Middle English Dictionary Entry
sǒm adj.
Entry Info
Forms | sǒm adj. Also som(m)e, sum(e, summe, (K) zom(e & (early gen.) sumes, (early dat.) summere, summen, suman, sumum, sum(m)ere, sumre, simmere, soumme, (early acc.) somne, (early infl.) sumne, sumen & (errors) sun, sunne; pl. som, etc. & (early) suma, (dat.) sumen, suman, sumum. |
Etymology | OE sum adj. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
With sg. nouns: (a) with generalizing sense: some, some or other; some kind of; with particularizing sense: a certain; one; with diminished force (equivalent to the indef.art.): a, an; ~..~, one..another, a certain..another; ~ other [see also other pron. and adj.]; (b) ~ manere, some kind(s of; -- used with noun in apposition with manere; (c) after ~ first, after a time, after a while; at ~ char (sele, sith), on ~ tide, on a time, one time in the past, once; at ~ time, on a time, one time in the past, once; sometimes, on occasion [last quot.]; also, with that clause: once that; in ~ tide, at some time in the future; in ~ time, formerly, at one time; also, sometimes [quot.: a1400 Lanfranc]; in) ~ time was, in time past; in ~ yer, in a certain year; on ~ dai, on a day, one day in the past; upon ~ dai, on some day or other; to ~ while, for some time, for some while; (d) in adverbial combs. of time: ~ char, once, formerly; also, sometimes [quot. c1230]; ~ dai, on a certain day in the past, one day, once; also, on some day in the future; ~ dai..~ dai, on one day..on another day; ~ even, on a certain evening; ~ night, on some night or other; ~ sith, on a certain occasion, one time, once; also, in former days [quot. a1250]; ~ stede, sometimes, on occasion; ~ stounde, for some period of time; also, sometimes, on occasion [quot.c1250]; ~ tide, sometime or other; ~ time [see som-time adv.]; ~ whan, q.v.; ~ while, q.v.; (e) in other adverbial combs.: ~ del [see som-del adv.]; ~ wei, q.v.; ~ what [see som-what adv.]; ~ whatli, ~ wher, ~ whither, ~ wise, q.v.; (f) in noun, pron., and adj. combs.: ~ bodi, q.v.; ~ del [see som-del n. & adj.]; ~ thing, q.v.; ~ time [see som-time adj.]; ~ what [see som-what n. & adj.]; ~ which, ~ who, q.v.
Associated quotations
a
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)46/29 : He..ferde þa to sumre cirice þe wæs to lofe þære eadigen Marien gehalgod.
- a1150(c1125) Vsp.D.Hom.Fest.Virg.(Vsp D.14)15/2 : Se Hælend com in-to sumen cæstele [L quoddam castellum].
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B)183/7 : Swaþeah ne mæȝ man afre for his strenȝe hine sylne ȝeþicȝean asundrum, ac mid sumum oðrum mete ȝemenȝcedne.
- ?a1200(?OE) PDidax.(Hrl 6258b)19/31 : Oþre bæn, þeah hi beon tobrocene, mid suman læcecræfte hy man maj hælen, and nafre þane toþ.
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Nicod.(Bod 343)2/30 : Swa swa Moyses..þa næddræ up ahof to healice tacnæ, swa ȝedafenæð to ahæbbene on summere heahnysse þone Monnes Sune.
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Nicod.(Bod 343)10/24 : Swa swa Moyses..þa næddræn up ahof to healice tacne, swa ȝedafenæð to ahæbbenne on symmere heahnysse ðone Monnes Sune.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)60/4 : Men..sædon þæt hit wære sum oðer him ilic.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)70/11 : Swa swa Crist seolf cwæð on sumne godspelle, [etc.].
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)3715 : Mannkinn..wass stunnt & dill & skilllæs swa summ asse.
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.Pentec.(Lamb 487)97 : He ȝifð..Summen man irecednesse of misliche spechen.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)981 : Þa Troinisce men..Brutuns heom cleopede & ȝed þe nome læsteð & a summe stude cleouied [read: cleouieð] faste.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5056 : Luces..sende to þa Papen..þet he senden him anan sumne god-cunde mon.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)217 : Þenne cumeð þe werse to sumes mannes heorte.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1237 : Þah þu iseo þat sum blind mon, Þat nanne rihtne wei ne con..An falleþ..Wenest þu þah ich al iseo Þat hit for me þe raþere beo?
