Middle English Dictionary Entry
mirǒur n.
Entry Info
Forms | mirǒur n. Also miroure, mirrour(e, miror, mirur(e, mirrur & mer(r)our(e, meror, merure, merrur, merer & muror & mero, merow(e; pl. miroures, etc. & mirris. |
Etymology | OF mirëor, mirëour, miror, merur. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A mirror made of metal, glass, etc.; also fig.; ~ glas, a glass mirror; barbour ~, a mirror used by a barber; maken the ~ of the wal, to look or stare at the wall; in prov.: loken (in) mirour, etc., examine (oneself); (b) a mirror with supernatural or magical power; also, the legendary stone in the well in which Narcissus saw his own image; (c) ?a mirror-like ornament; also, the mirror-like surface of water; (d) a lens; a burning-glass; (e) Fortune's mirror; ~ of middel-erd, the mirror of the World; (f) fig. God, Christ, or the divine goodness, power, or glory.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(c1250) Floris (Auch)552 : Þe þridde [maiden] scholde bringge comb and mirour To seruen him.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)26/727 : To-slyfte A[l þy] myrour þou myȝt fol wel, Bote nauȝt þe ymage schefte.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))1 Cor.13.12 : Forsoth we seen now by a myrour [L per speculum] in a derknesse, thanne..face to face.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1399 : He caught a greet mirour And saugh that chaunged was al his colour.
- (1391) Acc.Exped.Der.in Camd.n.s.5293/24 : Pro ij merrours de Parys..xxiij s. viij d. st.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.1076 : The Mirour scheweth in his kinde As he hadde al the world withinne.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)203a/b : Onyx is cleere and of þe kynde of merours.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)207b/a : Non matiere is more able to make of myrours þan is glas.
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.3 : Klerkes..thair mirour lokes, And sees hou thai sal lif on bokes.
- ?c1400 Treat.Geom.(Sln 213)66 : If you wilt mesure þe heght of any thyng by a myrure, lay þe myrure in þe playne grounde, and go toward and froward til you se þe toppe of þat thing in þe mydel of þat myrure.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.2679 : Non so foule doth in a myrour prye Þat sche is feir in hir owne eye.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)8216 : We may thre thynges se here In a myroure of glas..þe myrour..our awene face and lyknes..alle thyng þat es onence it.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.250 : We shulden ever loke upon God, as we mai here seen him bi mirrour, in a derknes of þingis þat he haþ maad.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.m.4.13 : Stoyciens wenden that sowle had ben nakid of itself, as a mirour..so that alle figures most first comen fro thingis fro withoute..and ben emprientid into soules.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)133b/a : Prospectiuez praiseþ to þis a mirrour [Ch.(2): glasse; L speculum] of stile.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)1153 : Man sal se in God, as in a myrour, All that he wil or may be to his honour.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)8/221 : Lok in þi merour; Ȝif þou loue þi neȝtboure, Þen þou louyst þi Sauyoure.
- (1434) Misyn ML (Corp-O 236)128/29 : Qwhils we go be faith, be mero as wer & schado we see.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)339 : Myrowre, or myrowre glasse: Speculum.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)3831 : Al þat euyr we se here of þe oþer lif, We se it as in a myrowre or in a glas.
- c1450(c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5)102/1 : Holy Scripture is sette in þe yen of oure hertis as a myrrour [vr. merowre], to þe entent þat we shoulde þere-in see þe erthly face of oure soule.
- (1446) Will York in Sur.Soc.45102 : De ij barbour myrors, ij d.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.Look TM (Hrl 2255)184 : A fool that is by repoort repreeuable Shuld look yn his myrour and deeme noon othir wiht.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.Look TM (Hrl 2255)200 : Look in your merours or ye deeme any wiht.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.Look TM (Hrl 2255)208 : Look weel your myrour or ye deeme any wiht.
- a1450 Mandev.(3) (BodeMus 116)19/18 : The damesele saw..the shadewe of a man in the merour.
- ?a1450(?c1370) ?Chaucer W.Unc.(Robinson)8 : A mirour nothing may enpresse, But, lightly as it cometh, so mot it pace.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.9.5b : We see now God bi a miror, as hit were in a mirknesse; bute in heuen schul we see opinli face to face.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.9.6a : Þe face of oure soule..bihalden, as in a miror, heuenly ioye.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.SPuer(1) (LdMisc 683)11 : Ageyn the post lat nat thy bak abyde; Make nat the merour [vr. myrroure] also of the wall.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)76a : To luke in a merow [Monson: Merowe]: mirari.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)38.9 : The ymage of a meror..soen wites away.
