Middle English Dictionary Entry
wrōth adj.
Entry Info
Forms | wrōth adj. Also wrothe, wroght, wroȝth, wroȝt, wroht, wrouthe, wrought, wraith, wreth, worth, wourthe, vroth, routhe, (N) wrad, wrahte, (chiefly N & early) wrath(e, (NEM) wrauth & (early) wroed, (SWM) wræð, wærð(e & (in surname) wrohgt & (?errors) wrotht, (early masc. infl.) wraðer, (errors) wrorth, woth; comp. wrother, etc. & wrothore, wrotther, (early) wroþure. |
Etymology | OE wrāþ; some forms perh. influenced by ME wratthe n., wratthen v. & wrēth(e n.(1), wrēthen v.(1). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Angry, irate; angry (with sb., sth., oneself); also in fig. context;
(b) inordinately angry, furious; violently enraged; visibly angry; crazed with rage; wode ~ [see also wod(e adv. (b)];
(c) given to anger, easily enraged, irascible [sometimes difficult to distinguish from (a)]; also, fierce, bold;
(d) vexed, perturbed; dismayed, displeased [sometimes difficult to distinguish from (a)]; also, apprehensive, sad; ~ or blithe, saught (wel-paied) or ~, etc.;
(e) of a pair or group of persons or kingdoms: angrily at odds, mutually angry; also in fig. context [quot. c1390]; ~ togeder;
(f) of an animal or a bird: angry; also, physically disturbed, distressed; also, fierce, hostile; ~ togeder, angrily at odds;
(g) in prov. expressions and conventional comparisons; also, as noun: an angry person [1st quot.].
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1066 : Þa þe cyng Willelm ge herde þet secgen, þa wearð he swiðe wrað.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)19603 : Ta warrþ wraþ Herode King Wiþþ Sannt Johan Bapptisste.
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)28/449 : Beo hit nu…ti weres beo þe wrað oðer iwurðe þe lað swa þet inker eiþer heasci wið oþer, [etc.].
- a1275 *St.Marg.(2) (Trin-C B.14.39)221 : Þos spec olibrius, iwis e was ful wroed.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1529 : Þa iwarðe þe king wærð for he nes þeo noht iquemed.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)4123 : Þa þe king iherde þis, þa wes he wræð ful iwis.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)256/12 : Ne beo þou no-þe wroþure with me þei ich it þe telle.
- a1325 SLeg.(Corp-C 145)244/79 : Þo was þe luþer Iulian wroþore þanne he was er.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)378 : Þe king made him vroþ inou…strange men in is owe lond dude a such trespas.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)728 : Frend have ich non þat [for] me wold speke, Ȝif þemperour were wiþ me wroþ, his wraþþe forto slake.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.113 : Offa, kyng of Mercia, was wrooþ wiþ men of Caunterbury.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.920 : The Sonne and Mone eclipsen bothe, And ben with mannes senne wrothe.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)30 : Þe wrang to here o right is lath, And pride wyt buxsumnes is wrath.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)4889 : If he it wit, he wil be wroght [Frf: wraþ].
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1660 : Al for-wondered watz þe wyȝe & wroth with hym-seluen.
- c1400 Brut-1333 (Rwl B.171)261/18 : Kyng Edward…come aȝeyne into Engeland…wiþout eny takyng leue of þe Kyng of Fraunce, wherfore he was wonder worþ.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)6/5 : God…Saue Edward king of Ingland…For mani men to him er wroth.
- a1425(a1400) Titus & V.(Pep 2014)754 : Pylatus waxed ryche…Therfor Herodes waxe fulle wroþ.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6466 : If that prelates grucche it That oughten woth [read: wroth] be in her witt. To leese her fat beestes so, I shal yeve hem a stroke or two.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)9/15 : Yef ye be wrad þan þe sune rises, make pes are it ga to rest.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)61/27 : For þes wordys hir felaschep was wroþar þan þei wer be-forn.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)153/223 : Yf ȝe be woode or wrothe, Ye schall noȝt skape fro skathe.
- c1450 Earth(3) (Cmb Ii.4.9)33/51 : When erth vp-on erth be-gynnys to be wroth, Erth vpon erth swerys many a gret othe.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1128/24 : A! madame…why aske ye me that questyon? For mesemyth ye oughte to be more wrotther than I am, for ye have the…dishonour.