- ?a1300 Fox & W.(Dgb 86)125 : For he þoute mid soumme ginne Him-self houpbringe, þene wolf þerinne.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)1712 : Ich wonede on hire londe mid þrittie cnihtes þe ȝet ich miþte libbe a sommere wise.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)1370 : Ðor he wulde him resten and ben, Sum good tiding heren or sen.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)7/31 : Huo þet brekþ þane zonday..zeneȝeþ dyadliche..bote yef hit by uor zome nyede þet holi cherche granteþ.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)688 : Sche here had hed in sum hurne..to greue him in hire game.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 25.19 : Thei hadden aȝens hym questiouns..of sum [WB(2): oon; L quodam] Jhesu deed, whom Poul affermyde for to lyue.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.101 : Þat hul is ful hiȝe, so þat snowe..lyeth all wey in som side of þat hille.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3452 : This man is falle with his astromye In som woodnesse or in som agonye.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2119 : Goude sir Gawayn..gotz a-way sum oþer gate!
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)5619 : That men shull hym berne..To somme maysondewe biside.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)25/4 : Þei schulen receyue þe fruyt of a special grace, and also a grace special in sum gree moore or lasse after þat þei wil laboure and haue excercise wiþ vertues.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)84 : Doom of resoun in sum maner is worthier and perfiter than is Holi Writt thoruȝ out al the Bible.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)373/19 : Some signe schall I sende be-fore Of grace.
- ?a1450 MLChrist (Add 39996)296 : A child is born in som lond..Schal saue þe world by his mercy.
- c1450(c1400) ?Clanvowe Cuckoo & N.(Frf 16)214 : Now, god of love, thou helpe me in summe wise, That I may on this cukkow ben awreke.
- 1448(1435) *Mandeville Brut (Arms 58:Kooper)f.325v : By his writt he ordenyd in euery hundred and and in euery wapentage of Engelond two triours of men of armys and of foot men þe which were putt in diuerse summes as sum man was keper of xx and sum man of an hundred.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)107b/a : If þe fourme of þe wounde be round, it schal be brouȝt in to a longer fourme..wiþ sum corrosif or wiþ an hoot kene knyf or sum oþir instrument.
- a1500 PParv.(KC 8)484 : Sume party of a nowmyr [Hrl 221: Sum, or sumwhat, or a part of a nowmyr or a noþer thynge: Aliquis].
- a1500 Weights in RHS ser.3.41 (Vsp E.9)17 : Also saltfyssche ys sold in some place aftre vi xx the c.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) Prol.2 Par.(Bod 959)43 : Þe stories..heer bi sum maner schort sentences of woordis ben opened.
- c1390(c1350) NHom.(2) PSanct.(Vrn)96/332 : In sum-maner tonge þan Iana is a best felle.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3681 : At the leeste wey I shal hir kisse, Som maner confort shal I haue parfay.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)161 : Come forth, daun Iohn..And lat vs make some manere myrth or play!
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(3) (Htrn 95)72b/a : In þe sittinge and pocicioun of hem þer is summe maner difference, as þe compocicioun of þe þies & þe armes ben diuersed.
- c1450(a1400) Orolog.Sap.(Dc 114)383/26 : Þou schedde in to þe hertes of dyuerse folke summe-maner grace of renewynge.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1088/18 : He and sir Gareth rode togydirs to som maner adventures.
c
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)19/12 : Hit gelamp æt sumen sæle þæt Zacharias eode into Godes temple.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)28/3 : On summere tide wæs se Hælend farende to Jerusalem.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)50/16 : Þa æt sumen cere gewænde he to ferde ongean Perscisce leodscipe.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)53/33 : Þa æfter sumen fyrste wurden heo ungesome, Philippus & Areth.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)123/19 : Hit gelamp on sume dæge, þa þa Godes ængles comen, & on his gesihðe stoden.
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)221 : God him sette nama adam, and he wes to sume wile anstandende.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)145 : Þos word he seide et sumtime to-ȝeines þet he walde þis lif forleten.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.DD (Lamb 487)41 : Paul..and mihhal..eoden et sume time in to helle.
- a1200(?OE) Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)185 : Ðos feawe word..seide ure drihten on his holie godspelle at sume sele þo þe he wunede licameliche on eorðe.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)29/12 : Þe heorte is a ful wilde beast..Dauið, godes prophete, meande i sum time þet ha wes etsteart him.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)293 : At sume siþe herde itelle Hu alured sede on his spelle, [etc.].
