Middle English Dictionary Entry
weik adj.
Entry Info
Forms | weik adj. Also weike, waik(e, wek(e, (N) weck & (in surname) wec- & (errors) werk, wayko; comp. weiker(e, etc. & (?error) waykyer. |
Etymology | ON: cp. OI veikr, OSwed. vēker; some N forms in -ai- may belong to wōk adj. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
Lacking physical rigidity, flexible, pliant [glossing L flexibilis, lentus]; also, thin, slender.
Associated quotations
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)225 : A mantyl henge hir fast by, Vpon a perche weike and small [F moult greslete].
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)302 : Lethy, or weyke [Win: Leyth and weke]: Flexibilis.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)520 : Weyke, or lethy: Lentus.
2.
(a) Fragile, breakable; of a structure: unsound, liable to collapse;
(b) of a fortified place: wanting a sound defense, vulnerable to attack.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 Whon alle soþes (Vrn)38 : A glasen pot is wayk and liht To puiten him self to fer in pres A-ȝeynes a caudrun for to fiht.
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)315/7 : A wynd…blewe doun…hye houses…& oþer strong þynges; and al oþer strong werkes þat stoden still were so yshake þerewith, þat þey…shol be euermore the febelere & weyker while þey stonde.
b
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)40/22 : Ynentes þe kirk of þe Sepulcre es þe citee maste wayke [F feble], for þe grete playne þat es betwene þe citee and þe kirke.
3a.
(a) Deficient in bodily or muscular strength; with inf.: physically unable (to do sth.) because of weakness;
(b) deficient in bodily vigor as a result of age, injury, privation, etc.; enfeebled; also, of weak or frail constitution, not robust in health; with inf.: scarcely able (to do sth.) because of weakness; ~ of strengthe; ~ of colour, pale, wan; ~ of wordes, mumbling or incoherent in (one’s) speech;
(c) exhausted of vigor or strength as a result of physical exertion, emotional experience, spiritual travail; spent, faint, debilitated; also in fig. context;
(d) as noun: the feeble, those who are weak; also, in generalizing phrase: strong and ~, everyone, people of all sorts.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.932 : How may this wayke [vr. wayko] womman han this strengthe Hir to defende agayn this renegat?
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)15033 : Þe childer…war waike To ga þat pres a-mang, O walles and windos…þair hefdes ouer þai hang.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23624 : Þir [the good] sal be selcut strang and wight, þai [the wicked] sal be weck [Göt: waike] wit-vten might.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)6.23 : Ich am to waik [vr. wayke] to worche with sykel oþer with sythe.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2713 : This sely woman is so weik, Allas, And helples.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)191/22 : Owr Lady seyd…‘A, my swete Sone, late me help to ber þat heuy crosse,’ & sche was so weyke þat sche myth not, but fel down & swownyd & lay stille as it had ben a ded woman.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)163/11 : I am yongyst and waykest of you bothe.
b
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7390 : He…so weyk was of strengþe Þat his spirit muste algatis wende.
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)212 : Thow hast seet fast on me thin honde, And as man with-oute myght I wexe weyk as is the wonde.
- a1450 Aelred Inst.(2) (Bod 423)13/490 : If it happe thou be syke or weyke, or thy stomak waxe drye for abstynence, than shal al maner likynges…be to the…peynful.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)102/6 : I am of grete elde, Wayke and al vnwelde.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)1099 : Þey demeden…To voiden…by vile deþ…Wymmen & weyke folke þat weren of olde age.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)496/7 : Þe damysell was bod a wayke thyng, and hur maistres was ferd at sho sulde take colde.
- a1456 Marmaduke SSecr.(Ashm 59)205/30 : Gret age…and feoblesse of my weyke persone haue made me…vnable for to goo any longe weye.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)334/8 : Yf he shulde eite and drinke alwey, he shuld be the weyker and falle to seekenesse.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)352/8 : There ben certeyne thinges that causeth the body to be leene and drye and the weykere…to longe beinge in the sun…to miche sleepinge before dyner…to miche goinge to pryue.
- 1485(a1470) Malory Wks.(Caxton:Vinaver)1255/28 : Thyder they came within two dayes for they were wayke and feble to goo.
- a1500 ?Scrope Rule St.Linus (Lamb 192)265 : He schall wer the heyr; but yf he be weyke and may not suffer yt, he schall wer schoen with owtyn hoese.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)3994 : Cassandra…was a Clene Maydon…as the silke white, Womonly wroght, waike of hir colour.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13920 : All ffeblit þe freike…Wex pale…And weike of his wordes, woinerond in speche.
c
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.887 : Certes if it nere to long to heere I wolde haue toold fully the manere…But al that thyng I moot…forbere: I haue…a large feeld to ere, And wayke been the oxen in my plough.