- a1500 Gloss.Garland (Hrl 1002)123 : Specula: myrrys.
- c1500(?a1475) Ass.Gods (Trin-C R.3.19)1727 : Oft a false myrrour deceyueth a mannys look.
b
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)89/1875 : On a stage Virgil made anoþer ymage, Þat held a mirour in his hond And ouer segȝ al þat lond.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.2821 : [Venus] tok me tho A wonder Mirour forto holde..Wherinne..I..sih my colour fade, Myn yhen dymme.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.132 : This mirour..Hath swich a myght that men may in it see Whan ther shal fallen any aduersitee Vnto youre regne.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1601 : This is the mirrour perilous, In which the proude Narcisus Saw all his face.
- a1450 7 Sages(3) (Cmb Dd.1.17)1885 : Merlyn..made in Rome..A piler that stode fol heyghe..And ther-oppon a myrrour That schon over al the toun by nyght.
- a1500(?a1450) GRom.(Hrl 7333)2 : Þou shalt see in this myrour all that I spake of to þe.
c
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.303 : Þey schulde conceyue lambren liche to þe schadewes þat þey seie of rammes in þe merrour [L speculo] of þe water.
- (1463) Will Bury in Camd.4920 : I wille..iij merours of glas to be sette in the myddys of ye iij woytez above my grave.
d
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.234 : Alocen and Vitulon..writen..Of queynte mirours and of perspectyues.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)306a/a : Whanne an holowe merour is y-sette in þe sonne beme and þe light falleþ on al þe merour and reboundeþ in to þe myddel þerof..þat light setteþ þe merour afuyre.
e
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)11.8 : In a myroure þat hiȝt mydlerd, she [Fortune] mad me to biholde.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)14.132 : Kynde..in þe myrour of myddel-erde made hym eft to loke.
- ?c1425(c1390) Chaucer Fort.(Benson-Robinson)10 : Yit is me left the light of my resoun, To knowen frend fro fo in thy [Fortune's] mirour [vrr. mirrour, myrroure, merowr, meroure, merroure].
f
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)8222 : Men salle se God als he es In þe myroure of his bryghtnes.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.143 : A soule blessid in hevene haþ clere knowyng of alle þingis..men knowen in þis myrour al creaturis þat may be.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)47/15 : In þe biholdynge, or in þe myrrour of þe hiȝ dyuyn goodnes, þis soule knew her owne vnworþines.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)47/21 : A soule..lifteþ up his entent and affeccyoun by an ynward feruent desier to biholde & loke ynward..to se hersilf in þe holy myrrour of God.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)130/30 : Þis soule..say in þe swete mirrour of þe godheed creaturis goynge in dyuerse maneris.
- ?a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.Wisd.(Cld E.2)7.26 : Goddis Sone is liȝt of liȝt, a myrour in which alle thingis schynen most clerely.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.301 : This sume..Sche [the soul] sekeþ in þat souereyn merour clere.
- a1475 *Sidrak & B.(Lnsd 793)2108 : Manye creatures..Ben suget þat ordre tille For þe greet blis þat þei see In þe mirrour of Goddes clertee.
2.
(a) A reflection; the image of God's power; a reflection of God's majesty; (b) a mental image; (c) an account of an event or action, a record.
Associated quotations
a
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Wisd.7.26 : [Wisdom] is..a merour with oute wem of þe maieste of god.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)2/34 : I [God] make þe [Lucifer] als master and merour of my mighte.
- c1475 Wisd.(Folg V.a.354)31 : I [Wisdom] am..Merowre of þe dyvyne domynacyon And þe image of hys goodnes.
b
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.365 : Thus gan he make a mirour of his mynde, In which he saugh al holly hire figure.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2806 : Thought..shall bygynne..To make a mirrour of his mynde.
c
- a1500(a1400) Libeaus (Lamb 306)2181 : The myrrour of that brydale No man myght tell with tale Jn ryme nor in geste.
- a1500 Conq.Irel.(Rwl B.490)117/34 : That same boke Ihon..on Irysh writte and was..as merrowre [Dub: shewer] of al his dedys.
