Middle English Dictionary Entry
wer(re n.
Entry Info
Forms | wer(re n. Also were, weire, war(re, ware, wher(r)e, ver(re, (chiefly early SW or SWM) weor(r)e, worre, (early) wirre; pl. werres, etc. & werrus, werren, (early SWM) weorren & (errors) was, berres. |
Etymology | OF were, waire, vuere, OF/AF werre, ONF weire, wiere, vars. of OF guerre (from Gmc.); cp. ML werra, AL warra, verra (vars. of ML guerra) & MDu. werre, war(re. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. guer(re n.
1a.
(a) Large-scale military conflict between countries, peoples, rulers, etc. or between factions or forces within a single country, war, warfare;—also pl.; ~ faringe, q.v.; open (pleine) ~, open warfare;
(b) a particular military campaign or series of campaigns, a specific war;—freq. with def. art., dem. adj., poss. pron. or noun, or prep. phrase identifying the conflict meant; the ~ of troie;
(c) an armed incursion or invasion, a raid; also, a hostile attack;
(d) a battle, skirmish, an armed encounter; actual fighting; unlauful werres, ?proscribed battle tactics; taken on (in) ~, to capture (sb.) in a battle;
(e) a single combat, a fight between two persons; winnen on ~, to defeat and capture (sb.) in single combat;
(f) an instance of civil disorder, a riot;
(g) war as an art or science; war as an activity or enterprise; ~ on hors-bak, the art of cavalry warfare;
(h) a state of war; holden in werres, to hold (a province) in a state of constant warfare;
(i) the danger of war, the potential for war;
(j) a pictorial representation of war;
(k) a warlike manner, hostile intent; beren to…on ~, riden to…with ~, to charge (ride) at (sb.) in a warlike fashion;
(l) ?as adj.: warlike, hostile;
(m) with reduced force, in generalizing phrases: in pes and in ~, in ~ and pes, at all times; in pes nor ~, at no time.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1160 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1140 : Þer efter wæx suythe micel uuerre betuyx þe king & Randolf eorl of Cæstre.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Bod 34)2/8 : Wide him weox weorre on euche halue.
- a1250(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Tit D.18)2/9 : Constentin ferde…in to fronc-londe…& Maxence steorede þe refschipe in rome; Weox vmbe hwile weorre [Bod: wreaððe] ham bitwenen & comen to fihte.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)15148 : Þas kinges weoren wraðe, þa a-ræs þa weore.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)49/98 : Ho schal us nouþe fram weorre us wite?
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1788 : Engel-wirð a-gen him cam, Als it were wopnede here, Redi to silden him fro were.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10540 : Worre was in to al þis lond, þat longe worþ in mone; Þe sone was aȝe þe fader, þe fader aȝen þe sone.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)30/25 : Huanne þer is werre betuene tuaye men, hit yualþ ofte þet þer byeþ moche uolke dyade…cherchen tobroke, tounes uorbernd…and men and wyfmen and children…y-exiled and londes destrud.
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3490 : So worshipful a creature…So penyble in the werre and curteis eke…Was noon.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)442 : Pees bileueþ in no londe Wher þer is werre, nuþ, and onde.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2479 : For good and wikkednesse ben two contraries, and pees and werre, vengeance and suffrance, discord and acord.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)116b/b : Cometa…bodiþ pestilence oþir werre [L bella].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2397 : Þan fel a hunger strang, Thoru corn wanting or thoru were [Frf: weer].
- a1400 Westm-A 34/11 Vocab.(Westm-A 34/11)14 : Ensis: un espeie pur guerre; a swerd for verr.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)114 : He loked and knew in þe sterren Of alle kynges þe grete werren.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)27/15 : With wapin and with ded of were Þus haue ȝe wonnen werldes wele.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)106/4 : He þat bereth the dyamand vpon him, it ȝeueth him victorye of his enemys…in werre ȝif his cause be rightfull.
- (1436) Doc.Trade in BRS 766 : William Venour and Richard Quaturmayn…vitailed oute apon werre a ship and a balynger clepid the Petur and the Julian of Nucastell with ccxx persones, maryners and sowdiours.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)47/18 : In alle manere werres, on lond or on water, noȝt multitude and vnkunnyng ne strengþe vntauȝt is cause of ouercomynge, but craft, usage, and exercise of armes getiþ victorie.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)13807 : With playn ware wold he pas, hym and his kyndome to conquere.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)21/16 : He may knowe and se pereylis and disesis that are to come of werres, pestilencis…and othir accidentalle thingis.
- c1470 Bible F.(Cleve-W q091.92-C468)79/25 : The hede of this dragon turnid toward the cuntre and remeued him not tille themperoure had wonne the cuntre or by appointment of peas or werre.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)1.716 : Dyuers causis dryueth a wylde man to be tame: Hungre, verre, debate, and stryffe.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)130/1-2 : Angyr gendryth stryfe; Stryfe gendryth enmyte; Enmyte gendryth werr; Werre destroyth lawe and also cyteys.
