Middle English Dictionary Entry
assaien v.
Entry Info
Forms | assaien v. Also asaien, as(s)eien. Ppl. assai(e)d, assait. |
Etymology | AF; CF essai(i)er. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1a.
(a) To test the quality of (materials), the effectiveness of (a weapon, a medicine), or the performance of (a horse); test, try out; also, to test the accuracy of (weights & measures) officially; (b) to determine quality or effectiveness.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)9734 : Ȝe no haue it [a sword] wele aseyd!
- c1330 Degare (Auch)403 : Alle wimman were forht ibrowt..Ech þe glouen assaie bigan.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)637 : Haue ȝe it..a-saide ones, & feled þe sauor & þe swetnesse þat sittes in þe rote, hit schal..do vanisch ȝour soris!
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.286 : Hors and houndes, They been assayed at diuerse stoundes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)228a/b : Rypenesse of fruyt is assayed nouȝt oonliche by sight.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.219 : He wild asay þer hors.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)80/17 : Men may assay þe dyamaund in þis manere.
- c1436 Ipswich Domesday(2) (Add 25011)177 : The ballyves..moun takyn mesures, elles, and weyghtes, and doon hem assayen.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)8335 : The hosyn of steele he dyd assay.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)8437 : Oute of the castell tho dyd he ryde..His hors, his harneys ther to assay.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)346 : I herde an hunte blowe T'assay his horn..Whether hyt were clere or hors of soun.
- c1450 Med.Bk.(1) (Med-L 136)50/113 : Boyle hem togedir..& assay it on a knyffe for it will torne to a gely.
- (a1475) Recipe Painting(2) in Archaeol.J.1 (Sln 73)155 : Thus thu schalt assaye it [lapus lazuly].
- a1500 Eglam.(Cmb Ff.2.38)571 : He rode a course to assay [vr. prove] hys stede.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)356 : Now may ye assaye the gode swerde that ye haue conquered.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)223b/a : Þe vertu þer of is grete and assayed by fisik.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)332b/b : Massy þinges and heuy, by þe whiche þe heuynesse is assayed, is y cleped a weighte.
- a1450 We bern abowtyn (Sln 2593)p.279 : I have..tweyne precyous stonys: Damsele, hadde ȝe asayid hem onys, ȝe xuld the rathere gon with me.
1b.
(a) To test or try (food or drink before serving); (b) to taste or have a taste of (wine, etc.); also fig.
Associated quotations
a
- c1390 RSicily (Vrn)166 : Þin assayour schal ben an hound, To assaye þi mete bifore þe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)330b/a : Acceptabulum was a vessel in þe which wyne þat schulde ben offred to god was assayed and appreued.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)3656 : Venisoun..Deyntily diȝte to his pay, þou bidde him rise & assay.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)751 : Þo Coke assayes þe mete.
- a1475 Bk.Courtesy (Sln 1986)786 : As oft as þe keruer fettys drynke, Þe butler assayes hit how good hym thynke.
b
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.152 : Ichaue good ale, gossib..woltou asaye?
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)6.906 : To arraie The lusti fode, which assaie I mot.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1220 : Now swetnesse semeth more swete, That bitternesse assaied was byforn.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.72 : Þe tone was good wyn..Þat other noght; now hast þow boþe assaied [L sumpsisti].
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.80.55a : He mai lede þe in to his winceler and make þe assaien of his wynes.
2.
(a) To test the character or qualities of (a person); test or try (a person for love, loyalty, faith, etc.), subject (sb.) to trials or ordeals; test (one's heart); (b) assaied, of proven character.
Associated quotations
a
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)46/1297 : Ere hy þys ordre [of priesthood] haue, Me schel hy wel assaye.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)65.9 : For þou, God, proued us; þou assaid [WB(1): examynedest] us wyþ fur as siluer is proued.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)230 : Ne schal no man bet proue is frende, bot a-say hem on his nede.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Dan.1.12 : Tempte or assaie vs thi seruauntis ten days.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.77 : Iosephus wolde assaye [Higd.(2): prove; L experiri] þe witte of his ȝonger sone.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2304 : I haue assayed and preued thy grete sapience.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.456 : He hadde assayed hire ynow bifore And fond hire euere good; what neded it Hir for to tempte..moore and moore?
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1725 : Ianuarie..wolde bothe assayen his corage, In libertee and eek in mariage.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18b/b : Þe lif of goode men..is Itemptid, assaied, and ypreued.
