Middle English Dictionary Entry
lettre n.
Entry Info
Forms | lettre n. Also letre, leter, letter(e, -ir, -our, -ur(e, (early) leattre, (rare) litter(e. |
Etymology | OF letre, lettre & L littera. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) An alphabetic character, a letter; initial, capital letter; also, in sg. and pl.: writing, script; style of handwriting, hand; ?also, in pl.: words; blak ~, letters written in black, black writing; capital ~ [see capital adj. (c)]; chef ~ [see chef adj. 4. (b)]; red ~, ~ red, rubricated letter or heading, letter or letters written in red; (b) a letter as representing a speech sound; a speech sound; (c) a symbolic character or letter; a letter for reference on the equatory of planets; initial representing a name; letter designating the Sundays in a particular year, dominical letter; dominical ~ [see also dominical]; letter used for identification in cataloguing books, part of a pressmark; (d) in phrases: bi ~, according to the letter; letter by letter; finden (the) lettres, devise an alphabet, invent a writing system; gesten bi ~ [see gesten]; into this ~, ?precisely, in detail; ~ bi ~, word by word; ~ of ~, word for word; no ~, nought a (o) ~, not a letter, not a jot; not a word.
Associated quotations
a
- c1225 Wor.Bod.Gloss.(Hat 115)23 : Stafum: lettres.
- c1225(?c1200) SWard (Bod 34)10/77 : A þusent deoflen, & euch an bereð a gret boc al of sunnen iwriten wið swarte smeale leattres.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)25/17 : Þe salmes beoð inumene efter þe fif leattres [Nero: lettres] of ure leafdis nome.
- c1300 SLeg.Kenelm (LdMisc 108)250 : Þat writ was ȝwijt and schon wel briȝte; þe lettres weren of golde.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2481 : And þare be writen þise leteres: 'Þis is þe swike'..Þis writ shal henge bi him þare.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)993 : His name ðo wurð a lettre mor, His wiues lesse ðan it was or; for ðo wurd abram, abraham, And sarray, sarra, bi-cam.
- a1325(c1250) Gen.& Ex.(Corp-C 444)2527 : Her endede..ðe boc ðe is hoten genesis..God schilde hise sowle..ðe made it ðus on engel tale; And he ðat ðise lettres wrot, God him helpe.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)1/19 : And ine huyche half of þe lyeaue be tuaye lettres of þe abece, Þet is to wytene, A and b.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.5 : Art, sciens and lawe al were i-falle..but þe mercy of God had i-ordyned vs of lettres [L litterarum usum] in remedie of vnparfiȝtnesse of mankynde.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.229,231 : Þis Salustius..put first þis lettre k to þe Latyn lettres for to have som diversite of soun bytwene c and q; Onliche Latyn men useþ þe lettre k.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)8a/a : Thanne j lerned A and Be And oþir lettres by here names.
- a1400(?c1300) LFMass Bk.(Roy 17.B.17)440 : When þou has sayde al þi crede, þis short prayere I rede þou rede þat next is wryten in blak letter.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)9380 : Baltazare..sagh an hande wryte on þe wogh; No more he sagh þan þe hande, But þe lettres were weyl farande.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)591 : He was cald adam; In þis nam er four letters laid.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)12199 : Þe letters fra alpha to taw, Wit sundri sight man mai þam knau.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1634 : Fyrst telle me þe tyxte of þe tede lettres, And syþen þe mater of þe mode.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)35 : In stori stif & stronge, With lel letteres loken.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.7528 : An Epithaphie..he dide graue..Wiþ lettris riche of gold..On his tombe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)1.171 : Right as oure firste lettre is now an A, In beaute first so stood she, makeles.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.103 : This romaunce is of Thebes that we rede..And here we stynten at thise lettres rede, How the bisshop..fil..to helle.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)10/36 : In the powder of þo hilles, þei wroot lettres & figures with hire fyngres.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)15b/b : 4 transuersale [muscles]..crossyng by þe myddes of þe wombe to þe fourme of þe lettre X.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)271 : Þis concordaunce sueþ not oonly þe ordre of þe a,b,c in þe firste lettris of wordis, but also in þe secounde, in þe þridde, in þe fourþe, & so forþ. Wherfore Aaron stondiþ bifore Abba ffor þe secounde lettre of Aaron, which is a, stondiþ in þe a,b,c bifore b.
