Middle English Dictionary Entry
socǒuren v.
Entry Info
Forms | socǒuren v. Also socour(e, socouron, socore, socori, soccure(n, socur(e, socurie, socurri, sokoure, soker(e(n, sockoren, (K) socouri & suc(c)our(e, sucore, succurre, sukoure, (K) sucuri, soucouri & (error) soco; p. socoured, etc. & socourd, socrede, sukerde, (early K) sucurede; ppl. socoured(e, etc. & isocoured, isokoured, isucrod, (NWM) sokored, (WM) isokeret, (chiefly N) socurd, socurt, succurd. |
Etymology | OF secorer, AF socurer, NF soucourer & OF secorre, socorre, (chiefly) AF socure, sucurre, succur(r)e; cp. L succurrere. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) To render assistance, provide aid; assist (sb.), help; attend (a woman in childbirth) [quot. a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin]; facilitate (digestion); ~ ayen, aid (sb.) against (sb. else); (b) to furnish sustenance; furnish (sb.) with the necessities of life, provide (sb.) with food, drink, etc.; support (sb.), maintain; also, provide for (one's needs); furnish (sth.); (c) to remedy or relieve a condition; relieve (pain), assuage; ben socoured to, be relieved with respect to (aching); (d) to comfort (sb.); also, relieve (distress or hardship); (e) in asseveration; also in proverb.
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)186/17 : Huanne godes zone wes..zuo uol of merci auoreye ous, wel ssolle we habbe reuþe..þe on of þe oþre, helpe and soucouri þe on þe oþer.
- (1348) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.6 : Ye shall worshep owre bretheren of the peutreres..and socoure and helpe in euery place.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)113a/b : Venus socouriþ..venus abatiþ þe malice of Mars.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1264 : Benigne Love..noldestow of bownte hem socouren [vrr. socouron, socouryn] That serven best and most alwey labouren, Yet were al lost.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)5861 : Yhit sal men yhelde acount..of ilka neghebur, Þat men fals to help and to socur.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)157b/a : Nature, þat it succure [Ch.(2): may helpe; L succuratur] to voidenez, draweþ þe flesh and þe materie coniuncte in þe flesh.
- ?a1425 Const.Masonry(1) (Roy 17.A.1)p.269 : He schal swere neuer to be no thef, Ny soker hym yn hys fals craft For no good that he hath by raft.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)11.280 : This difference in wyn..Ther is..swettist wynes heuy are..the yolgh coloured, Digestioun is gretly by socoured.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)49.79,82 : My goddis..Mown helpe and Socouren [F aidier] Every Man..So Every God aftyr his ymage Socoureth the peple that ben Of Age.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)906 : Scholen ȝe hire putte..with hire tweyne wommen for hire honour, hire forto helpen at hire deliueraunce and hire to socowren jn that chawnce.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)478/145 : All þat are in newe or in nede and nevenes me be name, I praie þe sone..þou socoure þame sone.
- c1450 Form Excom.(3) (Dc 60)105/41 : We accorsen..Also alle that helpen with strength or with vitayles or sokeren Iewes or Sarazons ayen cristendom.
- c1460 Oseney Reg.149/9 : Þay prayd vs mekely, þat..we..wolde whochesafe..vppon þes thynges þe which of þere goodes Ben alienyd vnlawfully and Distracte, by þe Benefete of Reuokyng to succurre.
- (1461-83) GRed Bk.Bristolpt.2.p.68 : The maisters of the seid Crafte daily vexith and troublith the pore artificers of weuers..that no man of the seid crafte schall nott socoure his Frende or his neghbour with his apprentyce, nothir hyre hym nother leene hym.
- (1464) RParl.5.511b : Gilbert Ridley..Gawen Lampleugh..John a Whynfell..and Alisaundre Belingham..hath adhered unto the seid Henry called late Kyng, and hym assisted, socoured, and helped, in his said fals and contrarious quarell, entendyng..distruction and deth of oure seid Soverayne Lord.
b
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1872 : A gret grace god haþ vs schewed..he sendeþ þus his sond to sucour vs atte nede.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2610 : Let ous now so by-gynne þat we mowe þar of our fos such vytailes ous y-wynne, Wer-with..we mowen bet y-socoured be.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.465 : Þey..made an hospital..and socourede [Higd.(2): that thei myȝhte helpe..to ȝiffe loggenge and other refreschenge to; L foverent] poore men.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)70a/b : A Douȝtir hatte ffilia and haþ þat name of fouere, to fede & socoure.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)4608 : Gett þe a god purueur þat in þis nede þe mai socur [Frf: socour; Göt: socure].