- a1400 Cursor (Trin-C R.3.8)3126 : Oure lorde wolde..Asaye [Vsp: faand; Göt: proue] Abraham wiþ som þing.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2362 : I sende hir to asay þe.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Ex.16.4 : Y schal reyne to ȝou looues fro heuene..that Y asaie [WB(1): tempte; L tentem] the puple, whethir it goith in my lawe ether nai.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)2853 : Hir love she hadde full well assayed [vr. assaid]..To speke of hym hir joye was sett.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)26/452 : Assay þi frynd or þou haue nede.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)44/6 : How owyr Lord xuld asayn hir scharply & preuyn hir ful streytly.
- c1440 Treat.PN(2) (Thrn)263 : Suffere vs noghte swa ferre to be assayede, sa ferre to be tempted, þat we be ledde in to ill dedis.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)27.42 : God him wolde Asayen wel more; For him weren Comeng Many tormensse.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)954-6 : Þou hase asayde vs here With angers a-gayns our desire, Als siluer es asaide with fire.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)574 : Whooso wol assay hymselve, Whether his hert kan have pitee.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)661 : God hys seruand wold asay, yf he to hym bowsom wold be.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)430/9 : I sente hit hym for to assay his lady; and yf she be trew, he shall preve her.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.24.16a : Til you be assaied and purified bi þe fier of disir in deuout preiere.
- c1475 Brm.Abraham (Brm)43 : I schall asay now hys good wyll.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)286/3 : He temptyth hym, þat ys, asaythe hym, whethir he be strong..yn loue to his God.
b
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)117 : We wylleþ wel þet we by yuonded..uor we byeþ þe more ymylded..and þe more worþ, and þe more asayd.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)15 : A-sayyd: Temptatus, probatus.
3.
(a) To test (one's strength) in combat; ~ might, strengthe; engage (sb.) in combat; (b) assaied, experienced in warfare, battle-tested.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 Degare (Auch)4 : Kniȝtus..sechen auentures..Hou ȝhe miȝte here strengthe asai.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)3754 : His miȝt wol i a-saie.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)253 : Wiþ þe werste Sarsyn wil he fiȝt þat he dude euere a-saye.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)932 : Many douȝtty ȝonge kniȝth..assayed his miȝth..Vche on oþere..Tobrusten her launces.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)2617 : Kyng..palemoun Oft assayed and found a manly knyght.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)2615 : Forthy was I sente hedire with seuen score knyghttez, To asaye of this werre.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)52.327 : Often tymes Asayed had he kyng Marahan In bataille.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)50/17 : I woll assay the..on foote, for I have loste the honoure on horsebacke.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)602/12 : We have assayed ayther other passyngly well.
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)6074 : Verily he thought not hym for to Asse.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)221 : I will hym assaien, ffor I shall not elles knowe my self but I assay hym.
b
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2705 : Stoute paynymys, in armis wel a-said.
- c1390(1377) Death Edw.III (Vrn)66 : Þat noble kniht & well assayed.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1229 : It schal be founde, With cheualrie how þat we abounde, Expert in armys and of olde assaied.
4.
(a) To examine, investigate, explore, or inspect (sth. or sb.); feel (the pulse); (b) to find out by examination, inquiry, or divination; ascertain, learn; also, demonstrate [quot. a1425 Wycl.]; (c) to experience (sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)92/185 : Þanne asay þyn oȝe þoȝt.
- ?a1425(?c1350) NHom.(3) Pass.(RwlPoet 175)1390 : I haue led him furth..for to assay him swa, And in him kan I fynd right noght Wharfore he suld to ded be broght.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.229 : Þe emperour assaied and founde sooþ all þat þey seide.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)3.5 : Ichulle assayen hire my-self and soþliche aposen, What Mon in þis world þat hire weore leouest.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1740 : Assayeth it your self, than may ye witen If that I lye.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)27b/a : To assaie [L discernendum] þe pulse.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2457 : For to assay þe surquidre..Þat rennes of þe grete renoun of þe Round Table.
- c1400 Wycl.Dominion (Dub 244)291 : God biddiþ þat a man schulde assaye him silf, and so ete of þe breed þat is þe sacrid oost.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)1399 : For in þis world liggis twa ways, Als men may fynd þat þam assays.
- a1425 Shrewsbury Frag.(Shrw 6)19 : For to assay oure Saueour side And open hit with-oute pite!