- a1500(a1400) Libeaus (Lamb 306)1292 : Ther is werr in euery countre.
- a1500(1444) Let.Curteys in RS 96.3 (Add 7096)245 : The grete and importable charges that we have of long tyme borin…for the werres and the defense of this oure land have gretely barid us of tresoure.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)319 : Hit was…Well wallit for werre, watrit aboute.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1118 : Eall þis gear wunode se cyng Henri on Normandig for þes cynges wyrre of France & þæs eorles of Angeow & þæs eorles of Flandran.
- c1300 SLeg.(LdMisc 108)73/73 : Þe weorre was þo in Enguelonde, deolful and strong i-novȝ.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)29 : Þe wer lasted so long Til morgan asked pes.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2613 : Folwe hem durst þei no ferre for a gret werre, þat was wonderli hard, in þe next londe.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.47 : Ful worthy was he in his lordes werre.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)2491 : Þare had a were ben in þat land, þat had lasted sumdel lang.
- a1400(?a1350) Siege Troy(1) (Eg 2862)17 : Daryes…sawe þat worre [vr. weore]…And wroot it in grewe.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3178 : Þe emperour boþe and his barouns Ȝelden hem to þine baundouns, Wiþ body and chatel…Þee to helpen to þi werre.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.248 : Of Troye also…Ȝe may beholde in her wrytyng wel The stryfe, the werre, þe sege and euerydel.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.547 : This town hath al this werre For ravysshyng of wommen.
- c1675(1440) Plain Decl.in RS 22.2 (Ashm 856)454 : It appereth of recorde in the same werres ben exspended, in two yeeres and an half, fyve hundreth thousand marc.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)437 : Þat werre…lasted two & twenty ȝer.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)27/11 : For I dwellede long tyme with the Soudon and at hes wagis and in hise werris trauayled.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)20/24-5 : And they wil come…to helpe hym in hys warrys…he wolde be sworne unto them to helpe hem in theire warrys agaynst kynge Claudas.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)139/25 : Senola…was geuyn…a passage for to kepe and a towre agayn the hoste of Pompee while the werres dured betwene theim.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)49 : Pray hym to teche you…how that this werre shall ende.
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)19 : In the xlviij yere of his regne began the werre betwene Kynge Herry and his lordes of the realme for diverse causes.
c
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1287 : Thou mayst…make a werre so sharp on this citee That…Thou mayst haue hire to lady.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)6.285 : After þat signe com tweie pestilens, strong honger, and þe werre [Higd.(2): persecucion or trowble; L infestatio] of þe Danes þat assailede first Norþhumberlond and þanne Lyndeseie.
- a1400(a1325) Glo.Chron.B (Trin-C R.4.26)826/19 : Wel fale ȝer þer after þo worres aslakede.
d
- c1300 SLeg.Cross (LdMisc 108)11/336 : In weorre and bataylle he was so muche þat þare-of nas no fin.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)752 : Rohand told anon…Hou þe batayle bi gan, Þe werres hadden y ben.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)284b/a : Elephantes…dreden nouȝt þe scharpnesse of werre and dredeþ and fleeþ þe voice of þe leste sowe.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)271 : I haue a hauberghe at home & a helme…A schelde & a scharp spere…Bot for I wolde no were, my wedez ar softer.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1218 : Þe trews fully wern oute ronne, And þe werris new ageyn be-gonne.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)23/71 : Þe toun of Cane þai sett on fire…Þis haue þai wonen of þe were.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)582 : And he take ȝow on [vr. in] were, All Ynglandes here Sall speke of ȝour dedis.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)5464 : Ȝyf we were bold, now be we baldere, & y schal vndertake þys were.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)61/34-6 : It longiþ to no cristene werriours to knowe ne to vse þo manere of fiȝtes þat ben founden vppe by þe deuel…Neuerþeles þe vse and exercise þat þey hadden in þilke vnlawful werres made hir kniȝtis þe more sotyl and slyȝ when þey comen to open werres in to þe felde.
- c1450 *Bk.Marchalsi (Hrl 6398)7b : If þat he be an hors of armys, and men han…ridyn on hym in werre, and he be trauaylid and eschaufyd out of meseure, loke þat he ne drinke nowt þat ilke night.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)210/4 : They were yolden and takyn…sir Borce and sir Berel were cesed of werre.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)1621 : Þo began greet werre awake; Scheldes cleuede & speres brake.
