Middle English Dictionary Entry
wrīen v.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | wrīen v.(1) Also wri(e, wrine, wriȝen, wreie(n, wreiȝe, wre(n, wreh, (WM) wreo & (early) wrihe(n, (SWM) wreon & (error) weoren; sg.2 (early) wrist; sg.3 wrieth, etc. & writh(e, (K) wriȝth, (K & early) wrikth, (early) wrihð & (errors) wrih, wrid; pl. wrien, etc. & (K) wreth, (early SW & SWM) wreoð; p. wrei(ȝ(e, wreigh, wreih, wrai, wriȝ, (early SWM) wreah, (error) wræc & wried, wriȝed, wride; pl. wreȝe(n, wreiȝe, wriȝe(n, (early SW & SWM) wruȝen & wried; ppl. wrie(n, iwrie(n, iwriȝe, wrin, wreien, wrene, wreon, (K) iwreȝe, (early) wriȝe(n, wrihe, (early SWM) iwroȝe & wried, wriehed. |
Etymology | OE wrēon, wrīgan, wrȳon; p. wrāh, wrēah; pl. wrigon, wrugon; ppl. wrigen. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. biwrien v., unwrien v.
1a.
(a) To lie over the surface of (sth.), cover; of a shadow: be cast over (sb.);—used in fig. context;
(b) to serve as a roof, shield, or defensive structure for (sb. or sth.), protect;—usu. used in fig. context; also, shield (sb.) [last quot.];
(c) to be disseminated or distributed over the surface of (sth.); bunch or cluster thickly over the surface of (sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)194/17 : His schadewe lanhure ouergeað & wrið ham hwil he leapeð ouer ham, þt is, sum ilicnesse he leið on ham of his lif on eorðe, as þah hit were his schadewe.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)4949 : In þe monyth of Februarye…frost & cold þe erthe doth wrye.
b
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)95/7 : Hie is rof and wrikð alle ðe hire bieð beneðen mid ðe scincles of holie þohtes.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)199/28 : His scheld þe wreah [Nero: wreih] his godd head wes his leoue licome þet wes ispread o rode.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)167/10 : Þet is þe sseld of gold…þet him wriȝþ of eche half.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)107/8 : Þe skyn þat is aboue þe brayn panne is…ful of þicke fleisch, þat he myȝte wrie [vr. wreyen] þe brayn panne, þat he schulde not fele sodeynliche to greet heete ne to greet cold.
- a1500(?c1400) Song Roland (Lnsd 388)602 : Roulond…sore wepithe…not for his own sak he soghed often, but for his fellichip þat he most louyden; but yet wist he well eche wried oþer; then sprong the day each myght se other.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8054 : Her comen…vnimete uolc, al hit wræc [read: wræh] þa wolde.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8659 : Þa Irisce fullen & wriȝen [Otho: wreȝe] al þa feldes.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1764 : To Winchester þai gun spede Wiþ so michel pople of men Þat þai wreȝen doun and den.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)3196 : Þe oþer were so gret rout Þat þai wreiȝe þe cuntre about.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3057 : His oste wriȝed [LinI: wried] þe cee and þe londe, Ȝut he crepe vnder ȝoure honde.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4080 : Alisaunder com wiþ his preye—His folk wreiȝ [LinI: sprediþ] al þe contreye.
1b.
In phrase ben wrien: (a) to be blanketed (with dried herbage);
(b) to be covered (with spines, leaves, birds); also in fig. context;
(c) to be crowded, be filled with people; be filled (with troops); also, be thickly strewn (with corpses).
Associated quotations
a
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)9.26 : Yf the lond be wrie [BodAdd: wriehed] in herbis drie, Now brenne hem vp.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)66/14 : Zuyche men byeþ anlykned to þe þorn-hog þet ys al ywryȝe myd prikyinde eles.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)210/34 : God ne is naȝt goth to uede mid leaues; alsuo þe bene þet is y-wriȝe ine leaues of wordes, wyþ-oute deuocion of herte, ne likeþ naȝt to god.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)56 : Ther is neither busk nor hay In May, that it nyl shrouded bene And it with newe leues wrene.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)912 : Nyghtyngales…flyen ouer his heed aboute…And he was all with briddes wryen.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)2589 : Weoren þa hulles and þa dæles iwriȝen [Otho: iwroȝe] mid þe dæden.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)4049 : Of Sarrazins þai herd gret bost; Of hem was wrin al þe feld.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4095 : Now is ywryen al þe contreie.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)5684 : Al þe londe he fonde ywrye Wiþ armed men.