3.
(a) A model of good or virtuous conduct (to sb.); a paragon of any virtue or desirable quality; example of sin or undesirable attribute; maken ~, maken (taken) ~ of, to hold (sb.) as (one's) model of behavior; (b) a model of excellence; (c) Scripture, books or a book, words, events, etc., which guide a person's conduct or spiritual well-being; maken ~ of, to learn from (words); taken ~, use (a poem) as (one's) guide; (d) an example of that which is to be avoided; a deterrent; a warning; maken ~, to use (sb. or sth.) as (one's) warning; maken a ~ bi (of), learn a lesson from (sb.).
Associated quotations
a
- a1300 Worldes blis ne last (Rwl G.18)52 : Al day þu mikt understonde ant ti mirour bifor þe sen, wat is to don an to wonden.
- a1350 St.Alex.(1) (LdMisc 108)73/536 : Mi mirour [vr. Muror] is broken & is dede, þat my liking was Inne.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.457 : Aidanus was þe merour [Higd.(2): myrrour; L speculum] of abstinence, and fasted everiche day to none.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.11 : Donston..made hym besy..to make þe kynges levynge to be a myrrour and ensample to alle his sugettes.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.166 : She is mirour of alle curteisye; Hir herte is verray chambre of holynesse.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.496 : Thei ben to the worldes ye The Mirour of ensamplerie.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1454 : Thy wifly chastitee To alle wyues may a mirour [vr. merrour] bee.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)23867 : We agh to..In eldrin men vr mirur [Göt: merrur; Frf: mirour] se Quat for to folu, quat for to fle.
- c1400 *Bk.Mother (Bod 416:Everett)31/9 : He..is to alle þat wollen be saued þe beste remedie and þe beste rule and þe beste mirour..to ouercome synne.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.248 : Hector..was..of manhod..Example and merour.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6048 : Þis traitour, merour of falsnesse, Þe Grekis bad for to do her peyne, To Minerva an offringe to feyne.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)85/32 : Ihesu was sent from God..for to ben myrour & ensample..to alle men.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)264/25 : Gregory [gave light] wiþ his kunnyng..and also wiþ þe myrrour of holy lyuynge.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)277/4 : Þese wrecchis ben to hem a myrrour of wrecchidnes.
- a1450(?c1430) Lydg.DM(1) (Hnt EL 26.A.13)534 : O Sire Curate..Whiche shulde haue ben of conuersacioun Mirroure vn-to other..Like ȝowre deserte shal be ȝowre guerdoun.
- ?1435(1432) Lydg.Hen.VI Entry (Jul B.2)243 : Rethoryk hadde eke in hire presence Tulyus, called 'Mirrour of Eloquence'.
- (1433) RParl.4.423a : Ye restfull rule and governaile of yis lande hath..been encressid..by ye noble myrrour and ensample yat he hath yevyn to oyer.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)186/13 : I haue ordeynd þe to be a merowr amongys hem..þat þei xulde takyn exampil by þe.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)1441 : [Parsons] hoght to be mirours of sadnesse.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)771 : Of meknes may we merure take Of crist.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)175/93 : Men schall me [Jesus] þer myrroure make.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)184/195 : Þare myrroure may þei make of me [Jesus] for to stande still.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)5.355 : O woman wurthi to Imperial degree, O very merour of parfighte felicite, Wolde god ȝe knewe what care I haue for yow.
- c1450 PPl.B (RwlPoet 38)15.555 : Seynt thomas..is a forbysene to alle bishopes and a briȝt myroure.
- ?c1450 St.Cuth.(Eg 3309)1595 : He was a myrour to monkes inwarde.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)240 : Wiclef..the meroure of ypocrisie..was smet with a horibil paralsie.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)883/9 : Sitthyn that ye be com of kynges and quenys..ye ought to be a myrroure unto all chevilry.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)20191 : Homer, Whylom merour off elloquence, Contentyth ek to thys sentence.
- c1475(c1399) Mum & S.(1) (Cmb Ll.4.14)3.276 : Rewlers..Were not yffoundid..to rewle as reremys..In myrthe with moppis, myrrours of synne.
- c1475 St.Anne(2) (Trin-C R.3.21)631 : Thow hast brought forth the heuynly myrrour chyeff And the parfyte lyly of chastyte.