- a1400 Rolle Encom.Jesu (Hrl 1022)191 : Scho wex wayke & sodenle al was away.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.2927 : Feint & waike I-now Be þe bestes & oxes of my plow.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2428 : Unnethe is Demophon to londe ywonne, Wayk and ek wery and his folk forpyned Of werynesse and also enfamyned.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)68/31 : Þe cryeng…made þe pepyl astoynd…sche had hem so oftyn-tymes þat þei madyn hir ryth weyke in hir bodyly myghtys, & namely yf sche herd of owyr Lordys Passyon.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)113/25 : We are weyke and all werie, and fayne wolde rest.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)188/90 : How wayke I waxe, ȝe will not wene; Are was þer one, now is ther thre.
d
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)1012 : Þider komen bothe stronge and wayke, Þider komen lesse and more.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)28934 : Þou man agh all helpe in nede þe waikest and þe mast vn-fere.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)10119 : Leudy…þat…þe wayke es wont to couer, þo me [Vsp: Do me] to passe þa dykes ouer.
3b.
(a) Of the human condition, an individual’s physical constitution or vital spirits: enfeebled; sickly;
(b) of a bodily organ: ill-disposed to perform its normal function, susceptible to distress; of a limb, bodily member: capable of only limited movement or exertion, whether naturally or by impairment, weak, shaky;
(c) of a voice, an utterance: faint, indistinct;
(d) of physical compression or pressure: light, not forceful.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1999 : Waiker [Ld: febyller] now es mans state þan it was þan.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)767 : Als tyte als a man waxes alde, Þan waxes his kynde wayke and calde.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6157 : Seke I was and in ful wayke state.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Hnt HM 148)101/17 : Grath þe to þe mete to strenth þi waike kynde þat elles will faile.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)20/1 : Man…when he…trowed þe curside neddere…Þen bihoued hym cloþing & oþer many what to helpen his kynde, þat becom so weyke.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)274/23 : Mans freletie wolde be passand wayke & it wer allway bendyd in þoght of contemplacion.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)175/10 : Thrugh disease of body and defaute of meyte his…spirites were full weyke.
b
- a1425 NHom.(3) Leg.Suppl.Hrl.(Hrl 4196)89/740 : His lims bigan fayntly to fail…Þan wex þai waik als þai war ded.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)2.64 : Þey [limbs] were so feble and feynte…And so feble and wayke wexe in þe hammes Þat þey had no myghte…to bere byrthen ȝoure banere to helpe.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)362/1 : Wyne…taken outrageouslye…causeth the mouthe to stynk and the knees and leggis the weyker.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)152/24 : Qwan þat mete is receyuyd aftyr þat, it fyndyth þe stomak lewke and weyke, and noȝt dysposid to dygestion.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)116/36 : A thynne bake and wayk bytoknys a man of discordant nature.
c
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)24314 : Þai herd crists voice Sa waik þat vnethes most þai here.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)175/10 : Thrugh disease of body and defaute of meyte his wordys…were full weyke.
- a1500 Let.Alex.(Wor F.172)481 : With weyke and soft word of ynde the tree aunswerd…‘Alisaunder…thow shalt be lord of al the world.’
d
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)113b/b : Þe bone schal be cauteried with ane hote iren be compressioun neiþer to stronge neiþer to weike.
4.
(a) Of a person, the devil: wanting in strength or skill as a combatant or contestant, relatively deficient in fighting ability; also, of an army, a fighting force, military leader, etc.: relatively deficient in fighting power, having relatively few men, limited resources, etc.; with inf.: unable (to do sth.) because of limited military strength; ~ to, militarily inferior to (sb.);
(b) as noun: one who is relatively less skilled or powerful in battle; also, a relatively defenseless animal; also, coll. those less powerful in battle; those unable to defend themselves, the weak;
(c) of combative strength: ineffectual, weak.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400 Ancr.(Pep 2498)121/1 : Look hou oure enemy is wayk & leþi: nys…nouȝt an vnhardy campion þat smiteþ toward þe fote of his enemy?
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.2134 : Þei were moste fervent for to fiȝt, Vp-on Grekis for to preue her myȝt, And had hem chacid lowe to þe stronde, Þat þei wer weyke of power to with-stonde.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1517 : Ȝif it were plesyng to ȝour worþines…To rysen vp and…sodeinly on hem to goon, Feble and weyke to make resistence Ageyn ȝoure manly famous excellence, Þer wer no more, but we wer victours.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)1814 : Þer was turn ageynes turn; Þat waykest was, byhoued spurn.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2077 : Be his kniȝtis as kene as me þis cornes shewis All þe werd war to waike his wrothe to hbith stand [read: with-stand].