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (Hrl 2277:Horst.)196 : We were..sum-tyme was, angles in heuene echon..& we fulle also a-doun.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)20981 : He was sua stanid on sum dai, Vneths he bar lif a-way.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)244/7 : Þis collirie aceessiþ þe akinge & in sumtyme it curiþ obtolmiam in oon dai.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)765 : Fone men may now fourty yhere pas, And foner fifty als in somtym was.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1977 : I wole..repente for no thyng, Hopyng to haue yit in some tide Mercy, of that I abide.
- (1449) RParl.5.149a : There come grete Revenus to hym and his successours..in sum yere of his reigne lxviii m li. and more, and so continued many yeres.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2361 : For Sexes in sum time surmountid all kyngis.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)348/35 : Whan a good knyght doth so well uppon som day, hit is no good knyghtes parte to lette hym of his worshyp.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)53b/b : Whane he is drunken he pretendiþ him to be holy and coueitiþ to be religious; he ys oþirwhile angri & coueitiþ to be chast at sum tyme.
d
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1106 : Sumne æfen wæs ge sæwen swilce se beam ongean weardes wið þes steorran ward fyrcliende wære.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)40/17 : Þa cwæð se cyng sume dæige to Daniele þuss, 'Ne miht þu nu cweðen, [etc.].'
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)5372 : Ure Laferrd..Spacc offe to þe leode; Summ siþe þær he talde hemm spell Off heofennrichess blisse.
- a1225(?c1175) PMor.(Lamb 487)147 : Hefð he ifonded summe stunde he wolde al seggen oðer.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Juliana (Bod 34)35/368 : Ich hit am þet sumchearre wes þurh þe wise Salomon ethalden.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)35/17 : We schulen..speoken nu of spellunge, & þrefter of herunge, of ba imeane sum chearre [Nero: sume cherre; Tit: sumchar] as ha gað togederes.
- a1250 Cristes milde moder (Nero A.14)101 : Þet ich ðe wreðede sume siðe, hit me reoweð sore.
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)1353 : Þah sum wif beo of nesche mode..Þat heo par sume sotteslore..Mis temþe & mis do sumne stunde.
- a1300 Hwile wes seynte (Jes-O 29)17 : Holi chireche..stod ful vaste, and seoþþe sume stunde.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3107 : I woot wel she wol do me sle som day.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)956 : Þe oile o merci most þou bide, I hight at send it sum tide.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)13185 : Men mai yeitt se sun sted [Frf: sum-time] in france, Wod men at his [John's] natiuite To kirk be draun wit semble.
- a1425(?a1350) 7 Sages(2) (Glb E.9)3262 : Bot wele in hert he hoped ay Þat he sold hir se sum day.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.514 : Pandarus..evere dide his myght..for to bryngen to his hows som nyght His faire nece and Troilus yfere.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)34/9-10 : Sum day steiȝe to eche þat noumbre elleuen þousande of virgynes & matrones, sum day fewer, sum day moo.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)186/14 : Oure bayll, he says, shall turn to boytt, her-afterward som day.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)2201 : And many wormes he made also..Boþe to dere and bite man somtide Þat he ne falle noght in pride.
2.
With pl. and coll. nouns: (a) with generalizing sense: some, some or other, a number of; with particularizing sense: certain; ~ mo, some more [som here could be construed as pron.]; ~ other [see also other adj.]; (b) with cardinal numbers: ~ six (twenti), about six (twenty); (c) in adverbial combs. & phrases: ~ daies, for some days; ~ times, ~ weies, ~ whiles, q.v.; at ~ times, sometimes.
Associated quotations
a
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1119 : On sancte Michaeles mæsse æfen wæs mycel eorð bifung on suman steodan.
- a1150(OE) Vsp.D.Hom.(Vsp D.14)34/33 : Hure gyf he cwæde þæt he nære sumen oðre mænn gelic, ac he cwæð..'Ic ane eam rihtwis, & þa oðre synd synfulle.'
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B)137/3 : Þeos wyrt..suma men wealwyrt hæteð.
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.MQuad.(Hrl 6258B)249/16 : Ðon þam wifum þe after beorðre on sumum stowum swincon, þæt ylce do to drencȝe fastinde on wearme wætere.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)82/10 : Nu beoð summe isceaftæ þurh God swa isceapene, þæt heo habbæð anȝin, & eac endæð, & to nohte iwurðæþ.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)11214 : Sume wise menn..beginneþþ Cristess kinn..to rimenn Att Abraham.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Roy 17.A.27)57/488 : Oðer þurh wiheles ant þurh wicchecreftes wurchið summe wundres.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)109/15 : Summe iuglurs beoð, þe ne cunnen seruin of nan oþer gleo, buten makien cheres.
