Middle English Dictionary Entry
wīle n.(1)
Entry Info
Forms | wīle n.(1) Also wil(le, whil(e; pl. wiles, etc. & wilen, wilus, vilis. |
Etymology | Origin uncertain, but three possible sources: 1. OE wī̆l chain or wī̆gle divination (cp. wīlung, var. of wī̆glung; ME wī̆ȝel(e n., with var. pl. wī̆eles; & the prob. alteration of wieles to willes at St.Kath.(1) (Roy) 49/412-13); 2. ON *wihl, earlier form of OI vēl artifice, a trick (cp. ME wēle n.(2)); 3. AF/ONF *wile, var. of OF guile (cp. 15th cent. ONF wilbuffe deceit). |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. gile n.(3).
1.
(a) An act of deceit, a deception, trick; an underhanded scheme, a subterfuge; a plot, machination; also, a clever maneuver, tactic, cunning strategy; also person. [quot. c1400(?a1387)]; ~ and wrench, wiles and giles, wrenches and wiles, etc.;
(b) in selected verb phrases: casten (maken, shapen, thinken) ~, bithinken upon (umthinken of) ~, to devise a stratagem, hatch a scheme, think up a trick, formulate a cunning plan; don (werken) ~, engage in a deception, play a trick; also, perform a remarkable maneuver [quot. a1450(a1338)]; droppen wiles, conceive or produce tricks; pleien wiles, approach a subject obliquely, proceed by indirection; speken (tellen) wiles, dissemble, tell lies; usen ~, employ an ingenious strategy or method; also, resort to a ruse [quot. c1475]; wanten no wiles, ?lack no stratagems;
(c) ?an ingenious device, a cunning contrivance.
Associated quotations
a
- a1131 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1128 : He wolde þurh his micele wiles ðær beon wær it tweolf monð oððe mare.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3913 : Crist…Wass borenn…forr to shildenn hemm onnȝæn Þe deofless laþe wiless.
- a1250(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Tit D.18)48/617 : Þe wrenchfule feond þurh onde wið wiles wearp ham ut sone of paraise.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1698 : William…hire…bisouȝt wiȝtly wiþ sum wyl winne hem tvo skinnes of…beres.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2980 : Nou schalt thou hiere a wonder wyle: This queene…Hire Sone, as he a Maiden were, Let clothen in the same gere Which longeth unto wommanhiede.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.2 : Sa mani wyle and wrenk he can.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)5.77 : Wyles and wit weren a-boute faste To ouercome þe kynge þo[r]w catel, yf þei myghte.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1711 : He…Went haf wylt of þe wode with wylez fro þe houndes.
- (1423) Let.Bk.in Bk.Lond.E.(Gldh LetBk I & K)114/190 : Ne he shal entermete of eny sekenes…vnknowyng to hym in eny maner, nor in medicyns doyng or makyng he shal nat vse eny bigilyng, eny wyle, sophisticacion, or vntrowthe.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1360 : Þe world…ledes a man with wrenkes and wyles.
- (1440) Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)2666 : O sleythi Sathan, thi whilis schal not availe!
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)31/3 : The good knyght schulde be-ware that slouth ouertooke him not with deceytis and wiles [vr. willes] of malicious pepill.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)539 : Hereþ now of a quynte wyle How eche of þo þoughte oþer gyle.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)36.268 : I schal ȝow say A noble while this Selve day: the Corde and the vessel down schal I lete.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)p.26 : Geftes and festes stopene oure pollicye; [marg.] how this policie is subverted it is mervelle to knowe be wyles and gyles whiche wolbe in othere place declarede.
- c1450(c1405) Mum & S.(2) (Add 41666)1081 : The bees been so bisi…aboute comune profit…Thayr wittes been in wirching and in no wile elles Forto waite any waste til winter approche.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)18152 : To þe woman ȝyt he went with whyls [vr. whiles] hyr to his wyll at draw.
- c1450 Dives & P.(Lchf 35)1.28 : Dyuers wyles wherby astronomyeres and faytours…and oþer wycches knowen thynges…þat been to be doon.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)151/9 : Þei sese neuer from asayling but it be for a wile.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)578/15 : My commynge hydir is to this entente, for to destroy sir Trystram by som wylys other by treson.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)322/32 : Sende vitailes to the citees…in alle the parties of the land…And this is a principall wile and wisdome to the conseruacion of thy reame.
- a1500(a1400) Wycl.FHC (NC 95)347 : Seyntis by feiþ discoumfiteden rewmes, ȝhe þe rewmes of þe fende; & þat is more maistri þan wyn rewmes of men, for enemyes ben moo & more koynte in þer dedis bi wylis of here capteyns.