- c1430(c1380) Chaucer PF (Benson-Robinson)19 : A bok, was write with lettres olde.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2358 : With a penne coude she nat wryte, But letters [vrr. letterys, litteris] can she weve to and fro.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)4/16 : Þe booke was so euel wretyn þat he cowd lytyl skyll þeron, for it was neiþyr good Englysch ne Dewch, ne þe lettyr was not schapyn ne formyd as oþer letters ben.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)5/20 : Whan þe prest began fyrst to wryten on þis booke, hys eyn myssyd so þat he mygth not se to make hys lettyr.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)299 : Lettyr: Littera, grama.
- (1443) Will York in Sur.Soc.30133 : ij good chargers..markyd with M lettre.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)28.286 : Beheld he the blad of þe swerd..And Rede lettre [F letres] he Aspide þat Onne..Red as Any Blood.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1136 : Nunes sal..rise When þe day be-gyns to daw, Þat þai litters bi light may knaw.
- a1450 PNoster R.Hermit (Westm-S 3)30/4 : Þe tiraunt..leet slee Goddis martir & did drawe out his herte & fonde writen wiþinne wiþ lettris of Gold: Ihesu Crist is my loue.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)59 : Thai wrote all þe werkes..In letturs of þere langage, as þai lernede hade; Dares and Dytes were..þere namys.
- c1450 Battlefield Gram.(Trin-C O.5.4)115 : How knowyste a participle of the tyme that is a go? Whenne I haue thys lettre j comyng to fore a participle.
- a1450 It wern fowre letterys (Sln 2593)135 : M and A, R and I, Tho wern letteris of Mary.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)3/27 : He hated þe Greke letteris and loued weel þe Latyn.
- (1467) Acc.Howard in RC 57419 : Item, for psalmes lettris xv c and di..v s. ij d. Item, for parvis lettris, lxiij c..v s. iij d.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)994/3 : And aftir he cam to the swerde and drew lettirs o[n] the hylte.
- a1475 In place (Hrl 3954)13,15 : Red letter in parchemyn Makyth a chyld good & fyn Lettrys to loke & se.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)140/27-8 : Prechers ben woned to wrynge oute of a worde alle maters whiche to hem liken, bi wrasting of sillablis and of lettris, and bi hookis and crokis of lettris.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.1109-10 : It was..fully wreten to the verri bordure -- I trowe more letter than is in a bible. They made me rede eche letter by ordree.
- c1475 Babies' Bk.(Hrl 5086)52 : The firste off alle lettres ys the A.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)73a : A lettir: Apex. Caracter.
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sq.(Manly-Rickert)F.101 : He..seide his message After the forme vsed in his langage With outen vice of silable or of lettre.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)45b/a : Þe tonge myȝte nouȝt a-reche..to sowne many maner of lettres, for som lettres ben j-souned by smytynge of þe tonge & som by closinge of lippes.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)47a/b : Also þat superfluite of moisture is cause why som men..mowe not sowne alle lettres, but somtyme he souneþ ly for y oþir c for t as it fareþ in children þat spilleþ & schendeþ many lettres and mowe not haue soun.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)482 : When it [a child] es born..If it be man it says 'a,a', Þat þe first letter es of..Adam.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.46.31a : I mene nouȝt þis wurd Ihesu peinted vpon þe wal, or writen wiþ lettres on þe book, [or] formed bi lippes in soun of þe mouþ..bute I mene Ihesu.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)27a/a : And þou schalt fynde in þe creacioun of þe tunge þre vtilitees..The þridde þat sche schulde be an helpere in schewynge of knowen spechis and lettris.
