Middle English Dictionary Entry
ǒutwā̆rd(e adj.
Entry Info
| Forms | ǒutwā̆rd(e adj. Also oute-, ut-, otward, (?error) outwar, (early) utewearde, utwart; pl. outward, etc. & outwardes. |
| Etymology | OE ūtweard, ūteweard. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Located on the exterior of something, external, superficial; (b) coming from or caused by an external source; (c) located in or belonging to a place outside a realm, institution, etc.; foreign; defense ~, defense against the external enemies of a realm; (d) ~ servise, servise ~, feudal service owed to persons other than one's immediate feudal superior; (e) facing outwards; of a dislocation: directed outwards.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1200(OE) Hrl.HApul.(Hrl 6258B:Berberich)98.62/2 : Wið blædran sara..[nim þisse] wyrt wyrtrume utewearde, & driȝe hine þanne.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)40b/a : Þe aposteme is in þe outward [Ch.(2): vttre; L extrinsecis] lacertez.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)72/32 : The secounde tretys..is of apostemes, of exytures, i. swellynges outwarde, and of pustules.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)79/19 : The felyng and þe presence of alle þe membres declareþ þe tokenes and þe domes of outwarde apostemes.
- ?c1425 Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)116/22 : The multitude of outward scrophules bytokeneþ pluralite of ham wiþynneforth.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)84a/b : Unwilful rennyng of teres falliþ in þe iȝen somtyme of outward [L exterioribus] causes, as of smytynge þerof, dissolucion & departinge of hote aier, oþir of constreynynge of colde aier.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)208a/a : A tre haþ in hit silf vertu of seedynge..but þus might and vertu worcheþ nouȝt in dede, but by som outward [L extrinseco] helpe as by helpe of tymes of þe ȝeere.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)228b/b : Þe tendre substaunce þer of miȝt soone by y-hurt..but it were defendid and y-socoured fro outward noyes by twygges and sprayes.
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)32/1 : The residue peple..by hire propir mocyoun inward wtowtyn ony straunge or foreyn styrynge owtewarde, is redely and sone mevid to contrarye þyngis.
- a1500(c1477) Norton OAlch.(Add 10302)1732 : Digestion somtyme avauncide may be Bi outward colde, as..in wyntir men eten more mete Then in somer.
c
- (1427) RParl.4.326b : Ye name of Protectour and Defensour..emporteth a personell duetee of entendance to ye actuell defense of ye land, as well ayenst yenemys utward..as ayenst Rebelles inward.
- (1439) RParl.5.8a : Ye King..manyfold grete charges..hath for ye defence outward, and for the pollitique reule of this his lond within.
- (1440) Visit.Alnwick359a : Ye paye to euery nunne the somme aforesaide in forme aforesaide, so that thai haue no cause to please seculers owtwarde for getyng of goode.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)79/20 : Þou, emperour, feghtes agaynes owtwardez enemys for [to] foster & nuresche thyn inwardez enemys.
- (1441) Visit.Alnwick9b : Ye do repare the howses and beeldynges wythe yn your place..and also your tenementes owtward, the whiche are ryght ruynouse.
- (1467-8) RParl.5.623a : His Highnes is dailly called uppon, and also writen and send unto by outward Prynces, as the Duke of Burgoyn..and the Duke of Bretayn, and other.
- (1470) Paston (Gairdner)5.83 : We be credibly acertayned that our auncient ennemyes of Fraunce and our outward rebells and traitors be drawe to gadre in acorde.
- (1472) GRed Bk.Bristolpt.2.p.143 : He oftentymes hath brought to this Oure Royalme Schippes laden with whete from outward parties.
- (1472-3) RParl.6.39a : Goo..with an Arme roiall to the parties outward, to subdue by the myght of God youre and oure auncien enemyes.
- a1475(a1447) Bokenham MAngl.(Hrl 4011)32/6 : When þey hane vttirly depressid hur outward enmyes, þey brosyn eche oþur & faryn lyke an empty stomake þe which wirkythe vpon hit-selfe.
- (a1475) Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593)116 : A kynges office stondith in ij thynges, on to defende his reaume ayen þair enemyes outwarde bi the swerde.
d
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)202/1 : Roger..gaf..þe howse of his fadur william foliot..to þe abbas..acquitid..fro all seruice outewarde & inwarde for euir.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)328/7 : William turpin gaf..to Geffrei his sone..his londe of fencote..for j lj. of peper..painge yerli..for alle seruice & exaccion, sauinge þe vtwarde seruice of þe lordis.
e
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)102a/b : Manerez also of dislocacioun ar 4: Forþward and bacward, Inward & outward.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)16a/b : Þe nayl..schulde kepe þe fyngris endis from hurtynge, & he is sett in þe outward side, for þat side is next harme.
2.