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)3587 : Þe kenir is oure corage…to…ga…agayn ȝow to fiȝt…a berne full of bost…Wenand me & all þe werd to waike to ȝow-selfe.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)149/10 : Þe fende…is as weyke as a mouse yif he be with stond with a good wille.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)127/33 : Sir Arthur hath the floure of chevalry of the worlde with hym, and…the lenger he taryeth, the bygger he is and we ever the weyker.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)484/21 : Man was never fourmed that all tymes myght attayne, but somtyme he was put to the worse by malefortune and at som tyme the wayker knyght put the byggar knyght to a rebuke.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1069/20 : Thes three kingis…was passynge wayke to holde ayenste Arthurs party, for with hym were the nobelyst knyghtes of the worlde.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)12.5 : I…sett noght by thaire stirynge, na mare than a geaunte dos at the puttynge of a waik man.
b
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)832 : Al bigan to strut and strijf…þe strang þe weker for to sla [Trin-C: þe strenger beest þe weyker dud slo], Ilkan to mak of oþer prai.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)47/19 : If here were now a stalworþe champioun & a weyke & vnthryuand assayled hym, [etc.].
- c1450 Siege Jerus.(1) (Add 31042)1076 : Wayke [Ld: Þe wye waried on þe woke].
- (1471) Rec.Throne Edw.IV (Roy 17.D.15)276 : Fayne was the waykyer [?read: wayker] away for to flee.
- a1500 Siege Jerus.(2) (Brog 2.1)85/445 : They eete horse…and…dogis and…cyldorne, and þe stronggyr eete þe wekir.
c
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.311 : Contricion destroyeth the prisoun of helle and maketh wayk [vr. week] and feble alle the strengthes of the deueles.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)282 : Here is no mon me to mach, for myȝtez fo [read: so] wayke.
5.
(a) Deficient in spiritual or moral fortitude, weak in faith, unsteadfast in devotion, susceptible to temptation;
(b) deficient in intellectual strength, liable to be misled, foolish, ignorant; ~ of herte (lore, wit);
(c) cowardly, pusillanimous; faint of heart, timid, squeamish; ~ herte man, a fearful man;
(d) sluggish, indolent;
(e) of the mind, mental powers, volition, etc.: weak in power, not keen, deficient, inadequate;—also used in expressions of modest self-disparagement or self-deprecation.
Associated quotations
a
- c1400 PLove (Hrl 2254)141/18 : Whenne þou…deme þi-self wrecched & weyke and odir men myȝti & holi, Hou mai þou holde þi-self stronge þat can not wel gouerne ne susteyne þi-seelf in…reste of contemplacioun?
- a1425(c1300) NHom.(1) Abp.& N.(Ashm 42)p.83 : For scho was als wommane waike, Scho heldid sone to synfull layke.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)25/11 : He seeþ how weyke [vr. wycked] we ben…þat we grucche to come to hym…wiþ forsakyng of þis world.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)42/14 : Vnmeke folk…ben so feble and weyke þat þei fallin at euerych stiryng of þe wynde of temptacioun.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.21.14b : Som arn so weik an so simple þat…ȝif þei felen ony stering wiþinne bi incastynge of þe enemy…þei schulde nouȝt ben saf.
b
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)520 : Weyke of hert, or hertles: Vecors.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.14 : Youth…Unrypit fruyte…of wit wayke and unstable…wele myght thou wepe.
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.149 : Sone, of wit or lore Sen thou art wayke and feble…The more thou art in dangere…With…Fortune.
c
- a1425(?a1400) Penny (Glb E.9)39 : He makes meke þat are was fell and waik þat bald has bene.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)7/39,8/4 : It semeþ a gret herted man for to suffre sharp þingis; he, forsoþ, þat is wayke of hert is noȝt in way of curacion, ffor…All þinges ar hard to a waik hert man, for þai trow euermore yuellez to be nyȝe to þam, þei drede euermore.
