Middle English Dictionary Entry
trough n.
Entry Info
Forms | trough n. Also troughe, trought, trouȝ(e, trouȝt, trouh(e, trouht, trouth, trou, trowe(gh, trogh(e, thorugh, troght, trothe, throuhe & (in place names) trogth-, troh-, troc-, troch, torf-, throf- & (?errors) trohw, trhow, trewyth; pl. troughes, etc. & trouues, troges, trohghis, traghes. |
Etymology | OE trog, troh. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. trug(ge n.
1.
(a) A flat, shallow vessel, a tub, basin, trough; a feeding trough or watering trough for livestock, hunting dogs, poultry, etc.; (b) a grain hopper in a mill; (c) in cpds., combs., and genitive phrases: ~ ribbe, a scraper for cleaning a dough trough [?error for dough-ribbe, s.v. dough n. 2.(a)]; bonting ~, a receptacle for sifted flour; dough ~, hogges ~; kned ~ [cp. kneden v. (e)]; knedinge ~ [see also kneding(e ger. (b)]; larder ~, a trough for curing meat; moldinge ~, a vessel for mixing or kneading dough; saltinge ~ [see also salting(e ger.]; smithes ~; ston ~, a trough made of stone; ?also, a mortar [quot. a1451]; tanne ~, a tanning vat; tappe ~, a vat or trough equipped with a spigot; tre ~.
Associated quotations
a
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Cmb Gg.1.1)384 : E de un rastuer la auge bel [glossed:] trohw [vr. a trow] moundez.
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Cmb Gg.1.1)388 : Mes li rastuer fest li auge [glossed:] trhow [vr. troghe].
- (1362) Invent.Jarrow in Sur.Soc.2944 : In pistrina et bracina..ij trouues.
- (1362) Invent.Monk-Wear.in Sur.Soc.29159 : In lardaria..iij trohghis.
- (1388) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)4.214 : Traghes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3627 : Hem vitailled bothe trogh [vrr. trouȝe, trouhe] and tubbe With breed and chese and good ale in a iubbe.
- (a1399) Oath Bk.Colchester9 : An herde that bryngeth a trowȝ with botre ech day payen, ob.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)101 : Þus shuld..þe gromes lede home þe houndes and sende afore þat þe kenel be clene and þe trought filled with clene water.
- (1423) Doc.Brewer in Bk.Lond.E.161/650 : For vj trowes to þe coupe, for to kepe yn mete and drynk to þe pultrie, ij s.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)4a/a : Aluens, vas ficium ad modum aluei fluuij: a trouȝ.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)39a/a : Luter: a water lauor & concha, a trow or a bolle.
- (1433) in Salzman Building in Engl.353 : [For making the] baroes [and] troges.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)503 : Throwhe [Win: trow]; vessel: Alveus, alveolus.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)49 : This conk is hewyn owt of a blak ston schapyn lich a hol trow.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)106.479 (v.2:p.153) : The abbesse Sexburgh .. desired to haue .. so large a stoon that therof a thorugh or els a graue myght be made with a coveryng theron.
- (a1460) Bokenham Sts. (Adv Abbotsford B3)106.579 (v.2:p.156) : The fair thorugh .. for the body was even as mete as though it therefore had be special wrought.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)130b : A Trowghe: Alueus, alueolus.
- a1500 Add.37075 Gloss (Add 37075)20/112b : Aluiolus: trewyth.
- a1500 Hal.Gloss.(Eg 829)7 : Alveolum, a trouht.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Rv.(Manly-Rickert)A.4043 : Thanne wol I..se how that the mele falles doun Into the trogh.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)503 : Trowghe, of a mylle: Farricapsa.
- c1500(a1449) Lydg.Aesop (Trin-C R.3.19)394 : The mowse..Lad hym vp to þe myll alofte, Shewyd hym the hoper, þe trowgh, & þe myll stone.
c
- a1333 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Add 46919)384 : Trowh ryb [vr. douw ribbe, glossing AF (Cmb): rastuer].
- (1348) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)1.655 : [One leaden] Tantrow.
- (1349) Will Court Hust.(Gldh)1.541 : [A cistern and a] taptrogh.
- (1388) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)4.216 : [A] lardertroghe.
- (1388) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)5.58 : [A] knedtrou [and] moldyngbord [worth 2 s.].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3548 : Go gete vs faste into this in A knedyng trogh [vr. trowghes] or ellis a kemelyn For ech of vs.
- (1397) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)6.161 : [A] knedtrogh.
- (1400) Inquis.Miscel.(PRO)7.71 : [A] buntyngtrogh [worth 22 d.].
- (1402-3) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.99217 : 1 stanetrogh et 1 tretrogh.
- (c1425) Stonor1.43 : In le larderhous, j saltyngtrowe, j magna cista pro carne.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)129 : Dowe trowe: Pistralla, alveus.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)481 : Stugge, hoggys trowghe: Siliquarium, porcorium, vel alveus porcorum.
- (1442-3) *CLRO MS Mayor's Courtfile 3, 167 m 2 : j taptrogh de plumbo.
- a1450 Diseases Women(2) (Sln 2463)152 : Take þat þat lyeth in þe smethys trowgh vnder his gryndyng stone & drie it and make pouder of hit and medle hit with vynegre.