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)1.pr.6.2 : To touche and assaye [L temptare] th'estaat of thi thought by a fewe demaundes, so that I may understande what be the manere of thi curacioun.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)60/33 : Crist..bad him assaye his woundes.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)2285 : Leyr..assaied [vr. asked of] ilk [daughter] by þeym self one.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)562 : Yf it be thus, assay and ye schall weten Of men experte.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)532 : The hosteler..herd of this affray..& þouȝt he wold asay.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)39/28 : Þat we forbere to attempte or assaie goddis myȝt, wijsdom, or wil.
b
- c1330 Orfeo (Auch)452 : Now aske of me what it be..Now speke, and tow miȝt asay!
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.119 : Þat was assaied [Higd.(2): experte; L patuit] and i-knowe in þat grete princes tyme, Vaspasianus.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.347 : Totilia wolde assay [Higd.(2): attempte; L temptare], ȝif seint Benet hadde a spirit of prophecie.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)7.343 : Now assay we [Higd.(2): Lete us prove an experimente] by tornynge of þe leeves, whiche of us schal be abbot.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.382 : He thoghte assaie hou that it ferde.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)204a/a : Wiþ balles of lede men assayeth depnes.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)82 : Whan kyng oiþer erle com hym to awerre, Quyk he loked in þe sterre..Mid charmes and myd coniurisouns Þus he assaied þe regiouns Þat hym comen to assaile.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)18.69 : Good is þat we assaye Where he be ded or nouȝte ded.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.398 : Ȝif þou wolt asaie þis now..þat God telliþ more bi workes of mercy..þan bi offring.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.4.107 : To every man ther is in somwhat that unassayed he ne woot nat, or elles he dredeth that he hath assaied.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)48 : Wolde God that thei wolden assaie perfitli what tho now seid bokis ben.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)27.300 : Only to Asayen what he wolde do, the Iewes this womman browht him vnto.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)36/433 : Wife, tent the stere-tre, and I shall asay The depnes of the see that we bere.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)142 : Herte þet þis heþ a-sayd, naȝt ne willieþ more þanne uor to by uorlore.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)78a/b : Ofte in slepinge þe soule seþ such ymages..as he assaied somtyme wakinge.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.646 : I that have in love so ofte assayed Grevances.
- a1500(1413) *Pilgr.Soul (Eg 615)3.10.54b : Noman knowith the peyne, but he þat hauith asaid it.
5.
To have experience of (the other sex), have intercourse with.
Associated quotations
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.183 : Þey hoped to haue þe strenger childeren, ȝif eueriche womman assayed [L experirentur] many men.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3149 : Oure wyues wole assaye Religious folk, for they mowe bettre paye Of Venus paiementz than may we.
- c1390 NHom.Narrat.(Vrn)275/11 : Soone þer com a luþur wiht To þat ladi, hire forte a say And to defoule hire.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)140/23 : Anoþer ȝung man, þat sall assay hir þat nyght and hafe hir maydenhede.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)125/52 : Þat old shrewe joseph..was so Anameryd upon þat mayd, þat..He sesyd nat tyll had here a-sayd.
- c1475 Tydynges trew þer (Brm)p.123 : Be wat maner schuld I a chyld ber, þe wyche euer a mayd Haue levyd schast..and neuer man a sayid?
6.
(a) Endeavor or strive (to do sth.); make an effort, attempt, try; exert (oneself); tend (to do); (b) venture upon or undertake (sth.); ~ the se, venture upon the sea; ~ chaunce, to venture; (c) apply or practice (an art or science).
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)747 : Bot þi bodi most asay Wiþ som gentil ȝongman to play.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1425 : 'Help now wat þou maye!'..'Damesele, y schal a-saye.'
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Mac.2.24 : We temptiden or assayeden [L tentavimus] for to abregge in to oo boke [etc.].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B 2406 : Assay to do swich thyng as thow hast power to doon.
- c1390 I warne vche (Vrn)37 : Men vnsauȝte, loke þou assay To sauȝten hem.
- c1390 Treat.Mass (Vrn)622 : I con not wonder wel ryme On latin ȝou to lere, But noþeles I wol assay.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.439 : Whan that he wole assaie, He may ful evele his dette paie.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.4940 : Bot yit he hath no word assaied To speke of love.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1567 : I wol of hym assaye..to paye And thonke hym of his grete curteisye.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)21467 : To take þe flesshe if I assay, þen þe blode wil ryn a-way.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.47 : For to com tille Inglond sone suld he assay.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)6.24 : Ac kenne me..and, bi cryst, I wil assaye!