- a1500(?a1425) Chester Pl.Antichr.(Pen 399)507/452 : Falsly with thy wylus the peple ys put in pyne.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)148 : In his wit was he ware of a wyle.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3403 : Nicholas shal shapen hem a wyle This sely ialous housbonde to bigyle.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2588 : Thei acorden…With suche wiles as thei caste That thei wol gete…Som orped knyht to sle this lord.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)23846 : From hit may we no way scape For no wile þat we con make.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)149/11 : Men getez of þat gold by sleyghtez…when þe wedir es hate…Oþer tymes of þe ȝere…þai vse anoþer wyle for to get þis gold with.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1439 : Pelleus bethoughte upon this wile, That he his neveu Jason wolde enhorte To saylen to that lond.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1504 : Fore dredlez dreche þow, or droppe any wylez, Thow sall dy þis daye thorowe dyntt of my handez!
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)13035 : Beof dide þere a ful gret wyle & putte hym self in gret perile.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)121 : He schal here or see Wylen to don or speke with mouthe.
- a1450 St.Kath.(3) (Richardson 44)52 : Þe tyraunt thought wyles in his brest.
- ?a1450 When Rome (Cleo C.4)p.249 : Than worthe upp, Walis, that vantithe no vylis, And holpe up thi brother with brithe hardde brandis.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1363 : Þis kyng…Deuynes depely on dais, dropis many wiles [Dub: willes], If he cuthe seke any sleȝt þat him serue wald.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)9789 : A fals wyle scho wroyȝt…hyr ded barn scho me broyȝt and toke myn qwyk a way.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)10474 : Sone in his hert he cast a wylle [vr. wyle] with wekyd wyll.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)504/21 : Þis baillay vmthoght hym of a fals wyle.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)157/19 : This kyng…for by cause that he durste not playnly deffye theim for their gret power…vsed a wyle and feyned himselfe gretly to be their frynde.
- a1500(?c1378) Wycl.OPastor.(Ryl Eng 86)446 : Þe puple assentiþ to hem bi iapis & wilis þat þey tellen hem.
- a1500(a1450) Parton.(1) (Add 35288)5691 : Þys bysshoppe pleyed wyles…For he no worde spake of hys lady, Butte oþer materes broghte yn soþely [Rwl: subtilly].
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)780/12 : He made sleyȝtes & wylys How he myȝte put hys fader to deth.
c
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)669 : Þe Jewes werien þe walles with wyles [vr. gynnys] ynowe, Hote…picche…leed & brynston.
2.
(a) Wiliness, trickiness, guilefulness; also, deviousness, cleverness; ~ and malice (might), gile (malice) and ~, etc.; wiles crok, a stratagem of deceit;
(b) pl. deceitful ways, duplicitous tendencies [sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 1.(a)]; wiles of wommen, feminine wiles, women’s deceitful charms.
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)426 : Ðis deuel is mikel wið wil & magt. So witches hauen in here craft.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2205 : Ward was þer set…þat no wiȝt for wile miȝt wite where þei lenged.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.755 : That thow hast wonne with thi wyle, Thogh it thee like for a whyle, Thou schalt it afterward repente.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1807 : He so wrouȝt by his sleiȝti wyle.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1077 : O Pandarus…allas, thi wile Serveth of nought.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)138/8 : When lordes…of þe cuntree persayued þis malice and wyle of him…þai…assailed þis castell.
- c1450(1438) GLeg.St.Nich.(GiL2)(Eg 876)60/6 : He brought with hym an holow staffe whereinne the money was putte be his wile and malice.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2239 : Many a fals man…vsyn litill els but falshode, wrong, & while.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)8/7 : Alle inpugners…laboren bi gile and wijle to make her inpugnacioun seme good.
- a1500(a1471) Ashby APP (Cmb Mm.4.42)407 : God was deceyvede hy [read: by] wiles croke.
- a1500 Bevis (Chet 8009)84/1622 : This he spake all wyth wyle.
- 1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)87/215 : Both Ruffyn and Reynell will worke right as I them tell; There ys noe wyle to seeke.
b
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)297 : A wilde der is ðat is ful of fele wiles; fox is hire to name.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)684/23 : He seith þat congur hath many knottis and wiles and is witty and slyȝe of getynge of mete.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2415 : Hit is no ferly þaȝ a fole madde & þurȝ wyles of wymmen be wonen to sorȝe, For so watz Adam in erde with one bygyled.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4600 : Vlixes…was…Ful of wyles and sleiȝty at assayes, In menyng double and riȝt deceyueable.
- c1425 Mirror LM&W (Hrl 45)170/17 : Þei were al ouercomen by queyntise & whiles of women.
- c1460 Cursor (LdMisc 416)10785 : The fend fulle of wylis Shuld not perceyve by his gilis That a maide…Shuld child conceyve.