2.
(a) To cover (a pit, vessel, etc.) by stopping an opening, put a lid on; cover (the contents of a vessel or pit) with a lid; also in fig. context;—also without obj.;
(b) to cover the surface of (sth. with a cloth); overlay (flooring with marble or tile);
(c) to cover (sth., the body, a part of the body) by draping it, shield from view (with a covering); veil (the face, head) for purposes of modesty; also in fig. context; also, cover (someone’s face) so as to blindfold him [quot. a1400 Comp.Our Lady, 1st];
(d) to cover up (sb., oneself) for warmth, cover (with a covering); wrap up (the roots of vines) against the cold; also, spread a cover of ashes over (hot coals), bank; cover (sth. with a layer of ash, dung, etc.) for warmth or protection;
(e) to cover (sth., oneself) so as to deceive, misrepresent, etc., hide, conceal; also in fig. context; keep (sth.) hidden; fail or refuse to disclose (information); also, obscure (the meaning of words); render (someone’s sins) imperceptible, remove from sight [quot. a1500 Add.Hymnal]; refl. dissemble [quot. a1425]; ppl. wrien, hidden; undeclared, secret; also, disguised;
(f) refl. to assume a defensive posture, take cover.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)46/7,47/9 : Þes false fikeleres…wriheð hare fulðe þet ha hit ne mahe stinken…ne leue ow neauer stinken þet fule put þet ha unwreoð as þe fikeleres wreoð & hulieð, as ich seide.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)25/9 : Uor þi was i hoten a godes half iþen olde lawe þet put were euer iwrien.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)36/34 : Þes fikelares mester is to wrien & te helien ðet gong þurl.
- a1325 Add.46919 Cook.Recipes (Add 46919)48.25/2 : Gelee: Vihs isodeen in win & water…& beo idon in an vessel ywryen [F covert] clanliche.
- a1325 Add.46919 Cook.Recipes (Add 46919)51.41/9 : Do hit in an clene vessel, & hold ase long ase þou wolt, & wreh [F couerez le] wel.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.895 : x crabbis…keste With watir in an erthen potte ywrie.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)3.1159 : Honge hem in thy wyn wessel ywrie Al cloos.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)4.667 : Al hoot in a stene Let hem be pressed, picchid, and ywrie.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)13.47 : The vessel fild be closid clene or wrie.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3880 : Þer mihten sitten in þon grunde chihtes sixti hundred, & þa turres cop mitte weoren [Otho: wreie] a cniht mid his capen.
- a1333 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Add 46919)1016 : Wry hyt [AF (Cmb): De blaunche nape coverez la table].
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.348 : With marbil or with tile thy floryng wrie.
c
- c1230 Ancr.(Corp-C 402)215/5 : Ȝef þet ei þing wriheð þi neb from monnes ehe, beo hit wah, beo hit clað i wel i tund windowe, wel mei duhen ancre of oðer wimplunge.
- c1230 Ancr.(Corp-C 402)215/25-6 : Wummon, seið þe apostle, schal wreon hire heaued; wrihen, he seið, nawt wimplin; wrihen he schal hire scheome as eue sunfule dohter.
- a1250 Wooing Lord (Tit D.18)279 : Þu hafdes [?read: nafdes] hwer þu mihtes wrihe þine banes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)217/1 : He wile…þet hi habbe hare heaueden y-wreȝe zuo þet non ne bi ine kuede þoȝtes uor ham.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)258/18 : Þes wone of robes nes yuounde bote uor þe zenne of oure uerste uader, uor to wry his confusion and oure.
- a1400(?a1325) Bonav.Medit.(1) (Hrl 1701)624 : With here kercheues hys hepys she wryde.
- a1400 Comp.Our Lady (Pep 2498)84/13 : Hii þat helden my swete son bounden, wiþ a cloþ wriȝen his swete visage & smyten hym hard.