- (a1451) Will York in Sur.Soc.45101 : j mortarium de petra, vocatum j stantroghe.
- (1452-3) Will York in Sur.Soc.45139 : j moledryngtroght.
- a1475(a1450) Tourn.Tott.(Hrl 5396)124 : In myn armys i bere wele A doȝ trogh and a pele.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)70a : A Knedynge trowe [Monson: trothe]: magis, pinsa.
2.
(a) A channel, pipe, conduit, etc. for conveying water; also, the channel or bed of a river [quot. a1382, 2nd]; water ~; ~ ston, ?a stone serving as a gutter or spout; (b) joined to troughes, of hair: ?bound up so as to form plaits, waves, or ringlets.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.30.38 : He putt hem in þe water trouȝes [L in canalibus] where þe water was hald out þat whann þe flockez wern co[m]men to drynken.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Josh.3.15 : Iordan forsoþe folfullede þe brynkys of his trouȝ [L ripas alvei sui] in tyme of herfust.
- (a1398) Trev.Barth.(Add 27944:Seymour)1018/8 : Trowis and condytes ymade of pyne tree and yleyd deepe vnder erthe dureþ many ȝeres.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)9.164 : The water may be led by weyes thre: In chanel[e]s, or conditis of leed, Or ellis in trowis ymaad of tre.
- (1470-71) Acc.R.Dur.in Sur.Soc.103643 : Pro nova factura unius le Troughstane pro Aqueductu in gardino.
b
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)SSol.7.5 : The heeres of thin heed ben as the kyngis purpur, ioyned to trowȝis [WB(1): ioyned to water pipes; L vincta canalibus].
3.
A flat-bottomed vessel for transporting goods, a barge; also, a small light boat or canoe; ~ man, an operator or a crewman of a barge; fishing ~.
Associated quotations
- (1411) RParl.3.665b : [Certeins persones de les parties de Beaudeley..aiantz grosses bateux appellez] Trowes [eux confederantz..pur lour singuler profit que null homme n'aueroit ascune passage..en le dit Ryver].
- (1429) RParl.4.345b : The saide trespassours come to the saide Rever..and there dispoilled viii trowes..and the men of the same trowes cast over the borde..and maneshud the owners of the saide goodes, and the saide trowmen, that they sholde not be so hardy to carye no maner of vitaille by the seide streme up ne doune.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)10218 : Arthur byseged alle þe loughes, & gadered botes, chalans, & trowes.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)101/23 : Þey hadde also wiþ hem scaphus, litel botus, as it were fysschinge trowes, ymade holow of on tre [L Scafas..de singulis trabibus excauatas]..þat when þey come to ryueres..þat hadde no brugges..þey frette þilke bootys togidre and nayled ouerþwart hem brode bordes and longe, and þereon þey caryed ouer þe wateres þe oost wiþ al her cariage.
- a1450(1408) Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)121/1-4 : Oþer riueres and wateres þere beþ þat mowe noȝt ben ouerpassed bot wiþ bootes, trowes, and brugges ymade of liȝt tymber.
- (1464) RParl.5.569b : Afore this tyme there hath be common and free passage uppon your Water of Severne..with Trowes, Botes, Cobles, and Shutes.
4.
Glossing L falon, of uncertain sense [this may represent another word].
Associated quotations
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)26b/b : Falon: a trouȝt [Hrl 1738: a trow; St-J: trouth; Add 33534: a crok; Cnt: lignum].
5.
In surname and place names [see Smith PNElem.2.187-8].
Associated quotations
- (c1190) in Ekwall Dict.EPN457 : Trocford.
- (c1200) EPNSoc.5 (North Riding Yks.)132 : Troch.
- (1207) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames355 : Roger de Trow.
- (1222) in Reaney Dict.Br.Surnames355 : Jacobus de Trowe.
- (1267-8) EPNSoc.46 (Ches.)261 : Pons de Trofford.
- (1282) in Smith PNElem.2.187 : On Trohhrycg.
- (1288) in Ekwall Dict.EPN457 : Wimbaldesthrofford.
- (1290) in Ekwall Dict.EPN457 : Great Trogthforde.
- (1296) in Ekwall Dict.EPN457 : Trochdene.
- (1331) EPNSoc.20 (Cum.)235 : Le Trough heued.
- (1343) EPNSoc.35 (West Riding Yks.)212 : Trogh.
- (1391) EPNSoc.46 (Ches.)261 : [The bridge at] Troghford.
- (1432) EPNSoc.21 (Cum.)358 : Nicholl off Troghton.
- (1454) EPNSoc.46 (Ches.)261 : Pons de Troghford-Magna.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- (1445) MSS Beverley in HMC130 : iij pikkis et j veterem pik fractum, j rastrum cum viij dentibus ferri, j gavelote ferri, et iij schovyls, j beryngbarow, ij trowys ligata, j colrake ferri, ij whelebarows, et j veterem schovyl.
Note: Presumably a shallow vessel for carrying stone, etc., i.e. sense 1.(a), though the qualifying 'ligata' may suggest rather a basket-like vessel like the modern 'trug.'
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. trough.