- c1450(a1400) Libeaus (Clg A.2)233 : Launcelet hym broȝt a sper Jn werre wyth hym well to were, And also a fell fachoun.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)185/19 : The cronycles makyth no mencion of no chyualry ne werre done by the kynge al the tyme that he in Irland was.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)367 : It bifel on anoþer day, As þei on þe hil lay, And her werre was al i-doon, Þe king lete sette vp a paviloun.
e
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)973/29 : I am nat aferde of you gretely, but I drede the wratthe of God…thys ys an unkyndely werre.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9)333 : Þus hase he wonun Kay on werre, And all tospild is his spere.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9)419 : These knyȝtus kithun þay[re] gere And aythir gripus a spere, Runnun togedur on werre.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9)542 : Medame, Gawan, ȝour knyȝte, On werre hase wonun me tonyȝte.
f
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)43/31 : Þe uerþe is þe zenne of ham þet zaweþ discord and purchaceþ þe stryfs and þe werres in cites oþer ine capiteles.
g
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2349 : I hadde now here horse and alle harneys þat behoves to werre.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)113a/a : Mars…is I-clepid god of Bataill & of werre.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)24792 : King william…geddered sondours [read: soudours]…als he þat conquerour was gode for of þe were he vnderstode.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)61/9 : Ȝong kniȝtes owen to be tauȝte and lerned of hem þat ben doctoures and techeres of werkes of werre hou þei schul fiȝte when þei ben ful armed wiþynne liste.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)801 : Þer-of was Josophus war, þat myche of werr couþe.
h
- a1500(c1465) SEChron.(Lamb 306)14 : After him regnid Kynge Elle of Northehomberlonde, in grete weire and stryffe, durynge xxx yere.
- a1500 Methodius(3) (Stw 953)407 : So þat prouynce nemoroth helde, In was [read: wars] & note in rest & pees.
i
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1212 : Sirs, understandes, Were es waxen in þir landes: Þe king Arthure es redy dight To be here byn þis fowretenyght; He and his menȝe ha thoght To win þis land if þai moght.
j
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2002 : Ther stood the temple of Mars…Ther say I first the derke ymagynynge Of felonye…The smylere with the knyf vnder the cloke…The open werre [vr. werres] with woundes al bibled.
k
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.(Göt Hist 740)23481 : Ane of þam bare to him on wer; Þoru þe corse he smat him with his sper.
- c1425(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595)10428 : Thelamanyus with a spere To Polidomas rode with were And bar him doun er he was war.
l
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)137b : Werre…guerrinus.
m
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1447 : He…bar hym so in pees and eek in werre Ther was no man that Theseus hath derre.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.81 : Þei ful wysly prouided wern to-forn…bothe in werre and pees.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.2333 : To his power he nolde nat obeye In pes nor werre.
- (1461) Grant Arms in Hrl.Soc.77 (Add 14295)192 : Is come to me…William Swayne…praying me to devyse A Sygne…in fourme of armes for him…to beare and use in warr & peace.
1b.
In selected cpds., combs., and phrases:
(a) ~ craft, military science; ~ hors, hors of ~, a warhorse; ~ time, time of ~, wartime; also, a time of war; the second ~ time, the time of the second war; in the time of his ~, when he was at war; civile ~, civil war; lond ~, ~ bi lond, warfare on land; also, a war fought on land; se (ship, water) ~, ~ bi se, ~ of water (the se), naval warfare; also, a naval war; abillementes of ~, military equipment; armes (wepen) of ~, military weapons; barge of ~, an armed vessel of moderate size; capitain of his werres, his commander-in-chief; counseil of ~, a war council; ginne of ~, a siege engine; governour of werres, a military commander; habites of werres, harneis for (of) ~, personal military gear; lond of ~, a war-torn land, land at war; man of ~, a soldier, fighting man; servise of ~, military service; ship of ~, a warship; toun of ~, a garrison town, a fortified town;
(b) nait (trusti) in ~, resolute (trusty) in war; ware (wise) in ~, wise of werre(s, skillful (knowledgeable) in war; wilfulnesse to ~, eagerness for the fight;
(c) ablen to ~, to make (sb.) fit for war; ben at (in) ~, be at war, wage war; ben outgon upon a ~, be embarked on a war; founden (gon, walken) to ~, fallen (walken) in-to ~, go to war; liven in ~, live in a state of war; uprisen to ~, of a country: rise up in war; winnen in (with) ~, win (glory, honors) in war; winnen of ~, gain control of (a land) by war, conquer in war;
(d) areren (levien, meven, reisen) ~, to stir up war, begin war; biginnen werre(s, ginnen a ~, begin (a) war, begin wars; bringen werres in-to lond, involve a land in wars; bringen me ~ on honde, make war on me; enden (finen) ~, put an end to a war; haven werre(s, wage war(s; holden ~, engage in warfare, carry on war; maintenen werre(s, carry on or manage a war (wars) [see also maintenen v. 6.(b)]; also, pay for or sustain a war; maken (a) ~, usen ~, make war, wage (a) war; maken mani werres, wage many wars.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.18.11 : Þanne þei wentyn…sixe hundrid men gird wiþ armys of werre.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Mac.15.3 : Y made the chosen multitude of oost, and made shippus of werre.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)8.283 : The woodes in Wales…were grete socour to men of þe contray to hyde hem self in werre tyme [L tempore bellico].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)13b/a : Aungels…beþ arayed in armes and wepen of batayle and of werre [L bellicis].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)334a/a : Men in olde tyme vsede trompes in bataile…to conforte hors of werre to fiȝte.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2197 : Ȝyf þou…takyst mennys þyng yn tyme of werre or tyme of pes, Þou stelyst hyt.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.20 : Þe Troyan champioun, Gouernour of werris of þe toun, Worþi Ector…Next Priam had of alle souereinte Þe toun to guye be knyȝtly excellence.