- a1400 Comp.Our Lady (Pep 2498)90/15 : I seide, ‘Swete son, dere son, I nylle sorowȝe nomore’; Þan bitwixen Ion my cosyn & me we wriȝe his lykham wiþ my kerchif.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1056 : Here heed down in the bed she leyde, And with the sheete it wreigh [vr. wriȝ].
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.99 : Qhy been þe ymages so hydde and wryid in Lentoun from mannys syghte?
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.269 : Oþir cerimoniis and lawys þat he ȝaf hem þat tyme wern but as a veyl wryynge gostly vndirstondyng.
d
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8864 : Wreoð nu wel þene king þæt he ligge a swæting.
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)2345 : He…in bed him diȝt & wreiȝe him wel warm.
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)22/244 : Now on hard heþe he liþ, Wiþ leues & gresse he him wriþ [Hrl: wryþe].
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1827 : I hym wrye a nyght and make hym warm.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)1148 : He lay ful colde besyde a wogh…‘Sone,’ he seyde…‘wrye me with sum cloþe aboue.’
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)14.232 : He goth to cold beddynge, And his heued vn-heled, vn-esiliche I-wrye, For whan he streyneth hym to streche, þe strawe is his shetes.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.539 : Wel the hotter ben the gledes rede, That men hem wrien with asshen.
- a1425(a1399) Form Cury (Add 5016)114/73.1 : Take chiches and wrye hem in askes al nyȝt.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)735 : Wry the glede, and hotter in the fyr.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)9.7 : In placis ek ther hit is passyng colde, The vynes roote ywrien be fayn wolde.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)12.261 : With flood grauel let diligence hem wrie.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)13.34 : From the wynd hem wrie With donge.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)265/16 : He leyd hym in his bed…he wryed hym.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(2) (Add 33996)102 : Loke ȝef þou may take asleep after, & wrye þe warme.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.305 : Cam…nout wolde wryyn his fadir.
e
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)160 : Al scal þer bon þanne unwron þet men wruȝen [Eg(2): wriȝen] her and helen.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)45/1 : Wið his fikelunge & wið his preisunge wrið [Nero: wrihð] mon his sunne.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)198/18 : Herto falleð a tale, a wrihe forbisne.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)37/8,13 : Þer ys a þyef open and a þyef ywreȝe…Þe þyef y-wreȝe is þet steleþ…be traysoun oþer be queayntise.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)61/4 : Hi wreþ þe uelþes of zenne of riche men uor zom timlich guod.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)128/35 : Do away þe scoffes and þe scornes, uor zuich me wrikþ onder his clopes þet wenþ by strang and hol.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)920 : God…nom of hire his monhede, Þorw whom he wrey [vr. wreyh] his godhede.
- (1400) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)7.55 : The forseid Thomas wryed certein mennys names that ȝif these forseid lordes hadde hadd here purpose thei hadde lost here lyves.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.1813 : Ȝif ouȝt be mysse, þei can it close and hide, For al þe foule schal couertly be wried.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6739 : No þing is conselit nor y-wrye From þe beholdyng of ȝoure eternal eye.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.329 : Ay of Loves servantz every while, Hymself to wrye [vr. wre], at hem he gan to smyle.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)7469 : Nexst hyr skyn an hayre, And a smok abouyn…She dede on, & þem both dede wrye Wyth clothys of gold.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2896 : No hert hyde may ne wrye His secre thoughtes, god al wot & weyeth.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)628 : She is the monstres hed ywrien, As fylthe over-ystrawed with floures.
- c1450(?a1370) Winner & W.(Add 31042)6 : Nowe alle es witt and wyles…Wyse wordes and slee and icheon wryeth othere.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)14621 : Vnder thys mantel I me wrye, Wych callyd ys ‘ypocrysye’.
- a1475 Lydg.FP (Gar 139)p.358 : Vndre fair speche men may treson wrye.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)858 : ‘Wat and þes wrongys be espyede?’…‘Wyth þe crose and þe pyll I xall wrye yt That þer xall neuer man descrey yt.’
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.212 : Here dedis…arn cloþingys of schep vndir whyche þey wryyn hem as woluys.
