Middle English Dictionary Entry

spirit n.
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Entry Info

Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)

Note: Cp. espirit n. & sprit n.
1.
(a) Life, the principle of life; vital breath, a vital breath; also, the principle of animation, soul; also, a giver of life [quot. a1425(a1400)]; ~ of lif (quiknesse); (b) a living, rational creature; also with allusion to 2c.(a) [quot. c1390].
2a.
An immaterial substance; also, an immaterial state [quot.Cloud103/2].
2b.
(a) The divine substance, divine mind, God; also, Christ; also, the divine nature of Christ; ~ of god, the mind of God; also, Christ; ~ of jesu; (b) the Holy Ghost; ~ of sothnesse (treuth); holi ~; seinte ~, the Holy Ghost; also as ship name; (c) divine power, divine influence; also, the extension of divine power to man; inspiration; ~ of god (the lord).
2c.
(a) An immaterial creature; an angel, a demon; Satan [quot. ?a1440]; also, the substance of an immaterial creature [quot. c1384, 2nd]; ~ of derknesse (wrong), Satan; (b) a supernatural, incorporeal creature; also, a pagan deity [1st quot.]; (c) a familiar spirit, one who prompts or protects an individual; also, an oracle; (d) an incarnate demon; an apparition, a ghost; a fabulous creature; (e) evil influence; a demonic influence; the manifestation of malign power.
2d.
(a) The immaterial component of a corporeal creature, the human soul; also in fig. context; (b) the soul in a state of temporary separation from the body; -- also pl.
3a.
(a) The mind, intellect, reason; also, something in the mind, a thought [1st & last quots.]; ~ of god, an idea in the mind of God; (b) pl. mental faculties, senses.
3b.
(a) That part of the mind that receives images of things not experienced, the imagination [= imaginacioun n. 1.(c)]; also, a state conducive to the reception of visions, a trancelike state; (b) the imagination in a mystic state of separation from the body; (c) the memory.
3c.
(a) The part of the mind that receives and discloses divine revelation; the seat of the charismatic powers; also, a charismatic state; (b) a charismatic power, esp. of prophecy; ~ of prophecie; (c) a prophet; ~ of errour, a false prophet.
4a.
(a) Character, disposition; way of thinking and feeling, state of mind; poverte (povrenesse) of ~, humility, meekness; povre in (of) ~, humble, unassuming; also, humble people [quots. c1384 Mat.5.3 & a1500]; (b) a particular state or frame of mind; (c) a quality of mind; a particular mental quality, esp. courage.
4b.
(a) The seat of human emotions; (b) an emotion; also, a particular emotion.
4c.
(a) The source of human desire, the will; fredom of ~, freedom of choice; povre in (of) ~, undemanding; (b) an urge, impulse, a desire; ~ of blasfeminge, an urge to blaspheme; ~ of fornicacioun (lecherie, unclennesse), an immoral urge, lust; ~ of slep, an urge to sleep.
5.
(a) The part of man that is responsive to divine instruction, the soul as the seat of morality; also, a spirit implanted in man through divine grace; the spirit resulting from a mystical union of Christ and the human soul; also, disposition [quot. c1440]; (b) the spiritual nature of man, as opposed to the carnal; also person. [quot. a1475]; (c) spiritual understanding; the principle of spiritual understanding, occas. identified with the Holy Ghost.
6.
Breath, air; -- sometimes in fig. context; also, physiol. inhaled air; -- also pl.; ~ ledere, one who draws breath; ~ ortomik, orthopnea; laste ~, the last gasp; geten spirites, to catch one's breath.
7.
(a) Chiefly phil. A rarefied medium carrying the power of animation to all parts of the body; the link between the immaterial soul and the material body; ~ of lif; (b) chiefly physiol. a tenuous fluid believed to be the source of movement and sensation; a vital fluid drawn from this; spirites of lif, vital fluids; (c) phil. & physiol. one of the forms taken by the substance in 7.(a) & (b) as modified by the body; ~ animal (animalis, of lif), the principle of the intellectual, sensitive, and motive powers (i.e., the central nervous system); ~ natural, natural ~, the principle of the nutritive powers and the emotions; ~ of gendringe, seminal ~, the principle of reproduction; ~ vital (vitalis), the principle of life or vital pneuma as the source of all other subsidiary principles (i.e., ~ animal, ~ natural, etc.); (d) the principle of physiological changes and activities; a physiological determinant of temperament and the emotions; (e) a medium carrying sensory information to and from the brain.
8.
Wind, a gust of wind; also, the force impelling a wind, often identified with an angel [cp. Rev.7.1-3].
9.
(a) Chiefly alch. A volatile substance; a distillate [quot. a1475]; also, vapor [quot. a1398]; also, a vaporous substance [quot. a1500(1471)]; (b) alch. a substance (analogous to pure alcohol) capable of uniting the fixed and the volatile elements of the completed philosopher's stone; ~ of lif.
10.
(a) A nature, character; (b) the essential nature (of wisdom, servitude, etc.); the essential quality (of confidence); (c) a pervading influence; ~ of errour (lesinge, turngiddi), an impelling delusion.

Supplemental Materials (draft)

  • c1450(1438) GLeg.Catherine (GiL165) (Eg 876) 891/429 : With these wordes all her spirites were shette up so faste that she laye as dede.
  • Note: Additional quote, sense 3a.(b) 'pl. mental faculties, senses'.