- c1425 Arderne Fistula (Sln 6)15/18 : A leche ow for to…make pronosticacions wilely þat þe sikenes askeþ long tyme of curyng…for many…lettyngis, as…for þe pacient is waike of herte or vnobedient for to persew his cure or for to kepe his diete.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)520 : Weyke of hert, or hertles…pusillanimus.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)34/12 : Innocent…had a greuous sor, whech sor myth not be hol…with-outen þat it wer slitte; The man was weyk and dred mech þe knyf.
d
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)p.512 : Ill men fete ere set as of wayke assis…bot haly mennys affecciouns ere as of hertis that lepis ouyre all lettyngis.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)104/11 : Man ys…swyft and stirrand as goote, wayk [Abbrev.Trip.: heuy; L tardus] and sleuthfull as Bere.
e
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)289 : Þou felest…only…a weyk wille, þat þou wolde fayn þenke on god but þou can nouȝt.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1671 : My konnyng is so wayk, o blisful queene, For to declare thy grete worthynesse, That I ne may the weighte nat sustene.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)15/3 : In þat þat falliþ to God…al here strengþe is sone ouercaste þoruȝ arewnes of herte…crauaunt þoruȝ a wayke wille.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)341 : Me to rede out of this drede…Ne may my wit, so weyk [vr. weeke] is hit, not streche.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)80/31 : Wyn þat ys takyn abundanly…makys wayk þe vertuz of þe sawle.
6.
Lacking in power or authority over others, ineffectual, impotent.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2673 : After the commune sawe, it is a woodnesse, a man to stryue with a strenger or a moore myghty man than he is hym self, and for to stryue with a man of euene strengthe…is peril, and for to stryue with a weyker man it is folye.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.219 : Euery man is myghti þere he may, And þere he may not, weyk.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.236 : Þis hond of Circes was ful light And werk [read: weik] for all here transmutacioun!
- c1500(?a1437) ?Jas.I KQ (SeldArch B.24)st.148 : Quhare a persone has tofore knawing Off it that is to fall…fortune is bot wayke in suich a thing.
7.
(a) Of a substance, a quality: attenuated, lessened; of a fire: not burning vigorously, fitful; also, with inf., of a bow: ineffective (for shooting arrows with);
(b) of a medicament, medicinal plant, etc.: lacking in potency or effect, mild; also, of the strength of an herb: relatively weak;
(c) of food: not highly nourishing or fattening;—used iron.;
(d) of faulty manufacture, badly made or processed; also, comp. as noun: a drink of inferior quality;
(e) of the earth: inadequate for the provision of human sustenance.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)32b/b : Þe hete…turneþ to þe substancial moisture and worchiþ þerinne & makeþ to weike [L nimis attenuat] & wastiþ it.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.6.102 : That…derknesse schal I assaie…to maken thynne and wayk [L attenuare]…so that aftir that the derknesse of desceyvinge desyrynges is doon away thow mowe knowe the schynynge of verraye light.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)274/20 : He helde it [bow] allway bendyd, it wolde be þe wayker to shute away his shaftis with.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)68/31 : A wayk & feble [Yonge: litill] feer…vnnethes may to-brenne rosels and smal chippys.
b
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)173b/b : Þis maner putrefactiue medicine is stronger þan is þe medicine þat is cleped properlye corrosiue and weiker þen a putrefactiue medicine.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)174b/a : Take vitriole & alumme & brenne hem togeder ana a dramme; þe more þei ben brent, þe weyker þei ben.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)182a/a : He mowe…make a weyk oynement oþer a stronge at his owne luste.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)80 : Þis herbe…þe long haþ weiker strengh þan haþ þe rounde.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)117 : The more þou cast in drye figes and hony, þe sharpere is þe senuey; but þe more brede þou cast in and vynegre, þe more weyk and feble is þe plastre of anyse.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)197 : Radissh hauyþ þe same or like vertue to þe nepe but þat is a litel weyker.
c
- a1400 Preste ne monke (Cleo B.2)16 : Þai are men of grete penaunce…þair sustynaunce Simple is & wayke.
d
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)13411 : Þe good drynke shulde furst spende And þe weiker [Vsp: drinc þe wers] at the ende.
- (1440) in Black Leathersellers24 : If the seid Wardeins fynde ony…weyke and unsuffisant lethir…the same Wardeins mowe have power for to take it.
e
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)1996 : Now es, for sin and pride o man, þe erth waiker þan it was þan.
8.
In surnames.
Associated quotations
- (1229) Pat.R.Hen.III298 : Rogerum Waykefot.
- (1296) Sub.R.Sus.in Sus.RS 10102 : Walto. Wekman.
- (1379) Nickname in SAU 63200 : Wecfot.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1425 Cmb.Dd.6.29 Artist.Recipes (Cmb Dd.6.29) 70/12 : Ȝif hit breke put a litel water þerto, and make hit wayker.
Note: Additional quot., sense 7.(a). Adj. comp.