Middle English Dictionary Entry
spirit n.
Entry Info
Forms | spirit n. Also spirit(t)e, spirid, spiright, spiriȝt(e, spirith, spiritus, spirīt, spiret(e, spired, spiriet, spirut, spirrit, spirt(e, spirthe & sperit(e, sperith, speret(e & (errors) sipirit, spriryte; pl. spirites, etc. & spiritus, spirettes & (errors) spirititis, spitys. |
Etymology | From L spīritus & OF esperit, esperite, esperith, espirit, AF espereit, espirith, spirit & OF espirt. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. espirit n. & sprit n.
1.
(a) Life, the principle of life; vital breath, a vital breath; also, the principle of animation, soul; also, a giver of life [quot. a1425(a1400)]; ~ of lif (quiknesse); (b) a living, rational creature; also with allusion to 2c.(a) [quot. c1390].
Associated quotations
a
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)203 : God..blew ðor-in a liues blast..A spirit ful of wit and sckil.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.104 : Vnto þe ymage of þe beeste he ȝaf a spiryt & made hym to speken.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Ezek.1.20 : Whenn the bestis weren lift vp fro the erthe, and the wheelis weren lyft vp togidir..forsothe the spirit of lyf was in the whelis.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Mac.7.22 : Sonys..Y haue ȝouen to ȝou spirit and soule and lijf.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)152a/ a : This watir..ȝiffeþ Spirit and breeth [L dat spiraculum] to fisshe as þe aier ȝeueþ to other bestes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)258b/b : Al þat is comprehended of fleissh and of spiryte of lif, and so of body and of soule, is y-cleped animal.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)4638 : 'Ne may Ich lenger libbe'..And wiþ þat word þe spirit out went.
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)1 Cor.15.45 : Þe firste man is maad in to a soule lyfande..But þe laste Adam is maad in to a spyrite quykynd [L viuificantem].
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)87/26 : Sarazines..seyn wel þat god hath..a spirit..for ell þei seyn he were not on lyue.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)26 : Drede I have for to dye..hevynesse Hath sleyn my spirit of quyknesse.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)137/34 : God..rypyth þe frutys of treis, and þe spyrytis alle of lyuyng thyngis be qwekynnyd.
- a1500 Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149)74 : Fadyr, yn thyn honde y comende my spyryte; and so ȝelde vp hys soule.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.150.6 : Preise ȝee þe lord..eche spirit preise þe lord.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)1 John 4.2,3 : Ech spirit that knowlechith Crist..is of God, and ech spirit that..fordoith Jhesu is not of God.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.783 : Donegild..to the feend I thee resigne..Fy, mannyssh, fy! o, nay, by god, I lye! Fy feendlich spirit [vr. serpent]!
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)254 : The holy goste..enspyres alle sperites..to come to that blysse.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)959 : The Amacite..wythstandeth the myght of fyre: So good a syght no spyryt cowde desyre.
- a1500 Mirk Fest.Revis.(Hrl 2247)74/36 : Beforn hym..shall stonde all þe hole company of heuenly spirites -- patriarkes, prophetes..and all seyntes and aungelles.
2a.
An immaterial substance; also, an immaterial state [quot.Cloud103/2].
Associated quotations
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 4.24 : God is a spirit.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)11a/a : Among þe hebrewes god is I-nempned..þe hiȝe spirit, for god is a spirit.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)20a/a : A soule is a spirit intellectual.
- c1400(?a1384) Wycl.Eucharist(1) (Bod 647)502 : Hit is heresye to trowe þat Crist is a spiryt and no body.
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)78/16 : Þe soule is a spirit & drediþ spiritual peynes, but it wole not drede þe peynes of þe fleische.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)3022 : Þe saul..es noght elles bot a spirit..For it es swa sutil þat aftir þe dede It may occupy na stede.
- a1425(?a1400) Cloud (Hrl 674)102/18,103/2 : Þe deuil is a spirit & of his owne kynde he haþ no body..when he apereþ in body, he fygureþ in som qualite of his body what his seruauntes ben in spirit.
- a1425(?a1400) Dionysius HDivinity (Hrl 674)10/7-8 : God..haþ no vertewe..ne he is..wisdom, ne on..ne he is spirit after þat we vnderstonde spirit..we mowe neiþer..on any vnderstondable maner afferme him ne denie him.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.pr.2.26 : In the sovereynes devynes substaunces, that is to seyn, in spiritz, jugement is more cleer.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.95 : Qhy been aungelys peyntyd in lyknesse of ȝonge meen, sythyn þey been but spyritys..Þer may noo peyntour peyntyn a spyryth in his kende.
2b.
(a) The divine substance, divine mind, God; also, Christ; also, the divine nature of Christ; ~ of god, the mind of God; also, Christ; ~ of jesu; (b) the Holy Ghost; ~ of sothnesse (treuth); holi ~; seinte ~, the Holy Ghost; also as ship name; (c) divine power, divine influence; also, the extension of divine power to man; inspiration; ~ of god (the lord).
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.1.7 : Þe spirit of þe lord fulfilde þe roundnesse of londis.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.2.11 : What thingis ben of God, no man knowith, no but the spirit of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.2.14 : A beestli man perseyueth not tho thingis that ben of the spirit of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Tim.3.16 : That that is schewid in fleisch is iustified in spirit, it apperide to aungels..it is takyn vp in glorie.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 16.7 : Thei temptiden for to go into Bithinie, and the spirit of Jhesu suffride not hem.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2363 : The hyhe god of his spirit Yaf to..men..Upon the forme and the matiere Of that he wolde make hem wise.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gal.4.6 : God sente his spirit [WB(1): the spirit of his sone; L Spiritum filii sui] in to ȝoure hertis criynge 'Abba, fadir.'
- a1425(?a1400) Benj.Minor (Hrl 674)42/17 : I wolde a man lered hym to knowe þe vnseable þinges of his owne spirit er he presume to knowe þe vnseable þinges of þe spirit of God.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)88/5 : Sarazines..seyn..þat..Ihesu crist was the woord & the spirit of god.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)76/11,17 : Crist..seyd..'I xal ordeyn for þe'..þis creatur..answeryd..in hir mende, 'Ȝyf þu be þe spiryt of God..I xal obey'..'Go forth..I am þe spirit of God.'
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)108b : Þer came a voys at hit were a thondre, and a spirit [vr. spirthe; *Nicod.(3): þe spirit of almiȝti Ihesus] cryed and seyde, [etc.].