- a1275 Þene latemeste dai (Trin-C B.14.39)55 : Nou þu hauest..don sum almes-deden wiþ þine rist honde.
- ?a1300 Jacob & J.(Bod 652)180 : Iosep is islawe, Oþer summe luþere deres habbeþ him todrawe.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)3813 : God sal taken Of ðo xij tribuz summe mo To ben ðor he for-hu-gede ðo.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)178/34 : Efterward ich me beþenche ofte of some þinges þet ich ne habbe naȝt yzed.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)196/26 : Zom uolk byeþ þet onworþeþ þe poure.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1885 : Þe werwolf..went to an heiȝ weie to whayte sum happes.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 25.19 : Sothli thei hadden aȝens hym summe questiouns of her veyn worschiping.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.529,531 : Som men wryte..that fortune is to wyte, And som men holde oppinion That it is constellacion, Which causeth al that a man doth.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)2416 : Now wyl y speke of okerers, Þat þefys ben yn sum maners.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)15.95 : Þere somme bowes ben leued.
- a1425 Dial.Reason & A.(Cmb Ii.6.39)21/5-6 : Sum men ben seruaundes be lawe, & sum men be kynde.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.227-8 : Some syke folk ben holpen with lyghte medicynes, and some folk ben holpen with sharpe medicynes.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)173a/a : Summe oþere men when þei ben in felawschipe..wille not greuen hem neiþer pleine hem in prescence of oþer men.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)185 : He hath wrouȝt myraclis in summe placis in whiche ben ymagis of Marie.
- ?a1450 Macer (Stockh Med.10.91)148 : At morwe, sunne [read: sume] eyen-ledes be woned to be closed fast to-gider with a maner glu of fleune.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.36.22a : Vnto som men and wommen he ȝifiþ hit al here lif time, bi siþes whan he visitiþ hem, as summe men and wommen arn so tendre in here affeccion.
- a1500(a1400) Cleges (Adv 19.1.11)461 : Haue here sum strokys!
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)167/9 : Sume prynces and Iuges wolde correcte tho men namely to whome thay haue Envy.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)33 : Sum poyetis..With fablis and falshed fayned þere speche.
b
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)14463 : Þa wunede bi-ȝeonde þere Hunbre of Hengestes cunne, in þan norð ende, drenches sume sixe.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.175 : On man schal han mor dremys þan som twenty oþir.
c
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 10.48 : Thanne thei preieden him that he schulde dwelle with hem summe [L aliquot] dayes.
- c1475 Abbrev.Trip.SSecr.(UC 85)356/27 : How be it that at som tymes suche flessh, whan it is rosted, makith the bely harde.
3.
A certain amount or degree of, some part of, some.
Associated quotations
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)34/3 : Forþon ðe nan mon nis ðe næbbe sume synne.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)10007 : Forr þeȝȝ ne shulenn unnderrfon Nan mede inn heoffness blisse, Off þatt teȝȝ didenn her summ god Biforenn menness ehne.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)35 : Me were leofere þenne al world..most ic habben..summe lisse and summe leðe.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)9341 : Ulfin, ræd me sumne ræd.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)33/9 : Alle ðo menn ðe swinkeð on ðessere..world, alle hie swinkeð for sumere hope ðe hie habbeð.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)169/13 : Wið þus anewil ropunge halseð efter sum help to þe wrecche meoseise.
- ?a1300 Fox & W.(Dgb 86)192 : Ich wot to niȝt ich worþe ded, Bote þou do me somne reed.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)318 : Ihc wurthe ded, Bute if þu do me sumne red.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)6857 : Þai..þouȝt to don sum alegaunce Pouer men of her greuaunce.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1804 : Our lord now vs help..& wisse vs in what wise to winne vs sum mete.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2554 : Diȝt we vs henne sum seluer for our semes in þe cite to gete.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)4030 : He..preyd God he wulde hym ȝeue Sum gode cumforte.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)280 : Envie, Iwis, shal neuere lette Som blame vpon the folk to sette.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)177b/b : Ermodactil is a rote þat is dried..with som abstersioun & corosioun.
- a1450 Castle Persev.(Folg V.a.354)2536 : In Coueytyse I wyl me hyle, For to gete sum sustynaunce.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)175/208 : With all good diligens shewe now sum myrth.
- a1500(c1410) Dives & P.(Htrn 270)1.105 : Qhanne we knelyn..we knowlechyn þat þer is sum souereynte and sum vertue in hym.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)27/157 : For thaym is my counsayll that som socour be soght In hast.