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)136/13 : Neþeles, assay in þis lijf, if ȝe may leeue þe fendis chirche.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.214 : Whos fretyng rust..assayes For to eclipse the honour.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.5922 : Þe sacrid fire Ne wolde brenne..Al-be þat þei assaiden ful ofte.
- (1423) RParl.4.258a : Yif the Maistre forseide refuse to do this, hit is thought good, assaie if any other man woll do it.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)23.723 : Thanne Asaied he Anon vpe forto stonde.
- a1450 Who þat liste loke (Stw 951)45/206 : Tarquinius..foul did assay To breke wedloke..Chaste Lucresse..bylay.
- c1450(a1425) MOTest.(SeldSup 52)4237 : I sall asay and fand, sum of his fors to fell.
- c1460(?c1400) Beryn (Nthld 55)2187 : I woll go on foot..And assay, yf I may..Ascape vnarestid.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)62/11 : I woll assay myselffe to draw oute the swerde.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1086/33 : I thought to assay myselff, whether I myght be there or not.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)22/205 : Of þis appyl I xal a-say to make hym to Ete, yf þat I may.
- a1475 Russell Bk.Nurt.(Hrl 4011)1218 : Sone, assay thy self, & god shalle be þy spede.
b
- c1330 Degare (Auch)444 : Mani hit assaiez and mai nowt do.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2411 : To assaye a thyng of which he is in doute, wheither he may parforme it or no.
- c1390 Cato(1) (Vrn)457 : Þat þou may, assaye wel [L Quod potes, id temptes].
- a1413 Chaucer TC (Mrg M 817)5.784 : He þat nought nassayeth, nought nacheueth.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Eccl.7.24 : I asayede [L tentavi] alle thingis in wisdom..and it ȝede awei ferthere fro me.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)0a/a : Assaiyng a comentacioun..of þe art..of Cyrurgie.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)126b/a : Assay not for to worche in þe eie in which is akyng.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)152/8 : Few men assays þat passage.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)9 : [A book] Into whos making..y purpose..forto assaie.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)6409 : He wolde assaye þe chaunce, Ouer se to wende & wynne ffraunce.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)115b : In-to þe myddes of may, hit is perilous and vnsiker to tempte or to asaye þe see.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)62 : Ther is nothynge that I desire so moche to assayen.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)106 : Thei assaide a-gein at the swerde, alle that assaie wolde.
c
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.1252 : Assaye in myn absence This disciplyne and this crafty science.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)16.106 : He..did him assaye his surgerye on hem þat syke were, Til he was parfit practisoure.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5022 : Nature..Hir konnyng al outterly assaied, To make hir fair aboue eche creature.
7.
To address oneself (to sb.), appeal to, call upon.
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.3028 : He kneleth..To seche merci and assaieth His god.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)11/4 : God it defende þat man schulde hym assaye forto helpen ȝif he wolde be saued, ac helpe hym self.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)34/24 : In þat ilk tyme bigan Jesus to assaye þe Holy Gost and ȝolde graces.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.788 : Now am I nat a fool..hereupon to gon assaye hire now?..Men shal nat wowe a wight in hevynesse.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1186/18 : Assay your fryndis and I woll assay myne.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)223 : Who made the so folehardye For to assaye me of loue?
8.
To assail or attack (sb. or sth.); tempt.
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2637 : Ye shul nat assaye fortune by no wey.
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)734 : To a-saye ech a man with scharpe asayes.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.7.142 : A man that hadde assaied with stryvynge wordes another man.
- c1425 Chaucer CT.WB.(Petw 7)D.256 : She may no while in chaastite..abide, That is assaied [vr. assayled] vpon eche side.
- c1440 Treat.PN(2) (Thrn)263 : Þe deuell..assayes þe gude mene and womene..for to drawe theyme vn-till ill dedis.
- a1475 LChart.Chr.A (Hrl 5396)21/29 : Þat asseyed [vrr. fanded, fonded] me with foly, With couytyse, & gloteny.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1500 ?Scrope Ribot First Monks (Lamb 192)7/25 : Be þe perfeccyon of loue a man comyth to..þe asayyng tast [L experimentalem gustum] of þe vertu [of] God and euerelastyng blysse.
Note: Additional quote(s) for ?sense 4.(c) 'experiential'.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1465 Eg.2852 Stain.Recipes (Eg 2852) 103/9 : Whenne þu makyst þy coloures þu maist asayȝe bi þy clout ȝif hit þe goud or no.
Note: New spelling (asayȝe).