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 1.32 : I siȝ the spirit comynge doun as a culuere fro heuene.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 15.26 : I schal sende to ȝou..a spirit of treuthe, the whiche procedith..of the fadir.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)12.104 : Al-þough men made bokes, god was þe maistre And seynt spirit þe saumplarye.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)12.154 : Austin..ous seide..That he seih þe syre and þe sone and seynte spirit togederes.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (Bod 416)151/9,10 : I schal preie my Fadur, and anoþer Spirit he schal ȝeue to ȝou..þe Spirit of soþnes.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)2/4 : Þat erin hauis, herkins wat þe haly spirt sais in haly writ.
- a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.2 Cor.(NC 67)3.6 : The lettre, without the spirit, sleeth..the spirit quykenith, for he makith to vnderstonde goostly.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)85/2 : Þe world was repreuyd whanne I sente myn holy spiriet up þe apostlis.
- (1438) Let.Bk.Lond.K (Gldh LetBk K)217 : [A ship called] Seint Spiright [of Bayonne].
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)432 : Ihesu cryst..was conceyuede of þe holy spyryt.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)5714 : He hadde..On his crest a douve whyte, Sygnificacyoun off þe Holy Speryte.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)580 : Thow clepyst them aryght..The fadyr full of myght; The son, of wyt; the spyryt, of goodnes.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.61.1 : Þe spirit of þe lord vp on me, for þat enoyntede me þe lord.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.8.14 : Who euere ben lad by the spirit of God, thes ben the sones of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.7.40 : I wene that, and I haue the Spirit of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.3.3 : Ȝe ben the pistle of Crist..writun not with enke, but by the spirit of quyk God.
- a1400 Cursor (Göt Theol 107)7106 : Sampson slou þat leon kene; þe spirit of godd in him was sene.
- a1450 Aelred Inst.(2) (Bod 423)5/180 : Vpon whom shal my spirit reste but vpon the..contrite of spirit.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.9.6a : Al þis is wrouȝht of þe spirit of oure lord in a mannis sowle.
- ?a1475 Com.Proph.M.(PennSt-U PS V-3)63 : Merlyn seid..þat..Patryk..had no power for to speke..he supposid ther was sum better man..þan he..wherfor he had no spirit to spek.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apost.(Dub 245)432 : It may not be þat ȝif man fayle not to God, þat þe spirit of God fayle hym.
2c.
(a) An immaterial creature; an angel, a demon; Satan [quot. ?a1440]; also, the substance of an immaterial creature [quot. c1384, 2nd]; ~ of derknesse (wrong), Satan; (b) a supernatural, incorporeal creature; also, a pagan deity [1st quot.]; (c) a familiar spirit, one who prompts or protects an individual; also, an oracle; (d) an incarnate demon; an apparition, a ghost; a fabulous creature; (e) evil influence; a demonic influence; the manifestation of malign power.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.198 : Þe lorde god of spirites sent his aungel to þe prophetes.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.8.16 : Thei brouȝte to hym many hauynge deuelys, and he castide out spiritis by word.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.16.13,14 : I siȝe thre vncleene spirites in to manere of Froggis..thei ben spirites of deuelis, makinge signes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.2648 : God..seide..'In what thing mai I..beguile..Achab?'..Tho seide a spirit..'I undertake this emprise.'
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)12a/b : Spiritis þat beþ also I-clepid intelligencie beþ ful of schappis and liknes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78b/a : Suche inpressioun..[is] I-maad..somtyme by..scorn and gileful [read: gile of] Iuel spirititis [read: spiritis], as it fareþ in fantastik & fals prophetis.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)170 : Iesu..Was temptide with þe spirit of wronge.
- a1425 MChristi (Arun 286)59/1380 : Trewly þei us kepe, þat noo wicked spired do us no harme.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.103 : Whethir that destyne be exercised..by some devyne spiritz [Walton Bo.vr. sipirit], servantz to the devyne purveaunce, or elles by som soule, [etc.].
- ?a1440 Chaucer CT.ML.(Paris angl.39)B.782 : Spiryte [Heng: to the feend I thee resigne].
- c1450 *Nicod.(3) (Eg 2658)17a : Helle spak to þe yuele spiritis þat were aboute hym.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)1700 : Ther was depeyntyd..Of Lucifer..And of the spyrytis whyche han wyth hym fell.
- c1485 Assump.Virg.(1) (Hrl 2382)125/409 : Alle the spirettes that meten with the, buxom to the shall they be.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.95 : Þey been clepyd administratorii spiritus..þat is to seye, spyritys of seruyse.
- a1500(?c1425) Spec.Sacer.(Add 36791)186/14 : What tyme that I was sent to the crosse..the spirit of dirkenes come to me.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)2123 : Seraphyn..ben suche of dignite Þat noon oþer spirit þer nis Bitwene hem and God.
b
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.23 : Maistresse of þilke welles is þe grete spirit of Minerua.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)207b/ b : Idachites is a precious stoon..and haþ anoþer stone wiþinne him and sowneþ by tynglyng þerof, þough wise men mene þat þat tynglynge is nouȝt þe Inner stone but som spirit þat is wiþinne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.3589 : What gost or spirit..haþ mevid þe..Oute of þin house?
- a1425(?a1350) Nicod.(1) (Glb E.9)943 : When þe prophet Elias up unto heuyn was tane..men..said..sum spirit..him rauist into þe mountes allane.
- ?a1425(a1400) Brut-1377 (Corp-C 174)295/32 : Thundres & lightnyngez fil to hym..þe whiche..was done & areysed þoruȝ evel spirites made by sorcery and Nigromancye.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)106/8 : The dyamand..kepeth him fro..euyll sweuenes, from..enchauntementes & from fantasyes & illusiouns of wykked spirites.
- a1456(a1402) *Trev.Nicod.(Add 16165)103b : Þe sones of prophetes sayde..sende we men aboute þe hulles of Israell lest a spirit haue vanysshed Ihesus.
- a1500 Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149)88 : Nychodemus..seyde..'yt myght be that som spyryte hath rauyssched God.'
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)39/28 : How..han men to-forn this tyme trusted in..chauntements, and in helpes of spirites that dwellen in the ayre.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)1 Kings 28.7 : Þer is a womman hauynge a deuynynge spirit [L pythonem] in Endor.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.279 : Socrates..was alway tendaunt to a spirit [L cuidam divino] þat was i-cleped demon.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.2098 : Eche of hem hadde a spirit The which..hem be sondri dremes lereth.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)538 : Edippus..gan ryde..To a temple..Of Appollo..with-In a spirit ful vnclene Be fraude..Answere gaf to euery questioun.
- (1445) ?Bokenham Claudian CS (Add 11814)277/235 : Thise goddis..yive warnyng..by spirites in slepe.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)19/13 : Euery man hath two spiritis folowyng him; that on drawith him to yville.