- c1475(a1449) Lydg.Test.(Hrl 218)58 : Ther is no speche..Lettre, sillable, nor word..Though into tunges were turned euery membre Of man.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)1/7 : Þis boc..is of þe boc-house of saynt Austines of Canterberi, mid þe lettres cc.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.261 : Everiche ȝere þe lettre of þe day chaungeþ in to þe kalender, ffor þere is oo lettre mo þan two and fifty wokes.
- (c1392) ?Westwyk EPlanets (Peterh 75)34/13,14,19 : I seye rekne after successioun of signes, from lettere D..grauen in his lytel cercle..to-ward lettere E opposit to D..lettere D..seruyth..for to shewe the wher thow shalt by-gynne thy reknyng.
- 1397 WBible(2) TL (Em 102)1.p.lvi : Thus these lettres failen on lepe ȝeres in alle tymes. This was writen in the ȝer of g sundai nexte after lepeȝeer of b.
- c1400 I herd an harping (BodDon c.13)11,18 : With an o & an I, þis is of lettres foure X and M,I & C, þat we gon firste honoure..on X he folowid fast, on M he wepid witerly..on lettres you take hede.
- c1400 Wycl.LAChurch [OD col.] (Dub 244)p.xxv : Þe whiche tribulacioun or angusch schal entre þe Chirche of Crist in þe tyme of þe hundrid ȝeer of K lettre.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)1.11.3 : Than folewen the names of the holy daies in the Kalender, and next hem the lettres of the A B C on whiche thei fallen.
- c1450 Lond.Chron.Cleo.(Cleo C.4)134 : And that tyme the dominicall letter went be ff, and the prime be viij. And in that yere whas lepe yere, and the dominicall letter G.
- c1460 Erly in a someristide (Dub 432)5,8,18 : She set xij letteris..on a rowe Þat I might right wele vnderstande..Þese xij letters shal saue all Inglande..I construed þese letters..Ȝ for Ȝorke..E for Edward, [etc.].
- ?a1475(?a1425) Higd.(2) (Hrl 2261)4.261 : The fery is chaungede euery yere from letter to letter in the kalendary.
- a1500 X for crystes (StJ-C S.54)p.53 : Of E I wyll syng yytte, On Cristes crose that leter was sette Qwan X and E together mette..M and I stod styll alone..Theis iiii leterys wor[ch]yppe we all.
d
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.43 : I am a Southren man I kan nat geste rom ram ruf by lettre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2397,2401 : Cham, whos labour is yit in minde, Was he which ferst the lettres fond And wrot in Hebreu with his hond..Cadmus the lettres of Gregois Ferst made.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)121b/b : Þerfore among þe Egipcians tofore þat lettres were I-founde, þe ȝere was I-tokened bi a dragoun peyntid bitinge his owne tail.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7040 : In þis ilk Iairs time, Was letters funden o latine.
- c1400(a1376) PPl.A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14)8.93 : Peris at his preyour þe pardoun vnfoldiþ..In two lynes it lay & nouȝt o lettre [vrr. lettur, lettir] more.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4805 : But sith ye love discreven so..Defyneth it into this letter, That I may thenke on it the better.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)270 : Mannes mynde..is..releeued bi tablis maad bi lettre aftir þe ordre of þe a,b,c.
- c1425 Wycl.Concord.in Spec.43 (Roy 17.B.1)273 : Þe cheef wordis of þis concordaunce I clepe alle þo wordis þat goen bi lettre aftir þe ordre of þe a,b,c in þis present table.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)2.1905 : Cadmus fond first lettres for to write.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.B.1115 : Whan I hadde seen this booke euery deell ffro poynt to poynt and letter by letter.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)42/1 : I haue translatyd..som tyme expounande letter of letter, and som tyme vndirstandynge of vndirstondynge.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)113/30 : Certaynly, he sayde al soth to ȝow, & he passyd noght a lettre þerof.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)117/32 : May noman lefe oone word that he says, No letter.