- (1422) in Rymer's Foedera (1709-10)10.212 : All the Ablementes of Werre.
- a1425 MChristi (Arun 286)51/503 : Drede is likened to a weyte þat is in þe londe of werre emonge enemyes, þat trumpes and cries upon þe knyȝtes þat þei schul noȝt slepe lest þe enemyes comen on hem and kylden hem.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)447 : Schyppe werre: Naumachia.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)98/8 : Troylus…seid þat men should not in counceil of werre beleve olde men ne þere prouerbes.
- (1443) Doc.Trade in BRS 779 : [The English…promised to protect them] from the seid Barge of Werr and all other vessels of Engeland.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)75/8 : In þe secounde werretime þat Hanybal, þat was duke of Cartage, began vppon þe Romayns…þe Romayns were vnmyȝti to wiþstonde hem.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)77/14 : It is londwerre or schipwerre.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)77/25 : For werrus of þe see, þere beþ tweye kindes: on is wiþ swifte galyus, anoþer with schippes of werre.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)104/34 : Þis book…tretiþ of werres of water.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)125/33 : Þese bookes of werrecraft…ben breueliche ygedered oþer schortliche abreged out of auctors apreued.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)161/25 : Þis manere wallynge ne is not able to ben ibroken wiþ none strook of none gyne of werre.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)166/5 : Hornes…ben profitable to ben igedred to keuere…pauyses, scheldes, and oþer defensable gynnes of werre.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)178/21-3 : Now we haue…schewed & writen alle skiles & resouns þat touchen londwerres & batailles, now hit nedeth to wite & to schewe þe skiles & resouns þat mowe ben ifounde vp of waterwerres & shipcraft.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)930 : He and his wolde entre shippes grete, Habilementis havynge and the fete Of see werres.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1928 : For it aȝe noȝt slik ane Asald nane abletus [read: abetus; Dub: armez]…off werres.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)454/27 : Þer was ij bodis of þe xj ml. virginys, and in a were tyme þer war sett aboue a vowte in þe kurk.
- c1450 Brut-1431(1) (Eg 650)450/16 : Þe Lord Wylloghby was made Capten of hys werris.
- c1450 Metham Days Moon (Gar 141)154/1 : He that ys born that day schuld…be dysposyd to be a man of werre.
- c1450 7 Sages(1) (Arun 140:Camp.)159 : Þe kynge hym ȝaf…A wer hors i-charged with siluer and gold.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)14/22 : A lorde…conquered the knightes and squiers by his curtesie and humilite to do hem [more] plesaunce in the tyme of his werre, than other lordes couthe gete with her gold and siluer.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)30/20 : Unthrifti women…bene euell women of her body and chambreres to Englisshe men and other men of werre that duellen with hem as her lemmannys.
- (1461) Indent.Neuille in Chet.9869 : Thys…said Erle hath granted unto…John Trafford yt in tyme of Ware he shal haue soche Wages, Rewards, & Profits as oyr personnes of hys degre shal haue.
- (1474) in Rymer's Foedera (1709-10)11.819 : The same Richard is Retained…towardes the same our Soveraine Lord, to doe him Service of Werre in his Duchye of Normandy…for an hole Yere as a Man of Arms at his Spere, with xxiv Yomen well and sufficiently Habiled.
- (1474-5) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.45 : Fore expences don…whan þe kyng departid fore london in to ffraunce ward & the Crafte arrayd in harneys fore warre…ij s. viij d.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)141 : The said commons off Caux…slowe owre capitans and soudiours, at soche a tyme as we hade but ffewe men off werre lyinge in þat contray.
- (1475) Paston (EETS)1.636 : Edmond ys reteyned and withholden with the sayd Duc to do him seruice of werre with the Kyng oure souuerayn lord now in his viage ouir the see.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)58/31 : If men of werr wer well payed, men myght charge hem in payne of dethe that they shulde take no manis good vnpayed for.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)118/5 : They…acustomed theim to ber harneys of werre.