- c1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Tbr A.7)18594-7 : I conyecte..That spiritis scholde obeye to me, By my invocacyouns To answere to my questyouns Swyche sperytis as I kalle.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)143/34,36 : Hermogenes seyth that there byth two Spiritis abowte the..This Spyritte that al thy workys Seyth..showyth ham to god.
- a1500 Wars Alex.(Dub 213)2178 : Alexander..passyd to þe temple..to adoure..alde goddez, To offre in þat oratory..And of som sperete to spire how he spede suld.
d
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 24.37,39 : Thei..gessiden hem to se a spirit..he seide..Feele ȝe, and se ȝe; for a spirit hath not fleisch and boonys.
- ?1435 Lond.Chron.Jul.(Jul B.2)3 : Fyrye Dragons and Wykked Spyrites weren many seyn, merveyllously ffleynge in the eyre.
- c1440(a1400) Awntyrs Arth.(Thrn)101 : At this gaste..greue ȝowe no more. I salle speke with ȝone spyrete.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)8072 : Swylk manere of spyrites Bytwyxte þe mone & þe erþe..wone..Som what tak þey of mannes kynde & mengyt wyþ angles.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)8087 : Þise spyrites do women schame; Incuby, demones, ys cald þer name, ffendes-in-bedde, as our bokes sayn.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)1465 : On my mody[r] me engendred the enemy..Sweche Spirites as they be ben j-cleped equibedes.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)17/31 : Þis man..herde þis spirit, þat he wende hadde ben a pilgrym, speke yuel of þat good man.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)449/35,37 : Itt is a sperite..Þat dose vs tene; A sperite it is..All þus appered here to oure sight.
- ?a1450 MLChrist (Add 39996)3603 : Þe apostles..trowed þat he were Iesu Crist quykened agayn Or elles but a spirit vayn.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)190 : Hir gost Bad hym to flee..When hir spirit gan appere, The wordes that she to hym seyde, [etc.].
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)82/14 : Þis childe saw wykkid spirittis com..& said þat ill men come vnto hym.
e
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 13.11 : A womman..hadde a spirit of sykenesse.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)180/5 : Sum shewen profecie in þe spirit of þe deuel, as þo men and wymmen þat bien clepid dyuinours or sooþseiers.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)13/7 : A holie abbatis..was..vexid..with þe syn of fornycacion..on a tyme þe spiritt of fornycacion apperid vnto hur bodelie.
2d.
(a) The immaterial component of a corporeal creature, the human soul; also in fig. context; (b) the soul in a state of temporary separation from the body; -- also pl.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)92/22 : Þe spirit of man is þe zaule and ys þe nobleste þing..þet may by.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Heb.12.9 : We hadden fadris of oure fleisch..and we..dreden hem. Wher not moche more we schulen obeische to the fadir of spiritis?
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)19b/b : A Soule is an vnbodili substaunce intellectual þat fongiþ schinynge..for mannes spirit fongiþ þe schinynge of god.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)11/1 : 'Mi siknesse is incurable'..'Þanne glad be þi spiriȝt: his presoun is ruynouȝs; he schal þe sunnere be deliuerid.'
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)7/30 : Our spirit, made of God to his likenes, is made of thinges moost noble aftir the angelis.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)90/30 : Þe spirit, þat is a mannes soule or a wommanes, is..þe heiȝste creature þat may be.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)192/36 : Þe interpretacion of hys word is þe spiryte þer-of, þe dystyncciounys be as a bodi, þe wryting is þe clothyng.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)150.5 : Ilke a spirit sall loue the lord..ilke a spirit, aungels and mannys, louys the lord..he biddys noght fleyss and blode..loue god, bot..the gaste.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)4.30.73a : The fadir..makith a..creature of the same natur þat is a..aungill and..conioynyth it to þat..soule sensitife So þat than thei..be vearili one..And this soule is propirly called the spirite.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Eccl.3.21 : Who knew if þe spirit of þe sones of adam steȝe vp aboue & if þe spirit of bestis go doun byneþe?
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Bar.3.1 : Þe soule in anguysshis & þe spirit tormentid crieþ to þee.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2809 : His spirit chaunged [vr. spiritis changith] hous and wente ther..I kan nat tellen wher..Of soules fynde I nat in this registre.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)15.36 : Whan I flye fro þe flesshe..Þanne am I spirit [vr. a spirit] specheles.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)56/1283 : What..liȝt is..abide of þe blessede spirites þat now resteþ in Abrahames bosum..þey abideþ..alwhat..at þe day of þe laste resurrexioun..þey beþ cloþed in..ioye of body and soule to-gydere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.5750 : Priam..Ordeyned..prestis..for to preie Þat þe goddis his spirit list conveie..with hem to dwelle.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)121 : Þe Badde Aungyl..Cleymyth þat..Mans sowle schuld ben hys..Þe Good Aungyl seyth nay, þe spyryt schal to blys.
- a1475 VPhilibert (Brog 2.1)p.30 : My sole..Was dampnyd..Sone after the sperit..Begane to crye.
- a1500(c1400) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)335 : To soper my soule is sette at þe table..spakly sprent my spyrit wyt vnsparid murthe Into þe cenacle..þer soupen alle trew.
3a.
(a) The mind, intellect, reason; also, something in the mind, a thought [1st & last quots.]; ~ of god, an idea in the mind of God; (b) pl. mental faculties, senses.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.3 : Þe gost aliȝtteþ þe vnderstondyng of þe soules & dooþ hem seen on niȝttes þe spirites & þe priuetes of god.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.2.10 : The spirit sekith alle thingis, ȝhe, the deepe thingis of God.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Thes.5.23 : God..make ȝou hooly..that ȝoure spirit be kept hool and soule and body.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.824 : The seconde spece of glotonye is that the spirit of a man wexeth al trouble, for dronkenesse bireueth hym the discrecioun of his wit.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.727 : I sleep neuere on the mount of Parnaso..Colours of rethoryk ben to queynte: My spirit feeleth nat of swich matere.
- a1425(?a1400) Benj.Minor (Hrl 674)42/16 : I wolde a man lered hym to knowe þe vnseable þinges of his owne spirit er he presume to knowe þe vnseable þinges of þe spirit of God.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)262 : Thow begynnyst dote As olde foles, whan here spiryt fayleth.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.4.65 : These ben observaunces of judicial matere..in whiche my spirit hath no feith, ne knowing of her horoscopum.
- a1456 Marmaduke SSecr.(Ashm 59)205/35 : Certes þat were thinge þat vnneþe any mortal spirit shoulde vnderstonde.
- a1500(a1450) Parton.(1) (Add 35288)10678 : She stonte in doute, and þus her spirites bene, As I suppose, in grete troublenesse.
b
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)448/18 : He fell down in swownyng..when he come vnto his spyrittis agayn he went furth.
3b.