2.
(a) A personal or private letter; lettres of love, love letters; (b) in sg. and pl.: an official communication, formal letter or request; dispatches, report; written instructions or orders; writ; summons; letter of appointment, authority, introduction, or recommendation; also fig.: Christ; law of God; ~ berer, courier, messenger; leches lettres, medical report; lettres sending, ?issuing or dispatch of letters; paire of lettres, ?papers, letters; (c) a legal document (deed, assignment, agreement, contract, affidavit, etc.); a decree ratified in parliament; document certifying something (grant of indulgence, letter of fraternity, letter of exchange, etc.); official receipt or record; list, inventory; also, in sg. and pl.: patent of arms; in pl.: testimonial letter; lettres blake, document written in black ink, list; lombardes lettres, ?letters of exchange; marchaunt ~, ?letter of exchange; ?permit to trade; (d) lettres of aquitaunces, a document in evidence of a payment or transaction; receipt [see also aquitaunce 2.]; ~ (of) attourne, document conferring the power of attorney [see also attourne 3. (c)]; lettres of bretherhedes (fraternite), document granted by a religious order to a benefactor, entitling him to special privileges and benefits [see also fraternite 1. (c)]; ~ of chaunge, bill of exchange, letter of credit [see also chaunge 5. (a)]; lettres of commaundement, writ issued by the king requiring service or payment; lettres of commissioun, document delegating authority or power for a specific purpose, warrant [cp. commissioun 2. (a)]; lettres of (sauf) conduit, lettres of leve, document granting safe conduct, permit to travel [see also conduit 4a. (b) & 4b.]; lettres of confirmacioun, document confirming or approving the duties of a cleric [cp. confirmacioun 1. (b)]; lettre(s of credence, document certifying the reliability of information or the status of a messenger [see also credence 2. (b)]; lettres of marque and reprisail, warrant issued by the king authorizing a subject to seize the property of an enemy's subjects by way of reprisal or indemnity; ~ of ministracioun, document granting authority to administer the personal estate of an intestate; letters of administration; lettres obligatories (of obligacioun), bond for the payment of money, performance of a covenant, etc.; (e) lettre(s patent(es, patent lettre(s, document issued for various purposes to someone by the king or someone in authority; letters patent; lettres of pes, ?letter suing for peace; lettres of prive sel, legal document or warrant to which the Privy Seal is affixed; lettres of proteccioun, document issued by the king guaranteeing protection or immunity; lettre(s of record, affidavit; ?document attesting the good standing or status of someone; lettre of sale, agreement for the conveyance of title to personal property, bill of sale; ~ of sentence, ?writ of excommunication; ~ testimonial, lettres testimonial(es, document attesting the good standing of the bearer; degree certificate or diploma; affidavit; [see also certificacioun 2., certificatorie, credencial, eschaunge 2. (b), foryevenesse 1. (b), graunt 2. (a), etc.].
Associated quotations
a
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)217/26 : Ȝe ne schulen senden leattres, ne underuon leattres [Nero: lettres], ne writen bute leaue.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)4496 : One deorne lettre [Clg: boc rune] ȝeo sende him to reade.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)4591 : Bi letters sche sent to me, & bi toknes þat wer so fre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.2423 : Whan thou hast..Som goodly word..Or frendly chiere or tokne or lettre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.268 : I wole a lettre unto mi brother So as my fieble hand may wryte.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.1697 : And fond..a lettre [vr. lettere] That Ector hadde hym sent to axen red, If swych a man was worthi to ben ded.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.1398 : With pacience I wol my wo comporte, And with youre lettre of hope I wol desporte.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)36/6 : In þis sentence cumandis sain Benet þat nane be sua hardy at recaiue lettirs ne erand þat cumis fra þair frendis.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1275 : Wolde he..Sende hire lettres, tokens, broches, rynges.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1354 : Or she deyde, She wrot a lettre anon that thus began.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1366 : But who wol al this letter have in mynde, Rede Ovyde, and in hym he shal it fynde.