- a1500 Add.Hymnal (Add 34193)481/40 : We prey the…Owr synnes all to wasshe Awey and wrie.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)64/102 : He wryeth moche venim with moche welth.
f
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)42/708 : Hit is þe meast god…hwen he…towart te wið fondunge wodeluker weorreð, ȝef þu wel wrist te under goder wengen.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9006 : He…him vnder his scheld wray.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2822 : Wiþ shelde he gan hym wren And wiþ suerd defenden his cors.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3656 : Vnder shelde hij gonne hem wreiȝe [LinI: wreo].
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)2770 : Wiþ targes and hurdices Þeo gregeis heom wryed.
3.
(a) To clothe (oneself); dress (oneself in a garment); also in fig. context;
(b) ppl. wrien, of a knight or a horse: outfitted, equipped; also, caparisoned;
(c) to adorn (sb. or sth.), ornament, bedeck; also, festoon (a street with black hangings) as a show of mourning.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400 Bible SNT(1) (Selw 108 L.1)1 Tim.6.8 : Hafe we lyflode & what we mowen ben y-wrye wiþ, holde we ous a-payd þerwiþ.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.380 : Swych love of frendes regneth al this town; And wre yow in that mantel evere moo.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6795 : I haue more wille to…wrie me in my foxerie Vnder a cope of paperlardie.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6819 : Nis non of hem that he nyl strepe And wrine him silf wel at fulle.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)2937 : Kyng Richard into Acres cyte Leet keste þe hyues…In whyte schetys þey gunne hem wryen For þe bytyng off hys fflyen.
b
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4096 : Icholle vre ost eche…wiþ tuo þousend hors ywrye.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)7555 : He cleped an amirail…Wiþ fiften þousand wreyen kniȝtes And bad him þe cuntre sle.
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.590 : A swift ernand stede, Al wrin þai dede him lede; His tire it was ful gay.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1604 : Þere men miȝtten quyk yseen Many hors wiþ trappe wryen [LinI: wreon].
- a1500 Bevis (Cmb Ff.2.38)199/13 : Þauȝe þat hors were with yren wrye, Syr Befyse smote clene a way.
c
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)130/22 : Þa mihtiȝe men…haten heom ræste wurcean of marmanstane & of goldfretewum…& heom hatem mid ȝymmum & mid seolfrene rawum þæt bed al wreon.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)13904 : He wurchen lette…ane cheste longe and wreon heo al mid golde.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2904 : The nobleste of the Grekes…carieden the beere…Thurgh out the citee by the maister strete, That sprad was al with blak, and wonder hye Right of the same is the strete ywrye.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1201 : Upon a thikke palfrey…Sit Dido, al in gold and perre wrye.
4.
(a) To enwrap (sth.), enfold, surround; ~ in armes, embrace (sb.); ben wrien in, fig. of a god: be consumed by (anger);
(b) fig. to entrap (sb.) spiritually.
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)78/28 : Þe rinde þe wrið [Nero: wrih; Cai: wrid] hit is þe treoes warde.
- ?a1300 Thrush & N.(Dgb 86)58 : Hy beþ…swettoust þing in armes to wre, Þe mon þat holdeþ hem in gle.
- c1300 SLeg.Inf.Chr.(LdMisc 108)198 : Liȝhtnesse þare was so much i seiȝe þat al þat treo þar mide was wriȝe, Boþe bi hinde and bi fore.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)27/14 : Þe membris þat ben incensible bi her kynde, bi þe panniclis þat wrieþ hem velen bi accident.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)660 : For he [Jupiter] was wraþful iwrouht and wried in angur, Gomus holden him god þat gieþ þe herte.
b
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1686 : Þe feend…with many a circumstaunce Ful sly, him castiþ þe wrappe in & wrye, To stire þe for to done aduoutre.
5.
Error for weien v.(1).
Associated quotations
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)37b/a : Libro: to wry [Hrl 1738: to weyin; Cnt: ponderare equare vibrare].
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1450 Hnt.HM.1336 Artist.Recipes (Hnt HM 1336) 281/23 : Put it in þe put [read: pot], and þan wriye it wel with a tile and make a fire hot vndernenth þe pot.
Note: Additional quot., sense 2.(a). New spelling = wriien.