(a) That part of the mind that receives images of things not experienced, the imagination [= imaginacioun n. 1.(c)]; also, a state conducive to the reception of visions, a trancelike state; (b) the imagination in a mystic state of separation from the body; (c) the memory.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Apoc.21.10 : He toke me up in spirit..and..shewide to me the holy citee Jerusalem.
- (c1384) WBible(1) Prols.Rom.(NYPubLib 67)4.300 : Colocensis..no nede shulden han that thei shulden be seen fleshli of the apostil..to hem..he seith..'theyȝ I be absent in bodi, but in spirit [Col.2.5: by spirit; Paul.Epist.: þurgh spirit] I am with ȝou.'
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.126 : This tree saugh the prophete Daniel in spirit vp on the auysioun of Nabugodonosor.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2590 : As I sih in my spirit, Me thoghte..Polixena, whom Pirrus slowh, Was there.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1677 : A frere rauysshed was to helle In spirit ones by a visioun.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78a/b : In slepinge þe spirit seeþ þe ymage of þinges.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) Prol.Apoc.(1) (Roy 1.C.8)4.639 : Sum visioun is..spiritual or ymaginarie..Anothir visioun is of vndirstonding..as Joon sauȝ..For not oneli he sauȝ in spirit the figuris, but also he vndirstode in thouȝt the thingis that weren signyfied bi hem.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)61/3 : Paule..nowþer ete..ne sawe na sight with his bodily eghen, bot in spirit he was rauischt intill heuen, whare he sawe heuenly priuetez.
- c1440(a1401) Life Bridlington in NM 71 (Yale 331)p.145 : He to God wald pray gastly..And oft vanysshed in his spirite.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)170/15,18 : Balthasar in þe first vision sai an hand writyng..an image of suche a bodili þing was impressid to his spirit, and whanne þe vision was doon..He say wel in spirit bi imagynacion al þat he sai bifore bodili.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)171/8 : Aftir..petyr..had gadred aȝen to hym his bodili wittis, þe same þat he had bifore in spirit, he say aftir in þe same spirit bi þouȝt and ymagynacion.
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1702 : Whan he looked hadde his fille..His spirit god restored..Vnto his body agayn.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)1377 : Hys spyryt was take to see a cas..hys frendys..wende þat he hadde be dede bodely, But sone..Þe body quaked.
- c1400(?c1380) Pearl (Nero A.10)61 : Fro spot my spyryt þer sprang in space; My body on balke þer bod in sweuen.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)199/16 : A man of religion was ravisshid in his spiritt and he saw [a man] in hell.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)451/6 : He was ravisshid his spyrid fro his body vnto Pasch day.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)127 : Thus brought on slepe, my spyryte forth gan passe, And brought I was..In wildernes.
c
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)22.234 : This Owhtest thow to have In knowenge And holych In thy sperit Remembringe.
3c.
(a) The part of the mind that receives and discloses divine revelation; the seat of the charismatic powers; also, a charismatic state; (b) a charismatic power, esp. of prophecy; ~ of prophecie; (c) a prophet; ~ of errour, a false prophet.
Associated quotations
a
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.22.43 : Dauith in spirit clepith hym Lord.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.14.2,14 : He that spekith in tunge spekith not to men but to God..the spirit spekith mysteries..if I preye in tunge, my spirit preieth; forsoth my mynde..is withoute fruyte.
- a1425(a1400) Paul.Epist.(Corp-C 32)1 Cor.14.4 : He þat spekys with tunge, þat is he þat spekys in spyrite, hymself he edefyes.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)6/10-12 : Sche was warnyd in hyr spyrit þat sche xuld not wryte so sone, And many ȝerys aftyr sche was bodyn in hyr spyrit for to wrytyn.
- a1500 Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)48/2 : O holy prophete Dauid, thou sawest wele this abusion byfore in spirite.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 16.16 : Sum wenche hauynge a spirit of dyuynacioun..ȝaf greet wynnyng to hir lordis in dyuynyng.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.165 : By a spirit of prophecie..þey telleþ what me doþ in fer contrayes.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1607 : Alle þat he spured hym in space he expowned clene Þurȝ þe sped of þe spyryt þat sprad hym wythinne.
- a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.Deeds (NC 67)21.4 : These disciplis hadden bi the spirit of profecie that if Poule stiȝide to Jerusalem, he schulde suffre persecuscioun..wherfore thei..counceileden bi her owne spirit that he schulde not stiȝe thider.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.679 : Cirra the goddesse..Hadde grauntid hym..Duryng his lyff a sperit off prophecie.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)180/7 : Þo men and wymmen þat bien clepid dyuinours or sooþseiers..sein sooþ bi her spirites and sumtyme fals.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)160/20 : Helise þe prophete had yivin to him of god a doble spirit, on of þe prophesie and a noþer of meracles.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)57/3 : I..Isaye..sey pleynly be spyryte of prophecie þat a clene mayde..Shall bere a childe.
- a1500 Leg.Cross BC(1) (Wor F.172)216 : Moises..with a spirite of prophecie cried..'thiese iii roddis shewen the Holy Trynite.'
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Tim.4.1 : Summe schulen departe fro the feith, ȝyuynge tent to spiritis of errour and to techingis of deuels.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)1 John 4.1 : Nyle ȝe bileue to eche spirit, but proue ȝe spiritis [WB(2) vr. the spiritis; Wycl.Pseudo-F.311: priuee men], if thei ben of God, for many false prophetes wenten out in to the world.
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.cxxii : In þe last daye shal many fallen from þe feiþ, takying hede to spiritis of errour & doctrine of deuelis..suche false apostlis ben wicked wirchers transfigurid slyly into Cristis apostlis.
4a.
(a) Character, disposition; way of thinking and feeling, state of mind; poverte (povrenesse) of ~, humility, meekness; povre in (of) ~, humble, unassuming; also, humble people [quots. c1384 Mat.5.3 & a1500]; (b) a particular state or frame of mind; (c) a quality of mind; a particular mental quality, esp. courage.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131/24 : Huanne he..onderstant þet he ne is naȝt worþ..þanne beginþ he uor to byenne poure of spirit.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Dan.5.20 : Whan his [Nebuchadnezzar's] herte was reyside vp, and his spirit stablid to pride, he was putt doun of the seete of his rewme.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Hab.1.11 : He shal haue victorie of kyngis..Thanne the spirit of hym shal be chaungid.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.5.3 : Blessid be the pore in spirit [WB(2): pore men in spirit].
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1633 : Thanne, he seyde, his spirit [vr. spirte] was at ese; 'Thanne is,' quod he, 'no thyng may me displese.'