- c1475 3 Consid.(UC 85)206 : A Prince…most considre especially ii tymes: oone is the tyme of peas, an othir is the tyme of werre.
- a1500(a1400) Cleges (Adv 19.1.11)16 : To men þat traveld in londe of ware And wern fallyn in pouerte bare, He yaue both gold and ffee.
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)52 : It is to me to describe and write…of his vnnumerable host in the whiche weren so grete plente, that is to say, more than xvi m of horsmen…and viii c of waynes and cartes charged with abilementis of werre.
- a1500 Partenay (Trin-C R.3.17)1281 : Vriens was A fair squier of person…Willing to know where by see and lande ryght.
- c1480(?c1470) Fortescue Examples Warw.(Add 48031)348 : We haue had by that occasion ciuile werrys amonges us selfe.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.150 : He maynteyned aye ciuyle warre and debate Bytwene cytees, castelles, and countees.
- c1616(1441) Coucher Bk.Plumptonp.liv : The Archbishop’ officers by his commaundement kept the said towne of Ripon like a towne of warr, with souldiers waged thither out of Tindale and Hexhamshire.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)3006 : Of weorren heo weoren wise, heo duden i þisse londe alle leode sorwen.
- a1350(c1307) Death Edw.I (Hrl 2253)14 : Trewest mon of alle þinge ant in werre war ant wys, for him we ahte oure honden wrynge.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)55/6 : Hereynne stondeþ al þe helþe…of þe comynalte, þat newe kniȝtes be chosen not only by strengþe and miȝt of body bot also be lusty wilfulness to werre.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)7034 : Þe kyng Achyse…was wyght enoght and wyse of were.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1038 : To…Nestor, A noble man naitest in werre…He hight hym full hertely.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1487 : The fyfte of the fre…Was Troylus the true, tristy in wer.
c
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)385 : Þar aȝte men boþ in worre, An fareþ boþe ner an forre…Ich folȝi þan aȝte manne.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5390 : Þei he in worre were, Lawes he made…strengore þan er were.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.1822 : The king was oute go Upon a werre.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.245 : Wales to werre vp ros.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)14.222 : Buxomenesse and boste aren euer-more at werre.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)38/516 : Let renne þer in þy myende…þe trauayle of hem þat beþ in wherre oþer in oþer maner ryȝtful trauayle.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)1/12 : Of Ingland had my hert grete care When Edward founded first to were.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.148 : Men þat lyven in werre ben unable to have þer axinge.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)58/17 : When twa rewmes er at were and owþer party ensegez citee, toune or castell, þan…þai ordayne dowfes for to bere lettres.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)22 : They whanne wyth were wyrchippis many.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)33 : Wales of were he wane at hys will.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)621 : All Westwale of werre he wynnys as hym lykes.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)37/27 : I rede ȝe sende commandyng þam, þat þay come…with all þe men þat þay may gett whilk ere able to ga to werre.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)86 : Thei schulden falle into…werre and bateil.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)54/6 : Þe strengþe…of þilke þat of kynde ben abled to werre…be many tokenes…is schewed.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)211 : Pryde is my prince…Wretthe, þis wrecche, wyth me schal wawe; Enuye into werre wyth me schal walkyn.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)1900 : Þe worþi Werld walkyth to werre For to clyuyn ȝone castel clene.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)5586 : He had…Won him wirschip in were.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)107/29 : They had bene twoo yere in were vpon the Saresyns.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)50/31 : He schuld neuer councell man to go to werre.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)141/18 : Þe kyng norchid hem, and avaunsed þat neuyr were in werre ne in distresse for profite of þe lond.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)22/15 : Kyndomes and prouynces wern at werre, yche on wyth oþer.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)3449 : Þei ben euer in fight and were Aȝein a manere of folke þat is þere.
d
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1116 : Se cyng Henri fylste his nefan þam eorle Tædbalde de Blais, þe þa wyrre hæfde to geanes his hlaforde þam cynge of France Loðewis.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)87 : Weorre makede Turnus.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)9312 : Gorlois…his ferde hafde igadere and wolde halde weorre.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)2169 : Þo…art moch…tere cniþt to holde werre and eke fiht.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)6095 : His folc made euere uaste worre.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)1300 : Wer [Guy(4): warre] he þenkeþ to bring me an hond.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)239/10 : He hedde arered and ymad manye werren and manye viȝtinges zuo þet moche uolk weren ysslaȝe.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2645 : Forþi þe king and his sone swiche werre arered.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1823 : Neuere mo ye shal my contree dere, Ne make werre vpon me nyght nor day.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.83 : Þey arrerede werre aȝenst hym.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2490 : He that hath werre shal euere moore deuoutly and mekely preyen biforn alle thynges.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2839 : Ye wol moeue werre and bataille.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2840 : I conseille yow that ye bigynne no werre in trust of youre richesses, for they ne suffisen noght werres to mayntene.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.3288 : He bringth no werres into londe, For he desireth…To setten every man in reste.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.1637 : His fader grete werres hadde With Rome.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.245 : I kan not telle ȝow whi þat werre was reised olofte.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5268 : We be driven…Maugre oure wil þe werre for to fyn.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)79/8 : In þat contree…þei han a custom whan þei schull vsen werre [F aueront guerre].
