere of liȝt to alle oþir.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.49.18 : Þi ȝeuer of hele [vr. ȝyuer of helthe; WB(2): helthe; vr. helthe ȝiuere; L salutare] I schall abyde.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.11.6 : I shal putten in þi helþe ȝyuere [WB(2): inhelt; L in salutari].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.12.6 : Myn herte shal ful out gladen in þyn helþe ȝyuere [WB(2): thin helthe; vr. helthe ȝiuere, Crist].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.39.11 : Þi trewþe & þyn helþe ȝeeuere I seide.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)3 Esd.8.80 : Lef to vs…a name in to þe place of þyn halewinge to vnkoueren oure ȝyuere of liȝt in þe hous of þe lord oure god.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)36/17 : The lande is habundaunte and large yeuere of alle goodes.