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)41/5 : A meke spiriȝt þat is holili trubled..sendith vp to heuene a swete smellynge offryng.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)110/18 : Qwhat is pouert of spirit bot mekenes of mynde?
- (1440) Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)114 : Amongis grete men he was ful wel itawt; Amongis þe mene, meke of spirith & goost.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)37/18 : Þou art festened to God in oon wille & oon spirit.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Horns (LdMisc 683)63 : This rose of Iericho..Pore in spirit, parfit in pacyence, In whom alle hornes of pride wer put away.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)141/33 : O þou most blesful grace, þat þe poure in spirit makist riche in vertu..descende unto me!
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)264 : Who is goer byforne, first schal he seruen..in pouernesse of spyrit is spedfullest hele.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Gal.6.1 : Ȝe that ben spiritual, teche siche a maner man in spirit of softnesse, or mekenesse.
- a1450 Aelred Inst.(2) (Bod 423)5/168 : Hou shamfast shuld she be..forto speke with a spiryt of ire.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)741 : 'What thow wylt, I wyll'..Quod that good son wyth spyryt diligent.
- a1500 Now god þat syttyst (Cmb Ff.1.6)p.242 : Vengeaunce and wrathe..Wyth an unstedefast speryte of indyscrecioun, Been the cause that men may not yn eese be.
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Josh.5.1 : Þe herte of hem ys vnboundyn & þer abood not in hem spirit, of hem dredynge þe entre of þe sonys of Irael.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.943 : Right as god spirit of vigour [vr. spiret and vigor] sente To hem..So sente he myght and vigour to Custaunce.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)50/1004 : O blessyde Marie, what herte haddest þu, what spirit, what strenkþe whanne þu vylle adoun..to-fore Crist.
- c1400 Bk.Mother (LdMisc 210)9/1 : Þe seuenþe is a spriryte [read: spiryte] of wisdome þat meueþ a man euere to chese and charge more heuenly þynges þan erthly.
- ?1435(1432) Lydg.Hen.VI Entry (Jul B.2)182,185 : God the ffulfille with intelligence And with a spyryt [vr. spyrut] off goostly sapience; God sende also..A spyrit off strenth and off goode counsaylle, Off konnyng, drede, pite, and lownesse.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)25 : Þe soule is knowe bi þe spirit of discrecioun how it schal rule and gouerne þe loue þat it haþ in Crist.
- (c1450) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35304 : We..thanke yowr heynesse..Recommending us wt lowly spiryts into the gracyous continuaunce of youre rygth heyh..ladishippe.
- c1475 Court Sap.(Trin-C R.3.21)586 : A Spyryt ys a name of crewelte, Of hyght and pryde.
4b.
(a) The seat of human emotions; (b) an emotion; also, a particular emotion.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.142.4 : My spirit is anguysht vp on me; in me is desturbid my herte.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Luke 1.47 : My soule magnyfieth the Lord, and my spirit hath gladid in God.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2765 : Nat may the woful spirit [vr. speret] in myn herte Declare o point of alle my sorwes smerte To yow, my lady.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1620 : The pure spirit wepeth in myn herte To se yow wepen that I love most.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)351/45 : While þou singest so sweetly, þe spirit þat suffrith sorowe is liȝtenyd.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)72/32 : A-noþer þing..stood nyher his hert, þe grete besinesse in spirith, for..þe soules whech he had gadered.
- a1500 Hisp.SSecr.(Rwl C.83)4/11,12 : Gladnes of spiritte is cause of a continuaunce in helth like as heuynes of spiritte and sorow inducith sikenes.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Judg.8.3 : Whan he hadde spokyn, þe spirit of hem took reste.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1369 : Thanne wolde he wepe..So feble eek were his spiritz [vr. spitys] and so lowe And chaunged so that no man koude knowe His speche.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.3137 : No spirit, bot of malice..upon a vice Is tempted..Envie..of malice hath his steringe.
- c1400 Wycl.DSins (Bod 647)135 : Þre harmes fallen of ire..movyng of spiritis lettis oft men to herberow þo Holy Gost, þat lufs reste in soule.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4349 : Eche wiseman..Schulde..Be manly force rathest þer compesse Þe sperit of Ire and malencolie.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1212 : The wikked spirit [vr. spiriȝte]..Which that men clepeth the woode jalousie, Gan in hym crepe.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)99/24 : Wyth swech maner of dalyawns he hily comfortyd hir spiritys.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)352/1 : Thy heuenly melody dryueþ aweye..þe spirite of sorowe þat disesith the mynde.
- ?a1475 Banester Guiscardo (Add 12524)284 : The..consyderacioune That he sulde dishonoure hys doghter..cawsith hym..Humble hys hIre [read: ire] and hys spirittys to attame.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)148/22 : Þe appetyte and þe wylle and þe spyrytis be confortyd and delytid in þe consyderacion and þe beholdyng of fresch aray.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)733/25 : When sche sawe his blody schyrte, all þe spyrites of hir body where sterede.
4c.
(a) The source of human desire, the will; fredom of ~, freedom of choice; povre in (of) ~, undemanding; (b) an urge, impulse, a desire; ~ of blasfeminge, an urge to blaspheme; ~ of fornicacioun (lecherie, unclennesse), an immoral urge, lust; ~ of slep, an urge to sleep.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)241/30 : Huo þet is poure of spirit, þet is of wylle, He ne zekþ..ne richesses.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)35/25 : As þou art pore of money, be pore of spiryȝt, & þanne haþ Crist be hight þe þe kyndom of heuene.
- a1425 HBk.GDei (Arun 507)137 : Tree thinges are nedeful til ilk man..Þe ii, þat he his werk do with a fredome of spirite in stede & in tyme als til ilk werk fallis.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)2.154 : Mannys frend comynge from þe weie is mannys spirit þat is wageringe aboute desiir of worldli þingis, But whanne þis spirit seeþ bi resoun þat þis is bisynesse..þanne it turneþ aȝen to þe man.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)92/16 : Summe..men wenen þat þei haue fredom of spirit..wherfor þei seie þei bien nat bounde to no lawes of hooli chirche.
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)140/10 : Þei seie þat þei bien poore in spirite bicause þei bien wiþoute wil or desire.
- c1460 Tree & Fruits HG (McC 132)51/19 : Oure synnes ben þe bondes where with we ben bounde. lete vs breke þees bondes, and þan mow we haue fredom of spirit.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.56 : Qhooso wele be sauyd, he muste been pore in spyryȝt and in wyl.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.29.10 : Mengd haþ þe lord to ȝou þe spirit of slep: he shal closen ȝoure eȝen.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Hos.5.4 : Effraym dide fornicacioun, Yrael is defoulid..for the spirit of fornicacioun in the mydil of hem.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)30/163 : Þe spirit of lecherie asaylede hym.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2262 : Procede nat of hede wilfully, Ne þat ne spirit ȝou meue folyly To gynne þing þat after wil ȝou schende.