- (c1438) MKempe B (Add 61823)224/25 : Hys modyr, whan sche had lettyr fro hym & knew hys desyr, went to hir preyer to knowyn owr Lordys cownsel & owr Lordys wyl.
- (?1449) Paston2.97 : For Goddis love, send me down this wyrte, er ell bryng it wyt ȝow, that I mythe haf fro ȝow a letter of tydings and comforthe.
- a1450 Ben.Rule(2) (Vsp A.25)1985 : If litters or bils be sent to rede..Til women of religioun.
- a1450 Who þat wole knowe (Dgb 102)109 : Resceyue no lettere, ne non out sende.
- c1450(c1375) Chaucer Anel.(Benson-Robinson)113 : Ther nas to her no maner lettre sent That touched love.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13972 : Þen letteris had þe lede fro his lefe modur, fforto high hym in hast, & his home laite.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)226/17 : Kyssynge, ȝiftes, festes, letters of loue, and such..thynges.
- (1461) Paston (Gairdner)3.249 : Yowr letter was delyveryd to me the xxiii day of Januar.
- (1461) Paston (Gairdner)3.250 : Recomawnde me to my moder..I pray yow exscwse me to her that I wryte her no letter.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1232/6 : And the date of thys lettir was wrytten but two owrys and an halff afore my dethe, wrytten with myne owne honde and subscrybed with parte of my harte blood.
- (a1474) Stonor1.136 : He wrote to me a letter of unkyndnes, y trowe in hast, and so it was answerd, wherof me repented..for what cause therfor our letterz of unkyndnes were made.
- a1500(1428) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)39 : Grauntmercy, brother, hertely of youre kynde and gentill letter to me.
b
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)1219 : To þe kinge of Fraunce heo comen and lettres with heom bere fram þe king of engelond.
- a1350(c1307) Death Edw.I (Hrl 2253)45 : Þe messager to þe pope com, & seyde þat oure kyng wes ded..þe pope him-self þe lettre redde.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)10166 : Þe bissops wende..to..king Ion, & lettres þat þe pope hom sende him ssewede.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11502-4 : Þe king sende ofte is lettres, þat hii deliueri ssolde Þe castel vp sir simond, & naþeles hii nolde. Atte laste sir edward is lettres hom sende, To ȝelde vp þe castel.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1733 : Vp him stirt sir Fortiger & ofcleped his chaunceler, Þat letters fele him made..Vnto his eldfader..erls, doukes, & to kniȝtes.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Is.39.1 : In that tyme sente Marodoch Baladan..the king of Babiloyne, lettris [WB(2): bookis] and ȝiftes to Ezechie.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.3.1 : Wher we neden, as summe, preisynge lettris [WB(2): pistlis; L epistolis] to ȝou, or of ȝou?
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.79 : Sendeþ lettres [L litteras]..to Aryon..and praye hym þat he lene me as moche as me byhoveþ.
- c1390(?c1350) Jos.Arim.(Vrn)414 : Þe kyng boskes lettres a-non to bounen his bernes, Comaundes hem to meeten him.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)4.115 : Bote hit beo Marchaund oþur his men, or Messager with lettres [vr. letter].
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)8.25 : Bote vndur his secre seal, Treuþe sende a lettre [vr. bille] And Bad hem, [etc.].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.728 : This constable dooth forth come a messager And wroot vnto his kyng..He tath the lettre and forth he goth his weye.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.998,1011 : This Messager..with this lettre..goth Be Knaresburgh..the Moder..hath hise lettres overseie.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)318a/a : Also lettres ben yseled with wax closed.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5323 : Þe king þan did his lettres [Frf: litters; Göt: lettris] writte To somond al, wit-outen lite.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)7896 : Þe king a pair o letters writte Did, and gaf him-self to ber Vnto þe marscal.