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)3047 : We ar come..ȝow to biseche of mercy and of grace Vs to socour in oure grete nede..The worthiest of al Grekes land..For want of water ar likly to be ded.
- 1425(a1400) Spec.Chr.(1) (Lnsd 344)23/22 : In þaire nede þou þayme socure [vrr. sucur, soco, succoure].
- a1450(a1425) Mirk IPP (Cld A.2)1360 : Pore & naked and hongry Hast þow I-sokeret mekely?
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)652 : To old folk suld we do honour And febil we sal sucoure.
- 1451-1500 Tundale (Wagner)1776 : This joy..Is ordent..for hem þat holy kyrke honoures And mayntenes in ryght and socoures [vr. sockors].
- (1463-4) Doc.in Welch Hist.Pewterers Lond.31 : You shall ayde and socoure the poore brotheren of the saide crafte to youre poure.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.77.54a : How þou schalt eten and drinken and soccouren al þi bodili nede.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)49/8 : He oughte to haue..pyte on pour gentillmen and gentillwomen and socour theim in their nede for the loue of God.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)66/15 : The noble men wer socoured by the goodis of [the] comone.
- a1500 Bevis (Cmb Ff.2.38)9/183 : He myght socowre [Auch: Þat erl..askede ȝif ȝhe disired auȝt Þat miȝte hire freure].
c
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)65a/b : It bihoueþ so to mene þo þingez with which þai ar complete during þe akyng þat it be þat wise soccoured [L succurratur] to þe aking.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)94a/b : If þat it be sone remedied, i. soccoured, to þe akyng of þe emoroidez [Ch.(2): if þe akþe be sone socoured], þat þai ar sone apostemed.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)95b/a : If þe akyng be tomych infessand or disesyng, it is to be socoured [Ch.(2): holpen] with a proued medicyne of Alexandre.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)2242 : Rupicissa seide that chief liquoure was aqua vite Elixir to socoure, For she..wolde revyue Dedde thingis fro deth to lyve.
d
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.3353 : The same deth he [Dionysius] deide also, That no Pite him hath socoured.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3539 : Curtesie wole that ye socour Hem that ben meke vndir youre cure.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)15308 : All þat sorow had socurd he.
- a1475 PPl.A(1) (Hrl 875)p.45 : Þat is to sokoure þe sorowful & haue charite to alle.
- 1543(1464) Hardyng Chron.B (Grafton)p.96 : Britayns were all full gladde & fayne Of kynge Coylus yt succured all theyr payne.
e
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.2691 : For myȝti Iove as wysly me socoure, As hens-forthe I wil ben hoolly ȝoure.
- c1500(a1449) Lydg.Aesop (Trin-C R.3.19)242 : The pore haþe few hys party to socour.
2.
To aid (sb.) in battle, furnish (sb., a city) with military assistance; fight on behalf of (sb.).
Associated quotations
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)3920 : Al þai socourd her kinges And brouȝten hem on her steden.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9119 : Herui and Agreuein Ȝond þai ben on þe plein; Bot ȝe hem soner socour Þai ben ded al four.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2466 : Wiþ Antioche and Mark of Rome, Þat þoo hym to socoure come, He haueþ so leide on forto slen Þat alle Perciens gunnen flen.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4106 : In þis mortal strif, Þe Grekis had discomfeted ben echon, Nad Castor socored hem anoon.
- a1425(c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9)7/22 : Princes and pople..come with grete honowre Sir Edward to saue and socoure.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)12808 : Wyþ ten þousand scheldes To sokere hem go we to þe feldes.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)2257 : An hondred knyghtes j you behyght..That shall you lede and socoure Ayenst that fals emperoure.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)561/12 : I woll succour hym with all my puyssaunce.
- ?a1475 Com.Proph.M.(PennSt-U PS V-3)270 : Bretons com to socour Normannes in their conquest.
- a1500(?a1325) Otuel & R (Fil)1569 : We schulle bete oure mametrye, ffor þat thay nolde nouȝt ous socurye.
- a1500 Bevis (Chet 8009)195/3898 : I vnderstond That thou shalte a conquerour be, And we wyll all..stond with the in thy wyll To socoure the in thy perell.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)7000 : He..Issit out of þe ost..euyn to his fader in a furse hast, Bad hym socore hom sone with his sure knightes.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)8466 : All the kynges..þat comyn were to Troy, The citie to socour with þere sute hoole, Passit furth fro Priam to þe playn feld.
3.
(a) To effect a rescue; rescue (sb. or sth.) from danger, destruction, etc., save (sb., someone's life); relieve (a besieged city); also, effect (someone's rescue); (b) to give (sb.) refuge, shelter (sb.); give (sb.) sanctuary; also, refl. take refuge; (c) to afford protection, give protection [quots. a1420]; protect (sb. or sth.), defend (sb., a city, the common right); -- also refl.; also, preserve (sth.), keep safe.