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)356 : What spirit shulde move þis pope to feyne sich asoilinge boþe fro peyne and fro synne?
- a1450 Aelred Inst.(2) (Bod 423)12/450 : The spirit of vnclennes lefte him not, but trauailed him mightily.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)281/19 : Ane hermett..was tempid with þe spiritt of blasfemyng.
- c1483(?a1450) OT in Caxton Gold.Leg.(Caxton)f.73rb : The quene of Saba .., seeyng .. the mete and seruyse of hys table, the habytacles of hys seruauntes, the ordre of the mynystres, they clothyng and araye, hys botellers and offycers .. had no spyrite to answere.
5.
(a) The part of man that is responsive to divine instruction, the soul as the seat of morality; also, a spirit implanted in man through divine grace; the spirit resulting from a mystical union of Christ and the human soul; also, disposition [quot. c1440]; (b) the spiritual nature of man, as opposed to the carnal; also person. [quot. a1475]; (c) spiritual understanding; the principle of spiritual understanding, occas. identified with the Holy Ghost.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.37.7 : I shal ȝyue to hym a spirit, & he shal heren a messager.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.8.9 : If ony hath not the spirit of Crist, this is not his.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.12.11 : We ben manye..hauynge ȝiftis dyuersinge..feruent or brennynge in spirit, seruynge to the Lord, [etc.].
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.6.17 : He that cleueth to an hoore is maad oo body..Forsothe he that cleuith to God is oo spirit.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Thes.5.19 : Nyle ȝe quenche the spirit [vrr. quenche, or hyde the grace of God in ȝou; quenche the spirit or hide the grace of God in ȝou].
- c1400 Wycl.LAChurch (Dub 244)p.xxxiv : Alas, þat no good spiryt dwellid wiþ me at my comynge into Goddis Chirche!
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)63/35 : Þe Hole Gost..enspyrus euer spirite And ȝewes hem wysdam and wit.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)18/11 : The good spirite [vr. speryth] in himselfe scholde haue no vanite.
- a1450(a1396) Hilton CPerf.(Paris angl.41)24 : Crist is in þe soule and þe soule is in him..as if þei boþe weren o spirit as Seynt Poul seiþ: 'Whoso cleueþ to God, he is o spirit wiþ him.'
- a1450(a1401) Chastising GC (Bod 505)231/28 : In wirkynge the spirrit ascendys into newe vnyciouns..and the renewynge of the werke and of the vnycioun is spiritualle lyfe.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.8.5a : Hwo so by rauischyn[ge] of lof is fastnyd to god, þanne god & a sowle aren..on, nauȝt in flesch, bute in on spirit.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)9172 : Wheþer is þe soule..derk or bright?..in þe worlde is no þing so white..as is a good spirit.
b
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Gal.5.16 : The fleisch coueitith aȝen the spirit, sothli the spirit aȝens the fleisch.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Gal.6.8 : He that sowith in his fleisch..of the fleisch..schal repe corupcioun..he that sowith in spirit, of the spirit schal repe euerlastyng lyf.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.342 : The flessh..and the spirit..ben so contrarie and so stryuen that a man may nat alwey doon as he wolde.
- c1400 Aelred Inst.(1) (Vrn)10/360 : Oure flehs is..bouyd wit temptacioun many..to be þe more obedient to þe spirit.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)220/1,8 : Þe..lawe..bounde in ȝoure bodily lymes..inpugneþ aȝeins þe spirit..I haue ȝoue to hir [soul] sich a lawe contrarie to þe spirit þat sche schulde be kepte in verry mekenes.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)13/38 : Þre þingis we felen in vs þat strengþeþ oure fleisch aȝeyns þe spirit..Idilnes, glotenye, gelous kepynge & tendre ouer þe fleisch.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)11960,11962 : To the body a spyryt spak..The spyryt in the weye stood; The body..hong on a tre.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)4 : The wif that lovith not hire husbond is þi flesch þat dispisith all werkis that þe spirite lovith.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)106/4 : But a man be lifte up in spirit & delyvered from all creatures..what euere he haue, it is of litel weight.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)139/86 : This rightfulnesse..helpeth the spirit to withsitte the leude lustes of flesshly lykinge.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.3.6 : God..made vs able mynistris of the newe testament, not bi lettre but by spirit [WB(2) Gloss.: that is, the Hooly Gost], for the lettre sleith; forsoth the spirit quykeneth.
- a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.2 Cor.(NC 67)3.6 : The lettre, without the spirit, sleeth, while it..encreesith trespassing; the spirit quykenith, for he makith to vnderstonde goostly.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)327/37 : Þe first manere is fleschelye: & þat havene þei þat bene copiose and habundant in þe letterere science with-owt þe spiryte.
6.
Breath, air; -- sometimes in fig. context; also, physiol. inhaled air; -- also pl.; ~ ledere, one who draws breath; ~ ortomik, orthopnea; laste ~, the last gasp; geten spirites, to catch one's breath.
Associated quotations
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)17.18 : Þe foundement of þe worled ben y-shewed For þy blamyng & for þe inspiracioun of þe spiriȝt of þyne ire.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)32.6 : Þe heuens ben fastened þurwe þe worde of our Lord, and alle her uertue is of spiriȝt of ys mouþe.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)2 Kings 22.16 : Fro þe inbreþyng of þe spirijt of his woodnesse he sente from an heeȝ &..delyuerede me.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.2.22 : Resteþ þanne fro a man whos spirit is in hys nesetherles, for heeȝ holden is he.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Mac.7.9 : He, ordeynyd in the last spirit, saith..'the kyng of the world shal reyse..vs, dead for his lawis.'
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)48a/a : Spotel I-holde in wiþ quittir stoppiþ þe weyes of þe spiritis withinne.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)61b/b : Spirator: a spiryt leder [Hrl 2257: a blowere].
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)40b/b : Squinancie is a sikenez short and perilous..with most sharp akyng in þe spirite ortomice.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)110/38 : Inflacions..ben made of a spirit [*Ch.(1): wynde] heped togedre.
- c1450 Metham Physiog.(Gar 141)142/15,16,18 : The spyryte off lyfe, qwan yt ys qwiete..yt sygnyffyith in-ward thowghtys. Qwan the spyryte..gotht owte scharply and entryth scharpely, yt sygnyfyith inward sorw; qwan the spyryte ys greuusly soundyth, yt sygnyffyith hastynes.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)6065 : Fra he was vp ryght sett he began his spirits to gett with in a litil stounde.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)21a/b : But soþely þis spirit, or breeþ, in þe salue brayn is defied by a forþere digestioun.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)34b/a : The herte..ȝeueþ to euery membre of þe body blood, or lijf, spirit, or breeþ, and hete.