(a) Externally apparent, outwardly shown; visible on or from the outside; to outward appearances; [some quots. may be adverbial]; (b) of or pertaining to the body or the physical world; secular, worldly, temporal; ~ offices, duties related to the practical affairs of a convent; ~ wittes, the physical senses.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.15.16 : Inward drede falle upon hem, and vtward drede in þe mykilnes of þin arme.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ecclus.1.11 : Þe dreed of þe lord glorye, & ioyinge, & gladnesse, & coroun of outward ioyinge [L exsultationis].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.989 : This humylitee shal ben in herte and in signe outward.
- a1400 CMSoul (Bod 923)261 : As I wene be comownyng & be experience of word outward, many men & women þere ben, not lettred and of simple knowynge but ful feruent.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.3643 : Þei souȝten a space hem siluen to purueye, By outewarde signes þat he dide espie.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5207 : In shewynge oute so circumspect he was, Þat no man koude..Be signe outward nor by countenaunce Parceive in hym any variance.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)250 : How myche may avaylle The goodlihed and lownesse of a kyng..And nat to bene to straunge ne soleyn In contenaunce outward.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)373/21 : It is riȝt greet vntollerable peyne boþe for to forsake her richessis & also for to forsake her liif, þouȝ it seme þe contrarie by outward siȝt, but in effecte it is so.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)391 : Be chere owtewarde harde to deuyce; Al ben not meri whiche that men seen daunce.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)118/18 : Þe lijf of ypocrites..shewith outwarde likenes of an ymage, þe which is not in verry deede inwarde.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)190/35-6 : A trewe askynge or prayer..is do more with inwarde sorowes and compunccyons than wyth voices outwarde, more with wepynge than with outwarde askynge.
- c1450 Treat.Perf.(Add 37790)236/30 : Ypocritys..dothe the owtwarde dedys..anely for to hafe the name of holynesse in the mowthes of men.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)18/24 : Him whech schuld be aftirward a iuge of mennes soules in þe cherch..schuld not deme ouyr sone of signes owtward.
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)69/18 : In all his behauyng owtward he was conformed on-to his breþerin.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)396/16 : He that hath a prevy hurte is loth to have a shame outewarde.
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)356 : Hyt ys an holy thyng To bene in habyte reguler, Than, as by owtewarde aray in semyng, Beth so wyth-in my ladyes dere.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)244/31 : I shall fownde to be his freynd vtward..And shew hym fare cowntenance and wordys of vanyte.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)53/18 : Iesu crist spekeð..o scarn to þe ancre þe schulde beon his leofmon, & secheð þah gealunge utward [Cleo: utwart] & froure wið ehe oðer wið tunge.
- c1390 Hilton ML (Vrn)274 : Sleuþe..& vayn rest of þi-self..letteþ þe sum-tyme from medefull & spedeful ocupacion in outward bisynes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.662 : Man suffreth foure manere of greuances in outward [vr. otward] thynges [vr. greuances outwardis]..The firste greuance is of wikkede wordes.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.424 : Walter, lowely nay but roially Wedded with fortunat honestetee, In goddes pees lyueth ful esily At hom, and outward [vr. outwar] grace ynow hadde he.
- (a1402) Trev.Dial.MC (Hrl 1900)18/6 : Euerech bischop..schal rule..nouȝt in þat þat longeþ to þe world, For hit longeþ nouȝt to holy chirche to deme in þat, þat is outward.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)195/4 : Whanne þe soule..is priuyd of þat sche loueþ, or of ynward comfortis or outward..þanne þe iȝe..bigynneþ to wepe by tendirnesse.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)344/34 : Now schal I telle þee sumwhat what I vse wiþinne þe soule, wiþoute mene of þe body, þat is, what I vse withowt outward instrumentis.
- (1435) Misyn FL (Corp-O 236)1/27 : Kepe þerfore his commaundementis, and þi prayers or contemplacion when þou entres, all warldly þoghtes planely forsake, and chargh of all þinge outewarde forgett.
- (1440) Visit.Alnwick252a : Ther are so manye putte to owtwarde officees that the qwere may not conuenyently be servede.
- c1440 Bonav.Medit.(3) (Thrn)215 : All þis reklessnes of all owtward thynges & also of þe angell wordes was cause of þe gret loue..scho had to..hir lord Ihesu.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)507 : Þis now seid hool actijf lijf..may be departid into inward actijf lijf and outward actijf lijf.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)60/4 : The outwarde gudes and temperalle be not kyndly thyne.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)24/3 : v dyuers kyndis of powers ben wiþin-forþ, bisidis þe outward wittis in man and in beestis.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.3.3a : Þis lif longeth specialy to hem whilk forsaken for þe loue of God alle worlthli richesse, wurschipes, and outward bysynesses.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)10/2 : Comoun witt..perceiueþ and knowiþ alle suche bodili þingis of whiche eche may be perceiued of dyuers outward wittis.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)137 : Sensualyte..ys clepyde þe flechly felynge; The fyve owtewarde wyttys to hym be serwynge.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)1075 : My outwarde wyttys..be þe fyve wyttys bodyly.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)50/26 : Cause þat subgitz sholde be steryd to þaire lord to be obeisaunt..ys double, on ynward a-noþer outward; þe outward..ys to say þat þou despend þy good and Rychesse wysly.