- a1475 A dere god haue (Brog 2.1)6 : Yfe anny man haue for envy Witt weked wordes made her wrathe, ffull mekely nowe I haske mercy.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)742 : Syr, y wylle þe telle, Oo word…But…Now be noȝt wroȝþ!
- c1450(?a1400) Chestre Launfal (Clg A.2)700 : Þe Quene was swyþe wroȝt.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)220/24 : More latre Is he wourthe than a colerike man.
- a1500(?c1440) Lydg.HGS (Lnsd 699)596 : With this processe who that be wroht or wood, Thynges contrarie be founde in euery kynde.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)331 : Whan the sarazins…saugh the kynge…in…pereill, thei were right wrorth.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)64/4 : Wreaððe is a wodschipe: wrað [Nero: wroð] mon nis he wod?
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3175 : A-nan se he wes wrað wid eni mon i þan stude he hine wolde slæn.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)646 : Vp he stod among hem alle, Bi semblaunt wel wroþ [vrr. wroþt, wreþ] wiþalle.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)711 : Þe Admiral was so wroþ & wod, He quakede for grame þer he stod.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3577 : So wurð he [Moses] wroð, o mode sarp, His tables broken dun he is warp.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)132/29 : Þer byeþ…some þet…ziggeþ here defautes…ac yef an oþer him zede…þet is zoþ…þou…wolden by wroþe to þe dyaþe.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2161 : He looked as it were a wilde boor; He grynt with his teeth, so was he wrooth.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)35/24 : Þulke proude prince was so wod wroþ…þat he made galewes…fort haue honged on Mardocheus.
- c1450(c1415) Roy.Serm.(Roy 18.B.23)130/16 : Þan þe Iewe was wode wrouthe and toke a staffe and bette þe dogge.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)638/5 : Than was kynge Marke wood wrothe, and thought to destroy sir Alysaundir.
- a1500 Partenay (Trin-C R.3.17)3543 : Raymounde…full angry was…Off a fers behold, orgulously wrought…his foley thought [he] spitfully spake plain.
c
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)3191 : Þar was mani bold Brut, and mani cnihtes wroþe [Clg: bisi kempen].
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.385 : For þat wounde he was never þe slower to fiȝte noþer þe wroþer [L iracundior] to his enemye.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)250/21 : By þe galle we ben wrooþ, by þe herte we ben wys, by þe brayn we felen, [etc.].
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)764/25 : Men þerof [Greece]…were wrooþ and hyȝehertede to men þat wolde do wronge to here neiȝbores.
- c1400 St.Anne(1) (Min-U Z.822.N.81)380 : In gude thewes was scho plentyuouse & neuer wroght, bot ay gracyuose.
- (?1406) Hoccl.MR (Hnt HM 111)431 : Poore shamefast man ofte is wroth.
- c1450(a1400) Lavynham Treat.7 Dead.Sins (Hrl 211)10/12 : Wrathþe is a werchynge of wreche or a desyr of veniaunce, & þerfor a man þt is comely wroth & angry, ffel & malicyous, is liknyd to þe wolf.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.249 : As þe seke a leche is layde before, So schulde he be bifore þe iuges broght Of pytous delatoures and wreth [vrr. wroth, wrought] noght.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)380/14 : He that hath the nose slendyr, he will lightly be wroth.
- a1500 Peterb.Lapid.(Peterb 33)p.115 : Onicle is a stone þat comeþ owte of ynd & of Arabie &…kepeþ a man hardy, coragies, & wroþe.
d
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1218 : Ofte, for mine muchele iwitte, Wel sorimod & worþ [Jes-O: wroþ] ich sitte.
- a1300 A Mayde Cristes (Jes-O 29)52 : Monnes luue nys buten o stunde: nv he luueþ, nv he is sad…nv he is wroþ, nv he is gled.