7.
(a) Chiefly phil. A rarefied medium carrying the power of animation to all parts of the body; the link between the immaterial soul and the material body; ~ of lif; (b) chiefly physiol. a tenuous fluid believed to be the source of movement and sensation; a vital fluid drawn from this; spirites of lif, vital fluids; (c) phil. & physiol. one of the forms taken by the substance in 7.(a) & (b) as modified by the body; ~ animal (animalis, of lif), the principle of the intellectual, sensitive, and motive powers (i.e., the central nervous system); ~ natural, natural ~, the principle of the nutritive powers and the emotions; ~ of gendringe, seminal ~, the principle of reproduction; ~ vital (vitalis), the principle of life or vital pneuma as the source of all other subsidiary principles (i.e., ~ animal, ~ natural, etc.); (d) the principle of physiological changes and activities; a physiological determinant of temperament and the emotions; (e) a medium carrying sensory information to and from the brain.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)26b/b : A spirit is a subtil aier substaunce þat eggiþ & excitiþ þe vertues of þe body to here..workes, oþir..a spirit is a sotil body by þe strengþe of hete I-gendrid in mannes body, ȝeuynge lif by þe veynes..to bestis..& witt by..worchinge in bodies þat haueþ soules.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27a/b : Be suche a spirit þe soule is joyned to þe body and wiþoute þe seruice of suche a spirit, þe soule vsiþ no perfit worchinge in þe body.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)162/11 : Þe blood in þe herte sutilliþ & filliþ..þe two ventriclis..& of þis clene blood þe spirit is engendrid..& it is bitwixe a mannys bodi & his soule a louely byndynge.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)172/23-4 : If þe lyuere be hurt..þanne..al þe blood þerof wole be disturblid þat is matere of þe spirit, & in þis maner þe spirit of lijf is disturblid.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)35a/a : Þe blood..is maad hoot, defied, & purified and..it passiþ to þe lift ventricle of þe herte and þere is gendrid of it a spirit þat is clerere & sutiller, clenner & briȝttere þan alle corperal or bodily þingis þat ben engendrid of þe 4 Elementis.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2377 : Bi meen of a treble spirytt The sowle of man is to his bodie knytt.
b
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)287/29,31 : Good metis..engendre..good spirits & good blood..for eueri avoidinge laskiþ miche þe spiritis, & whanne þe spiritis falliþ, þan a mannes vertues failen.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)8a/b : Calid & humid membrez be seid blode, namely materialy, spiritez [Ch.(2): þe spirit; *Ch.(3): spirite; L Spiritus] & flesh.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)70b/a : A mannes ȝerde is holowe..þat it mowe summe tyme be replete of spirite and vapour.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)124b/b : Þer ben summen þat streine so faste þat þe spirites þat ben motiue neiþer þe spirites þe whiche be vitale, þat is to seie meuynge & quyk, mowe not passen to þe member.
- ?a1450 Lanfranc (Add 12056)112/38 : Þese veynes..bryngen lyf & dywe norysschynge & cordyal spirites [Ashm: cordialle þe spiritis; L spiritum cordialem], þe whiche is in þe brayn and þere is diffyede.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)489 : Hys sorwful hert gan faste faynte, And his spirites wexen dede.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)35/7 : Þe synewes of mannys bodi..with þe spiritis rennyng in þe synewes, ben þe instrumentis of movyng.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)41/29 : Into werkis of þis lijfli regioun seruen vertues..forto make þynne sotil bodies of þe fume of blood in þe hert, whiche þynne bodies ben clepid 'spiritis,' and forto sende hem abrood into þe bodi to make strengþ and lijf.
- c1475 *Mondeville (Wel 564)169b/a : Whanne he [heart] is woundid, þe spiritis of lijf flowen fro ech membres, þoruȝ þe whiche flowynge þe pacient dieþ.
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)25b/14,16 : Flewme þat maisterith þe body, or it is rotid and withe in þe sperytes, and þan it makyth an evyll þat is clepyde Efemera continua..Outhir it is with outyn the sperytes, and þan makyth it a feuer cotidyan interpelat.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)25a/b : The wit of smellinge..knowiþ smellis..to make þis wit perfite Þe spirit animalis is nedeful as cause efficiens.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27a/a : Þe spirit vitalis..passiþ..to þe brayn..and..is so I-chaungid, it is more sotile..so þis spirit animalis is I-gendrid..þat..þe comyn witte and þe vertu ymaginatif may be I-maad perfit þanne..to make þe intellect & vndirstondinge perfite.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27a/b : Þe puls is worchinge & effect of þe spirit vitalis.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)322a/b : Eiren..beþ barayne but he be conceyued of..worchinge of þe male and y-þurled wiþ seminal spirite.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)11a/b : Bi elaboracioun of þe spirit uitale is made þe animale [vr. animale spirite].
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)55/6-8,9 : Þe..blood..made sotil and spiritual..is byqueþed..to þe brayne..in defieng it takeþ anoþer nature..and it is made animalis, i. þe spirit or blood of lyf, and to the lyuer, and it is made naturalis, i. þe naturel spirit, and to þe testicles..and it is made generatyues, i. þe spirit of gendrynge.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)35b/a : Þis spirit is instrument of alle þe vertues of þe soule..of the herte he takiþ his bigynnynge..whanne he passiþ to þe..brayn..he is maad anoþir spirit, and also he is maad in þe lyuere nutritif, and in þe genitalis generatif, and þus he is maad a spirit of euery kynde.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)55a/a : If þat he haue þe science of knowynge of vertues, þe science of spiritis schal not be hid fro him.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2383,2384,2386 : The spirite vitalle in þe herte dothe dwelle; The spirite natural..To dwel in the lyver is..fayne, But spirite animal dwellith in the brayne.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2387,2391 : As longe as these spiritis three Contynew in man..So longe the sowle..wil dwel with the bodie..when these spiritis in man may not abide, The sowle forthwith departith.
d
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.53 : Þe son beme..draweþ oute þe humours and makeþ hem schort of body..and by drawing oute of spirites makeþ hem coward of herte.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78a/a : Wakinge is..schedinge of spiritis in to þe lymes of felynge and of meuynge and doinge: þe worchinge of þe animat vertu in þe body.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)80b/a : It is good to garse þe legges byneþe þat þe humours, fumosite, & spiritis þat beþ cause of þe hede ache may be drawe fram þe heed donward.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)320/6 : Summen..streynen so faste a manys lyme þat þe spirit of meuynge..mai not come þerto.