- a1500 Rule Minoresses (Bod 585)87/28 : The abbesse..schulde be a clere myroure & ensaumple to alle þe sustris.
b
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)974 : Yif that she Had among ten thousand be, She wolde have be..A chef myrour of al the feste.
c
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)505 : Holi writ is oure myrour, In whom we sen al vre socour.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)81 : Let holy writ beo þi mirour In word and eke in dede.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.168 : The trewe knowyng schulde haue gon to wrak..Ne hadde oure eldris..souȝt The sothefast pyth..Of thinges passed..To make a merour only to oure mynde.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)1252 : Thou that will se saulehele, this thi myrour thou take!
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)893 : Ane oþer degre our meknes proues..es, who hir awn wil not lufes..Bot of þir wordes makes hir myrour..'Non veni facere voluntatem meam'.
- c1450 Royal SSecr.(Roy 18.A.7)6/13 : Loke..that thou haue in mynde this profitabille techyng that y haue ordeynyd to the..and þat shalle be to the gret solace and myrroure of helthe.
- ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L.(Hrl 1764)4/17 : Hit is a..faire thinge for a man..to see and beholde hem-self in the mirrour of auncient stories.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)145/34 : It were a ful nyȝe meene to make him forȝete þe moost deel of goddis comaundementis, if he schulde make his greet attendaunce into þe said x wordis as to be a myrrour.
d
- a1350(1307) Execution Fraser (Hrl 2253)27 : Oure kyng..þe waleis quarters sende to is oune contre, on four half to honge, huere myrour to be, þer-opon to þenche.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)1093 : Folk of yrland side, Ȝour mirour ȝe may se.
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)114/424 : Loke her-in..And make hyt þy myrour.
- c1390 Whon Men beoþ (Vrn)59 : Bi-hold þe lame..þe blynde, Þat bit ȝou be war whil þat ȝe may. Þei make a Mirour to ȝor mynde.
- a1400 Riche mannis (Hrl 2316)p.121 : Prowd mannis mirowr.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)16.156 : Falsenesse I fynde in þi faire speche..Þow shalt be myroure to manye men to deceyue.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.84 : Make ȝow a merour of þis Lamedoun.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1898 : Late Priam alwey ȝour merour ben, Hasty errour be tymes to correcte.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)1040 : Make ȝoure myrour of Ethiocles And his brother.
- a1450(1401) For drede (Dgb 102)133 : Eche day ȝe may ȝoure myrrour se.
- a1450 ?Audelay An a byrchyn bonke (Dc 302)222/120 : Makis ȝour merour be me.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)498/51 : Ilke a day þer mirroure may þei se, Ȝitt thynke þei noȝt þat þei schall dye.
- ?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)65/26 : Lete þe wise gouernours..make a merowre in here mynde of þis manly man Iulius.
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)290 : Makes ȝoure mirrours bi me.
- c1450(?c1408) Lydg.RS (Frf 16)4200 : Make eke thy merour of Pheton, And by example of him be war.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)17866 : Make hym þer merrowr, when þei se hym so fare to for sake þer errowr.
- c1475(?c1451) Worcester Bk.Noblesse (Roy 18.B.22)39 : It..may be a mirroure..to alle cristen princes to mystrust any trewes taking by youre..adversarie.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)53/22 : Vndirstondyng ys..Mirrour of vices.
4.
(a) In titles of books, poems, etc.; (b) in surname.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400 Mirror (Hrl 5085)742 : Þis boke is cleped mirrur.
- c1425 Castle Love(2) (Eg 927)head. p.320 : Myrour of lewed Men.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)307 : What seyth..Vincent in his Estoryal Myrour?
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)7 : Here byginneth the proheme of the book that is cleped the Mirrour of the blessed lyf of Jesu crist.
- ?a1450(1422) Lydg.SD (McC 182)62/23 : As vyncent in his merowre historiall makith mynde þer were many kynges.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)39/3 : His reule..he called a Merour.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.1 : Thenk I a buke translat..Fro Latyn of now late a compilacione The miroure is named it of mannes saluacione.
b
- (c1384) Reg.Trin.Gild Cov.in Dugd.Soc.1323 : Johannes le Merermaker.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 Sln.1313 Artist.Recipes (Sln 1313) 307/3 : To make murrour bryȝt. Stryke wel þeron blak sope, and let þe sope lye þeron al a nyȝt.
Note: New spelling (murrour).