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)87/12 : Thanne began þe Troyens greete werrys, and þe Grekis knewe wele þat þei hadde nede of Achilles for to strengthe þem.
- a1450(?c1350) Pride Life (ChrC-Dub)489 : I am sente for to enquer…Ȝif any man dar werre arere Aȝein suche a bachelere.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)2860 : Syre, I am comen…For to helpe the…Thy werre for to hende and fine.
- (1450) Paston (Gairdner)2.121 : The seid Duke…provoked…your enemeys…to meve…Charles to come…to leve, reise, and make open werr ayenst you.
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)256 : Tonges fals, throgh her sleghtly wile, Han gonne a werre that wol not stynted be, And fals Envye…and Enemyte Haue conspired…that Trouthe shal be slawe.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.123 : Whateuer þinges þat now loueþ beste Continuelly a werre schulde þey make.
- c1470 Bible F.(Cleve-W q091.92-C468)79/23 : There thei assemblid at alle times that themperoure had werre with eny cuntree.
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.cxl : Þei ȝyuen pardons to slee and to mayntene berres [read: werres]…aȝenes Crist-lore.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)762/19 : I haue holde longe warre ayen þe Emperour.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)8910 : His alligiaunce…I will loute to, With all the might þat I may to maintene our werre.
1c.
In proverbs, prov. expressions, and conventional comparisons.
Associated quotations
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)1321 : Þe…king nis to preisi noȝt Þat in time of worre as a lomb is boþe mek & milde & in time of pes as leon boþe cruel & wilde.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5389 : Me segge þat lawes beþ in worre tyme uorlore.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2228-9 : Ther is ful many a man that crieth ‘werre, werre!’ that woot ful litel what werre amounteth; Werre at his bigynnyng hath so greet an entryng and so large that euery wight may entre whan hym liketh…But certes what ende that shal ther of bifalle it is nat light to knowe.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2263 : The dredfull werres, into pes fulofte Thei torne.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.2 : Werre withouten hede is not wele.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)18.226 : Wote no wighte what werre is þere þat pees regneth.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)18.412 : Is no weder warmer þan after watery cloudes, Ne no loue leuere…Þan after werre & wo whan loue & pees be maistres.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6132 : Þei [Greeks] werne ful double of entent…Pes in þe face, but in þe herte werre.
- a1425(?c1375) NHom.(3) Barlaam & J.(Hrl 4196)957 : Tyme es of pes & tyme of were.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.868 : Who that hath an hed of verre, Fro cast of stones war hym in the werre!
- a1450(c1433) Lydg.St.Edm.(Hrl 2278)390/785 : Thei were…In pes lik lambes, in werre lik leouns.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.PPeace (Hrl 2255)169 : At werrys [vr. All werris] dreedful; vertuous pees is good.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2818-19 : Hit ys a comun sawe: Souþerne der gos Northward, & Norþerne werre to þe south ys hard, Bot norþern der & souþern werre, Non dredeþ.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)6399 : Hit ys þer chaunce þat werre bygynne, Vmwhile to lese, vmwhile to wynne.
- a1450(1414) Whanne alle a kyngdom (Dgb 102)127 : Wiþ word of wynd, mad neuere werre ende, But dent of swerd endid þe dede.
- a1450 SLeg.Barlaam (Bod 779)919 : Of werre þer is tyme, & of pes also.
- (a1460) Vegetius(2) (Pmb-C 243)413 : Caton the Wise seith…‘Emendatioun is noon in werre.’
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1128/17 : Bettir ys pees than evermore warre.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)1574b : Better is in pees and rest to wende Thanne leve in werre with-outyn end.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)184 : Some tyme he wan, and many tymes he loste, as is the fortune of werre.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)640 : Full good is it to haue pees after the werre.
2.
(a) Armed assault on persons or property carried out by an individual or a small faction for more or less personal reasons;
(b) armed resistance, struggle;
(c) the fierce struggle of the hunt.
Associated quotations
a
- (1439) RParl.5.17b : The seide Phelip…hath contynuelly…made werre unto the seide John, as in lyggyng often tymes in awaite to slee hym and his Tenauntis, Servauntis, and Cosyns, and many of yaym hath beten and mayheimed.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)1599 : Wee have no nede to dout werr, ne molestacioun, ffor þere nys within our shippis no þing of spoliacioun But all trewe marchaundise.