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)118/39 : Were þe mariners sauȝt or wroþe, He dede hem rowe.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)544 : To þe mete þay weren ysett…Vche of hem so bycom wrooþ For a dragon þere com jn fleen.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4521 : Kyng Alisaunder haþ vnderstonde Þe lettre þat com from Darries sonde; Wroþ he was, and hadde pyte, Ac for his gret auctorite He nolde quyk ȝiue ansuere.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)70 : Ladies laȝed ful loude, þoȝ þay lost haden, & he þat wan watz not wrothe.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)980 : It be-houes folk of religioun…honor þam þat dose þam scath, Whider þai be wele paide or wrath.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)1294 : Ylyche they suffred thoo Oo blysse and eke oo sorwe bothe; Ylyche they were bothe glad and wrothe.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)329/60 : Lombe of love with-owt loth, I ffynde þe not, myn hert is wroth.
e
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3582 : Þa wile þa heo weoren sæhte & heore men on some þis lond ferde swiðe wel…ah seoððen heo iwærðen wærðe, & hit iwærð þa weorse.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2973 : Neuere yete ne weren he wroþe, For here loue was ay newe.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)12/122 : Allas…Sir Orfeo! Seþþen we first to-gider were, Ones wroþ neuer we nere.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Co.(Manly-Rickert)A.4398 : Reuel and trouthe…been ful wrothe al day.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1239 : ‘Kys me,’ quod she, ‘We be no lenger wrothe.’
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)379 : Quen we departed, we wern at on; God forbede we be now wroþe.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)3683 : Wha had so sone made saghteling Bitwix þam þat had bene so wrath?
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)65/24 : Whan that to remys arn wrothe togedere and eythir syde besege castel or toun…they ordeyne dowis for to beryn letterys.
- a1475 Form Excom.(2) (Rwl B.408)2/16 : Alle þo þat lettith, by worde or be dede, partyes þat ben wrothe, or in stryvyng, or in pletyng, to be made at oone, ben acursed.
f
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1043 : Þe hule was wroþ, to cheste rad.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1458 : To dragouns fast yfold…Wiþin þai brinneþ boþe And beþ togider swiþe wroþe; When þe sonne is doun euery niȝt, Togider þai fond forto fiȝt.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.96 : Þe dragoun was wrooþ to þe womman ward & went & fauȝt wiþ her kynde þat kepten goddes comaundementz.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1214/22 : It is kynde of leouns to be nouȝt wroþe to a man but he be greued oþer yhurt.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1676 : Þou, remued fro monnes sunes, on mor most abide…Wyth wroþe wolfes to won and wyth wylde asses.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)20 : An hert…hetyth a serpent wiþ his foote til she be wrothe and þan he oteth hure.
- a1500 Sln.962 Diseases Horse (Sln 962)98 : For a hors yat is wrauth: For to done a ȝerd go to gider Seynt architeclyn…seyde: fader and sone and…holi gost, help yis hors yt is wrauth…sei it til it go to gider.
g
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)944 : Sele endeð wel þe loþe An selde plaideð wel þe wroþe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2315 : He that is irous and wroth, he ne may nat wel deme.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)117/1476 : When Ector sawe his blood renne doun, He woxe wroth as eny lyoun.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)410 : Muche sorȝe þenne satteled vpon segge Jonas; He wex as wroth as þe wynde towarde oure lorde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1652 : Lik a lyon, so wood & wroþe was he.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.2577 : Pirrus…as any tigre wroþe, Gan afferme…Þat who-so grucche…He shal hym sleen.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)781 : Þan wroþ as a wode bore he wendeþ his bridul.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)738 : Nowith [read: Now] is ser Nicollas anoyed & nettild with ire, As wrath as waspe.
- c1450 Earth(3) (Cmb Ii.4.9)33/48 : Erthe is as sone wroth as is the wynde.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)7/217 : In þe xvi pagent as wroth as wynde is kyng herownde.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)1144 : The quene was as wrothe as wynde.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13091 : And he [was] wrothe as the wynde to his wale eme.
2.
Of God, Christ, or a pagan god: righteously irate, displeased; wrathful; full of wrath (against sb.); greatly displeased (with someone’s actions); vengeable ~; wode ~.
Associated quotations
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)353 : Hiss Faderr upp off heoffne…all wass wraþ wiþþ all mannkinn.