- 1447 Bokenham Sts.(Arun 327)288 : The Margaryte..From hurt of the herte..wyl defende, And mannys spyrtys it counnfortyth souereynly.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)198 : When veynys been som-what replete, The spiritis wol stere.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)224/17 : The angry man Is wonyt to be..corageous, that Is to witte, full of hotte Spyrit.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)102/48 : The Margarite..yeveth comfort to the feling spirites in bodily persones of reson.
e
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)25a/b : Eren..somtyme..buth..I-schent..and sontyme..poudir..lettiþ þe passage of þe aier þat it may nouȝt come to þe spirit of heringe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)308a/b : White..toschedeþ the visible spirit if it is to white.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)312b/a : Odour..prented his liknesse in þe spirit of felyng.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)251/5 : Cataracta..stoppiþ þe weie of þe spirit þat it mai not come to þe poynt of þe siȝt.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)11b/b : It bihoueþ þe neruez obtic for to be perced þat þai shuld be waie of þe spirit.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)49a/b : Þe vtilite whi..nerui optici ben holowe is..for þat þe visibel spirites schulde passen frely to þe yȝen.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)39/32-3 : Þe..liknesse is..receyuyd into þe iȝe, and þilk same liknesse is aftir..receyuyd into þynne bodies clepid spiritis, and þanne þilke liknessis ben caried vp bi þo spiritis into þe comune witt.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)23a/a : Whi þese senewis of heerynge ben holow..beþ..for þe spiritis þat ben able to ben herd myȝten frely passen þoruȝ hem.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)26a/a : Þe nose..schulde..kepe þe eir which is a..mediatour to bere þe spicis of þe spirit of smellynges.
- c1484(a1475) Caritate SSecr.(Tak 38)159/8 : Thei þat may se fer and noȝt ner, þei haue a myghti and myche of þe spyrite of syghte and of vysual vertu, þe qwych is grose, moyst, and perturbate.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)74/28 : Euery..sovne is whan the aier is moved..and with hym is moved the spirituell that ben nobill..till he come..to the witte of his heryng; than þei ben deferred by the spirit vnto the vertue imagenatif.
8.
Wind, a gust of wind; also, the force impelling a wind, often identified with an angel [cp. Rev.7.1-3].
Associated quotations
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Gen.8.1 : Þe lord..brouȝte to a spyrit vpon þe erþ, and þe watris ben lassed.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.10.7 : He shal reynen vp on synneres grenes, fijr, bru[n]ston, & þe spiritis of tempestis.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ps.47.8 : In an hidous spirit þou shalt to-broose þe shipis of tharsis.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.11.21 : With oon spirit þei myȝten ben slayn.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.491 : The foure spiritz of tempest..power han tanoyen lond and see.
- a1400 Primer (StJ-C G.24)24 : Reyn and dew blesse ȝe to the lord; alle spiritis [Cmb: wyndis] of god blesse ȝe to the lord.
- a1425(c1384) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ezek.13.13 : Y shal make a spirit of tempestis for to breke out in myn indignacioun.
- ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh 10.90)179/26 : Ȝef a man be blowyn with a foul spiritus or a false blast..tak þe lewys of þis herbe, [etc.].
9.
(a) Chiefly alch. A volatile substance; a distillate [quot. a1475]; also, vapor [quot. a1398]; also, a vaporous substance [quot. a1500(1471)]; (b) alch. a substance (analogous to pure alcohol) capable of uniting the fixed and the volatile elements of the completed philosopher's stone; ~ of lif.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2464 : Thilke experience..cleped is Alconomie..With foure spiritz joynt withal Stant the substance of this matiere.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2478 : Mercurius..Is ferst of thilke fowre named Of Spiritz.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.778 : Noght helpeth vs..Ne eek oure spirites ascencioun, Ne oure matires that lyen al fix adoun.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.820,822 : I wol yow telle..The foure spirites..The firste spirit quyk siluer called is, The seconde orpyment, the thridde..Sal armonyak, and the ferthe brymstoon.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)66b/b : In hote watir is more spirit þan in coolde watir.
- a1475 Bk.Quint.(Sln 73)2/16 : Oure qui[n]ta essencia..hath iij names..brennynge watir, þe soule in þe spirit of wyn, & watir of lijf.
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1402 : Sume done Mercury fro vitriall..and other spirit fro schalys of yryne.
- a1500 Of spayn (Corp-O 226)29 : The stone perseyued shal be..whan the spirite is so refraynyd And..his body so constraynyd.
- a1500 *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1150 : Cogellacion be made in dyuersse wysse, of spirit, of bodys dyssoluyd into water clere, of salttes also.
- a1550(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Sln 1873)3058 : This hete..is hete for to sublyme All the spiritis of the myne.
b
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1227 : Thys mene eyre..oure fyer, our oyntement, oure spirit, & oure stone, In ye wyche 1 thyng wee grownd oure wysdom all.
- a1500(1471) *Ripley CAlch.(Ashm 1486)1789,1791 : Ye Rede man & ye whyȝte woman be..Spowsed with ye spirit of lyffe..Erthe & water to-gether proporcyond yt is beste..1 of ye erthe..& of ye spirit 3.
- a1500 Of spayn (Corp-O 226)8 : Take..Off the red gumme..Off..sulphur vif..draw out thy tyngture..And make a matremoyne pure Betwis the husband & his wif I-spowsid with the spirit of lif.
10.
(a) A nature, character; (b) the essential nature (of wisdom, servitude, etc.); the essential quality (of confidence); (c) a pervading influence; ~ of errour (lesinge, turngiddi), an impelling delusion.
Associated quotations
a
- a1500 *Lanfranc CP (Wel 397)28b/14 : Triacle..of his nobill..composicion..hathe a sperit..frendfull to mankynd.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.1.6 : Benyngne is þe spirit of wisdam.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.8.15 : Ȝe han not taken..the spirit of seruage in drede, but ȝe han taken the spirit of adopcioun of sones.
- c1450 WBible(2) (Bod 277)Josh.5.1 : The spirit of trist [Roy: the herte of hem was failid, and spirit dwellide not in hem dredynge the entring of the sones of Israel].
c
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Is.19.14 : Þe lord mengde in his myddil þe spirit of turnegidi.
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)292 : Þou maiȝt liȝtli be bigyled be þe spirit of errour, ffor hit is presumpcion þat a man be his oune wit schulde prese ouer-muche in to knowyng of gostli þinges.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.FCLife (Corp-C 296)189 : What cursed spirit of lesyngis stiriþ prestis to close hem in stonys or wallis for al here lif?
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1450(1438) GLeg.Catherine (GiL165) (Eg 876) 891/429 : With these wordes all her spirites were shette up so faste that she laye as dede.
Note: Additional quote, sense 3a.(b) 'pl. mental faculties, senses'.