- (1475) RParl.6.145a : John Veer…Thomas Veer…and Robert Gybbon…levied werre agayns Kyng Edward the iiiith, their naturall Liege Lord…entendyng traiterousle then and there the fynall destruction of his said moost Roiall persone…and there and then falsle and traiterousle made and reared werre agayns his astate, sheddyng there the blode of grete nombre of his Subgiettes.
b
- (1472-3) RParl.6.29a : John Scudamoure, Knyght…had the rule and kepyng of the Castell of Pembroke in Southwales…he…made his diligent…labour…to have made delyveraunce of the seid Castell, withoute eny werre or resistence.
c
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1628 : He…schapes hem þe tale…Of þe were of þe wylde swyn in wod þer he fled.
- c1475 Awntyrs Arth.(Tay 9)p.3 : Thayre werre on the wild squyne wurchis hom wo.
3.
(a) Conflict, strife, contention, discord; enmity (between persons), hostility; also, domestic strife, a domestic quarrel; at ~, in or into contention; hertes ~, inner conflict; natural ~, ?a blood feud;
(b) maken a ~ on, to carry on a quarrel with (sb.), be hostile to; setten werres, stir up contentions or strife.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)246 : Þer is bernunde pich hore saule to baþien inne, þa þe ledden here lif in werre and in winne.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)39/11 : Þurh swuch chastiement haueð sum ancre arearet bitweonen hire & hire preost…muche weorre.
- a1300 Hwi ne serue (Jes-O 29)37 : Bi-leueþ oure weorre, warlawes wode, Al þes world is bi-heled myd heþene-hode.
- a1300 PMor.(McC 123)195 : Þe þat ledeþ hare lif mid werre & mid y-wronge, Bute hit godes milse do, hi sculle beo þar wel longe.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2374 : Ne trust nat to hem to whiche thow hast had som tyme werre or enmytee.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.757 : Ne wolde neuere god bitwix vs tweyne…were outher werre or stryf; Sire I wol be youre humble trewe wyf.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.390 : I pleyned first, so was oure werre stynt; They were ful glad to excusen hem.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3453 : Now sco bredes…Tuinlinges…þat in hir womb oft faght samen…Strang weird was giuen to þam o were Þat þai moght noght þair strif for-bere.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)3458 : O suilk a wer [Frf: weer] was neuer herd, Ne suilk a strijf o childir tuin.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1035 : He shall…Fynde plente of contek, werre, and striff.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.234 : Who kan conforten now youre hertes werre?
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3996 : He the werre may not withstonde Of Jelousie nor the Greef.
- (1440) Wars France in RS 22.2445 : There…was a naturel werre bituix the duc of Orliance and the duc of Bourgoigne for the murdre of thair faders, and a capital enmyte like to have enduerd for ever.
- c1450(?c1408) Lydg.RS (Frf 16)1936 : Dame hatrede…kam…For to sette hem al at werre, For euerych bysy was…The ryche appul to possede.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)3.971 : In Bedlem within a lityll caue, Kynde and a mayde suche werre haue, For this matier: howe in a creature Two names myght…by nature That be contrarie, haue her restynge place.
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)5.25 : Balaam…som tyme had with his asse werre.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)442/27 : All his household fell at were emangis þer selfe, & ilkone of þaim was in poynt to kill oþer.
- c1450 NPass.(Add 31042)154/218 : Moyses…agaynes kynge pharoo…helde werre.
- c1450 Thow holy douȝter (SeldArch B.26)p.141 : This day…the bryght sterre…Aroos of the to stynt our werre And in derknys vs to gye.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)138/35 : This traytoure Damas, the elder brother, woll geff hym no parte of his londis but as sir Outlake kepyth thorow prouesse of his hondis…and grete warre hath bene betwyxte them.
- a1500(c1400) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)215 : Mony one was þe busmare boden hom bitwene For hor wrakeful werre quil hor wrathe lastyd.
b
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3530 : Daunger, gret wrong ye do To worche this man so mych woo…What worship is it agayn hym take Or on youre man a werre make?
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)139.2 : All day thai sett werys [L prelia], that is, stryfe of wordis and conteke of dedis.
4.
(a) Moral or spiritual war, a struggle (against the devil, sin, etc.); rebellious resistance (to God, a pagan deity, chastity); also, a state of spiritual warfare; gostli ~;
(b) an attack (of vice).
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)30/3 : Þe oþre werre þet þe feloun heþ, þet is to gode.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131/7 : Him be-houeþ eure to libbe ine werre and wyȝte mid dyeulen.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2236 : I shal…holden werre alwey with chastitee.