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.VA (Lamb 487)117 : Vnderfoð steore þi les ðe god iwurðe wrað wið eou.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)1314 : Heo wilneden after worre, for heom wes heora Drihten wroð.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)59.1 : God…þou hast destriued us; þou art wroþ.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.193 : Þan was Neptunus wood wrooþ and made þe flodes of þe see arise.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)10.156 : God was wroþ with heor werk.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.170 : Ther shal the stierne and wrothe iuge sitte aboue, and vnder hym the horrible pit of helle open to destroyen hym that moot biknowen hise synnes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.372 : The goddes weren wrothe…for he hath destourbed kinde.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)959 : Wa es me, lauerd…þat euer i mad þe wrath [Frf: wraþe].
- c1400(1375) Canticum Creat.(Trin-O 57)290 : What, þeȝ god be wiþ me wroht, What fors shel it be?
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)58/1 : God was wrooþe wiþ Osa & smote hym.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)5406 : Our Loverd in manhed sal þan sitt Oboune þe synful…Austerne and wrahte [vr. wrathe].
- a1450(1412) Glade in god þis (Dgb 102)9 : Whan god wiþ man was wroþ…Man to angels was so loþ, Þey dreuen hym out of paradys.
- c1475 Brm.Abraham (Brm)349 : My dere fader, Abraham, Wyll not God be wroth þat we do thus?
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)315/304 : I was well wrother with Iudas ffor that he wold not ask me no grace.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)139/24 : God almyghty was not ham so wengeabil wroth that he wolde fully ham Putte out of londe.
- a1500 Siege Jerus.(2) (Brog 2.1)86/499 : Mysseas is rovthe wyth vs, for he is þe sone of God, and we as fovllis stryve aȝenst ovr lord God, and we be worthy to suffyr wo.
3.
(a) Of a feeling, passion, or state of mind: characterized by wrathfulness or vengefulness (against sb.);
(b) of a natural phenomenon: characterized by turbulence, violence, or harshness;
(c) of deeds, expectations: perverse, evil; ~ hele [see wrother-hele n.];
(d) of an occasion: unfortunate; also of astrological influences: unpropitious; o ~ time, in an evil hour.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)123.3 : As her wodeship was wroþe oȝains us, water peraunter hade swolwed vs.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 370)4 Kings 23.26 : The Lord is not turned aweye fro the wrath of his grete woodnes, in the whiche his wodnes is wrothe aȝeynus Juda.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)4 Kings 13.3 : Þe woodnesse of þe lord is wroth aȝenst israel.
- a1400 NVPsalter (Vsp D.7)73.1 : Whare-to outpote þou in ende, god gode; Wrathe es þi breth ouer schepe ofe þi fode?
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Is.5.25 : The strong veniaunce of the Lord was wrooth aȝens his puple.
b
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)162 : Euer watz ilyche loud þe lot of þe wyndes, And euer wroþer þe water and wodder þe stremes.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)525 : Wroþe wynde of þe welkyn wrastelez with þe sunne.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1706 : Þay sued hym fast, Wreȝande h[ym] ful [w]eterly with a wroth noyse.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)46/995 : Wry not fro Godis word as þe wroþ wynd.
- a1500 When thonder comeþ (Cmb Ff.5.48)p.5 : In Marche ȝef þu þonder here, Stout wyndes and wrayþ in þat ȝere, And it is for to drede aye, Last þt ȝere come domesday.
c
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Roy 17.A.27)11/79 : Hwa wes wurse þen hire heorte iwundet in-wið for þe wrecches þet heo iseh wraðe werkes wurchen aȝeines godes wille?
- a1300(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(Jes-O 29)81/*110 : Þenne cumeþ elde…þenne beoþ his wene ful wroþe isene.
d
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)49/535 : Weila as þu were iboren wrecche o wraðe time [Roy: owraðer time] þet ti sari sawle…schal wið swucche ploiueren [Belial and Satan] pleien in helle.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1639 : So wel sche knewe þe heuenly influences And aspectis, bothe wroþe and glade.
4.
As surname.
Associated quotations
- (c1210) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames394 : W. Wrothe.
- (1284) Close R.Edw.I345 : Robert Wroth.
- (1304) Pat.R.Edw.I254 : Robert le Wrothe.
- (1327) Sub.R.Som.in Som.RS 3219 : Thomas le Wrohgt.
- (1379) Nickname in SAU 63207 : Henr. Wroth.
- -?-(1365) Reg.Freemen York in Sur.Soc.9662 : Adam Wroth, bladesmyth.