Associated quotations
a
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)219/180 : Se [Christ]..sucurede hem [storm-tossed disciples] ine þa peril.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)8233 : Þat folc of ierusalem & of damache come..& to socouri [vr. socury] antioche uaste þuderward drou.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2405 : Þat witti werwolf..suffred þo peines to socour hem & saue fram alle sory deþes.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)3526 : Y schel brynge ȝov Charlemayn, To socurry ȝow on þys nede.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)3.377 : Þe Romayns..wente swiftliche in to þe valey of Fircule..forto spede hem to socour þe citee þat was byseged.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.328 : Bere him oute..in the Forest aboute Som wilde place..So that som beste him mai devoure, Where es noman him schal socoure.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.5626 : Fyr, whan it to tow aprocheth..Til with his hete it be devoured, The tow me mai noght be socoured.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)2380 : Socoure vs, Darrie þe kyng!
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.1350 : Whan Hector..sawe þe meschef of Pollydamas, He cast fully to socur in þis caas, And priked after.
- a1425(?c1350) Ywain (Glb E.9)1988 : A dragoun Had asayled a wilde lyown..And fire ever on him cast..Sir Ywayn made him bown Forto sucore þe lyown.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)173/10 : This cursed Emperour mett with hem with his hoost for to haue slayn hem..And anon the cristene men kneleden to the grounde & made hire preyeres to god to sokoure [Man.(2): helpe þam and saue] hem.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2276 : Thare myghte no siluer thaym saue, ne socoure theire lyues.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)47/10 : Whan Hector was..oppressid with his enemyes, Maymon..folowed him euer nere and socoured Hector and brak the grete precis of pepill.
- (1443) Doc.Trade in BRS 777 : So he lith yet þere in prison to his finall distruccion and undoyng but yf he be þere rather socoured and remedied by your gode and gracious lordship.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)290 : Þou..hast, for his socouryng þat he socouryd þe, ny bet him to deth.
- a1500 Bevis (Chet 8009)188/3737 : The Sarzins..on Sabere..leyn; Beues..presud fforthe amonge the route And socourid Sabere in that stoure.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)6447 : Ector..meuit taward Merion his malis to venge..But Glaucon..With iij M. þro men þronge hym aboute And socurd the same kyng with hor sad helpis.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9549 : Achilles..with his mayn strenght Might soucour his Soudiours, & saue hom alyue.
b
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.157 : Athanasius..wente westward in to Constant Cesars londes, and þere he was i-socoured [vrr. i-sokoured, sokoured, ysucrod; L confotus] awhile.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)8.41 : Alisaundre..socrede [vrr. sokered, sukerde, socured; Higd.(2): noryschede; L fovit] Thomas of Caunturbury whan he was exiled.
- ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.Lear (Göt Hist 740)497 : So am I nowe hardy and bold To aske and seke þowe succur me, Syn I so fer trespast to þe.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)13.6 : Kyng Eualach..Into the Castel Of Come was gon Hym forto socoure [F soi garandir] from his Fon.
- ?c1450(?a1400) Wycl.Clergy HP (Lamb 551)395 : It is not worþi þat þai be holpen and socoured of holy chirche, siþ þorou hem holy chriche is sclaundred.
- a1500(?a1425) Ipom.(2) (Hrl 2252)2052 : Ipomydon saw non othyr wone, But socouryd hym at a walle of stone.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)50 : It is good þat we socour him [Lear] in þis nede.
- a1500 GRom.(Glo 42)737/25 : Yȝf a trespasour..myȝthe scape owt of þis preson..He schuld haue helpe & be socourede with any gayne-saynge of anyman.
c
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11487 : Þo wende þe erl fram londone..As to socori is lond aȝe sir simondes wille.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)203 : Þerfore to ȝour king ȝe go, Biseche him, he ȝou socour, And ȝe wil him þan honour!
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)4349 : Leue lordes..socoures me nouþe or ful sone i deiȝe!
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)172 : He þat scholde ne socoury to ȝen myn enymys Despyseþ me her dispytously.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.1320 : Thus the Greks lich to the bestes The men in stede of god honoure Whiche mihten noght hemself socoure.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.3622 : So mote it wel the betre falle And wel the more god favoureth whan he the comun riht socoureth.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)230a/a : Graynes beþ y-warded and y-socoured [L muniuntur] with ryndes skynnes holis and coddis for to saue þe Inner piþþe and kynde hete.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)253a/b : By leues of þe vyne grapes ben defended & socoured fro hete and fro colde and aȝeins all wronges.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)317a/b : In celles y-made of wexe by a wonder craft been gadreþ hony and kepeþ and socoureþ þe liquour þer wiþinne, and so the hony combe hatte ffauus, as it were, fouus or fouens..for þe honycombe conforteþ and socoureþ [L foueat et contineat] þe hony þer wiþ Inne.