- (c1391) Gower CA Suppl.(Hnt EL 26.A.17)5.6414*, 6419* : A mannes lif…in werre and strif Is sett among hise enemys; The frele fleissh…The ferste foman is…For thilke werre is redi ai.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5452 : Appollo is callid eke Tytan…With Iubiter whan þat he hilde werre.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)69/7 : Þe soule…arecheþ up to þe þridde laddir…where sche fyndeþ pees þat sche desyride, out of þe werre or bateil þat sche had tofore þoru her synnes.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)185/7 : Þei han maad werre wiþ her bodies, inasmyche as þei han forsake þe tendirnesse which naturaly is bitwene þe soule and þe body.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)217/25 : We weren aȝeins þee in werre and batayle by oure synful lyuyng.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)306/13 : Þei haue werre wiþ þe world, wiþ þe fend, & wiþ her owne propre sensualite.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)306/30 : Þe naturel tendirnesse of þe flesch can not make werre where þe conscience stondiþ in qwiete.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)10/21 : It nedith nothing for the to make Werre with them of helle ne no strif take.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)22/10 : Who-so wull haue peas wyth Jhesu Cryst, he most haue werre with vices.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)9 : Alle pilgrimes…that passen bi this eerthe…be euere more in werre.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)237/31 : Contrarie to the whiche noblesse of hert aught to haue more mortall werre than agains thenmyes.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)36.12 : Than sall be pees, bot now is were, for the synful sall…waite in hidils the rightwis, for to draghe him til his life.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)7437 : Þe goostly werre may no man see; Þat is of þe deuel and his meyne.
b
- c1225(?c1200) HMaid.(Bod 34)36/602 : Þet beoð þe uertuz þet he streoneð in þe þurh his swete grace…gleadschipe i þe hali gast, & pes i þi breoste of onde & of wreadðe of ȝisceunge & of euch unþeawes weorre.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)45/480 : Ne schulen ha neauer beo sker of ure weorre, we wulleð meidenes a mare heanen & heatien.
5.
A tournament, joust, formal combat; also fig.; for the ~, of (on) ~, with unbated or sharp-pointed weapons; armed for the ~, armed with sharpened weapons; araied for the pes and for the ~, equipped with blunted and with sharpened weapons; cours of ~, a charge with unbated weapons; just (justinge) of ~, formal combat with unbated weapons; pointes of ~, feats of arms carried out with unbated weapons; spere of pes and of ~, a blunt spear and a sharpened spear; justen of (on) ~, to joust or tilt with unbated weapons.
Associated quotations
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)473 : Lepe y wol now on my stede & bere to þe a spere, with anoþer ryd þou to me wyþ a cors of werre.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2100 : Til Atthenes…Hath euerich of hem broght an hundred knyghtes Wel armed for the werre.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)502 : Schaftis of schene wode þay scheuerede in schides, So jolyly those gentille mene justede one were.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1657 : We seke justynge of werre.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1681 : We crafe of ȝour curtaisie three coursez of werre.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1194 : Take for aythir of vs a spere, Bathe of pese and of were.
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)1267 : The Duke sent a sqwyere To wiete whate his will were, To juste on pese or on [vr. off] were.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2260 : Þe tulke þat tilld ȝour toun sall tield vp…Sall thre times haue þe thra of sum threuyn gome Of were ore of wristilling.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)115/19 : Kepe me þat I ne go neuere more to turnement ne to poyntes of werre.
- ?c1450 Brut-1447 (Trin-C O.9.1)477/12 : A knyght…chalenged Sir Richard…in certeyn poyntes and courses of werre: on foote, within listes, with polaxe, swerd and dagger.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)22/24 : Than the Kynge…lette cry both turnementis and justis thorowoute all his realme…And so…Thes two noble kynges were…comyn ovir the see with three hondred knyghtes full well arayed both for the pees and also for the werre.
- c1475(?c1425) Avow.Arth.(Tay 9)375 : Take þi schild and þi spere And ride to him a course on werre.
- c1475 Gregory's Chron.(Eg 1995)93 : That yere were grete justys of warre in Smethefylde.
- a1500(?a1400) Morte Arth.(2) (Hrl 2252)2745 : He bad A knyght come kythe mayne, A cours of werre for his honoure.
- a1500(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Dub 213)808* : Of my chefe chiftanes chese þe þe best, Þe most proved of my princez in poyntez of were.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)261/91 : Primus tortor…Syr, sen ye callyd you a kyng, you must prufe a worthy thyng That falles vnto the were; ye must Iust in tornamente; Bot ye sytt fast…downe I shall you bere.
6.
A dispute, an honest difference of opinion.
Associated quotations
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)20794 : Disput, he [Jerome] sais, es na mister Betuix te wis in swilk a wer.
7.
Error for worth n.
Associated quotations
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)1355 : Philip is ded, as kyng of werre [Ld: of myche werþe], And richely is brouȝt to þe eorþe.