- c1400(?c1380) Patience (Nero A.10)261 : He watz sokored by þat syre þat syttes so hiȝe, Þaȝ were wanleȝ of wele in wombe of þat fissche.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.374 : Kepe þe neȝe, þat no mysauenture Falle vp-on þe, so þat I may socure Þis day to þe, myn owne broþer dere.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5640 : Þis goddesse..I-graunted hath..Þis holy relik for a memorial To hir temple..to socour in euery maner nede Ageyn her foon vn-to Troye toun.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)334/6 : I am myȝti for to helpe hem, strong for to socoure hem and for to defende hem fro her enemyes.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)462 : Socowryn, yn helpynge or defendyn: Tuor, contutor.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)15/20 : Alle knyghtis scholde socoure wommen that hadde nede of theire socoure.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)76b : Ȝif þei were put abak of þe enemyes, þen schulde þei esiliche wiþ-drawe hem and ben socoured and defendid of þe firste scheltrun.
- a1475(a1456) Shirley Death Jas.(Add 5467)13 : A cruell serpent..assailid hym furiously..and..he had nothyng wherwith he myght socoure and defend hymselfe.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)126/17 : A worchipfull consull..was slayne in bataill..men of armes whiche had not socoured him, and so by their necligence..lete him be kylled.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)5208 : It were grete pite..That he soo soone were dolvyn in his grave, If suche a ryng myght hym socour And save.
4.
To furnish (sb., a soul, the world) with spiritual aid; save (sb.) from damnation; provide spiritual comfort to (sb.), sustain; also, of Venus: comfort (sb.) in love.
Associated quotations
- c1275 Ken.Serm.(LdMisc 471)219/181 : Hit is us nyede þet se [Christ]..þet us sucuri ine ure niedes, Þet we clepie to him þet ha us helpe and he hit wille do bleþeliche.
- c1390 Castle Love(1) (Vrn)850 : Þe folle of grace he hire ȝaf outriht, Þorw whom þe grace þat ouerfleot Socoureþ al þe world ȝut.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2882 : So schal his Soule be socoured Of thilke worschipe ate laste In hevene.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)17065 : Þe fight til end es broght, þe werld succurd [Göt: succurrid]; þe feind es feld.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5596 : Venus..often haþ socoured Many louere.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3700 : Venus..Which ay werieth Chastite, Came of hir grace to socoure me.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)484 : The kinges sone of al this world ligh the withynne, For to saue and socour wel al synful man of synne.
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.12/11 : They hadde enteryd Inglande desiryng to visite the bodies of seyntis theyre restynge and by ther merytis in the laste examinacioun to be succurrid and defendid.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)150/25 : Hayle! quene and empers of angelis ale..socore me in al synnys.
- (1442) Reg.Spofford in Cant.Yk.S.23252 : Bryngyng to mynd the grete zele that holy faders have had to socoure the sowles of there subgects, [etc.].
- c1450(?a1422) Lydg.LOL (Dur-U Cosin V.2.16)3.1064 : Her deyuere dyd this nyght, to honour Hym that was borne mankynde to socour.
- c1475 Awntyrs Arth.(Tay 9)p.9 : Were thritte trentes of masse done..My saule were socurt [Dc: socoured withe; Thrn: saluede] ful sone And broȝte un-to blys.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)57/192 : Godys grace xal be þi ffrende; he socowre and saue ȝow in welth fro woo.
5.
(a) To prevent (sth.), avoid; also, with clause as obj.: prevent (sth. from happening); (b) ?to do (sth.), be busy about; ?error for sikeren v.
Associated quotations
a
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2959 : Þer schal no þing socoure Þat þer schal folwe of ȝou & alle ȝoure Despitful deth.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)851 : Fynal eende of that solempnyte was sorowe..and destruccioun..Ther may no man helpe it nor socoure, For a tyme in Ioye thogh they floure.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2829 : Ȝif hym-silf with the Grekes wente..This was the fyn and may nat be socoured Of the erth he shuld be deuoured Quyk as he was.
b
- c1475 Bk.Physiog.(Cmb Ll.4.14)224 : Heere þat is blake..and crispe betokeneth moche wrathe, proute, and a gloton, sone sokeringe [L facientem] all þingis.