- a1400 Cursor (Frf 14)7907 : Al letter-berers [Vsp: letters berand] for-þi, ta ensaumple be vrry.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)1831 : He sent a lettre, wiþoute lettyng, To Alisaunder and gretyng.
- (a1402) Trev.DCur.(Hrl 1900)67/15 : Ich hote alle freres..þat þei be nouȝt hardy to axe eny lettre..by hem-silf, noþer by mene persone..noþer for persecucioun of heres.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.1905 : This..kyng..Hath his breues and his letters sent For his lordis to holde a parlement.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)6958 : We purchace..Of riche men of gret pouste Lettres [F letres] to witnesse oure bounte.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)4a/b : Ambulus: a letter berer.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)53/29 : I hadde lettres of the Soudan with his grete seel.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)115a/a : If þai ben hole men..þai schal be sente to here persouns or gouernoures wiþ the leches lettres.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)694 : The Pope in his letteris comended him to..Bartholome, Bisschop of Laudune.
- c1440(a1400) Eglam.(Thrn)799 : Lettirs come vnto Artas, Þat þe worme of Ro[m]e dede was, A knyght appon hym slayne.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)55/151,164 : Te ambassiatour o trowthe..Crist..offred..letters for owr reconciliaciun..Crist, embassiatur o trewthe..offred Him-siluen as a letter for owr reconciliatiun to God.
- a1450(c1400) Wor.Serm.(Wor F.10)77/876,884 : Ȝif any of vs ha to do with a gret lord, hath ned to send hym a letter be..a message..mankynde..hath ned to send a messager..Crist..Þis messager..offred vp þis letter, þat was His owne bodi, to þe vader of heuene.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)25.444 : Sche..lettres Enseled..vndir hir Owne Sel, the bettere men hem to knowen & leven wel.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)32b : Þe more tribune is chosen bi wil and ordenaunce of þe Emperours lettoures; þe lasse trybune was chosen by his trauayle.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)234/15,19 : A messager þat comeþ to court wiþ-oute lettres..comeþ not liȝtliche in to see þe kyng..Who-so sent suche a messager wiþ-oute lettres to court, his nedes ben..euel y-sped.
- c1450 Alph.Tales (Add 25719)493/15 : A saynt þat had a grete vertue in castyng oute of ffendis, not alonelie when he was present, nor in his awn wurd alone, bod..somtyme be his lettres-sendyng.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)616/15 : As kynge Marke red this lettyrs, he demede treson by sir Trystram.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)15592 : God..Hath in myn hand yput vengaunce..By lettre and by commyssioun.
- c1475 A philosophre (Hrl 372)p.35 : The kyng, or som gret lord, shal wryte To hir lettres..Askauns she may nat to the lettres sey nay.
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.148 : Antecrist makeþ men to drede more his letter & his seel..þenne þe kynges letter, or þe brekyng of þe hestis of God.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)73a : A letter: Epistolae..breue..scedula.
- a1500(c1386) St.Erk.(Hrl 2250)111 : The bischop sende hit to blynne by bedels and lettres.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)613 : Than sir Gawein lete write lettres and writtes and sente hem to the Barouns..and comaunded hem..that thei be on the assumpcion..at Cameloth.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)40/8 : Ualse notaryes þet makeþ þe ualse lettres, and ualseþ þe celes.
- c1390 Mayden Modur (Vrn)378 : Þow holdest þe fend vndur foote; Þow geete fro his herte-Rote Theophules lettre, þe Clerk.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fri.(Manly-Rickert)D.1364 : And he wolde fecche a feyned mandement And somne hem to chapitre bothe two..Thanne wolde he seye, 'freend, I shal..Do stryke hire out of oure lettres blake.'
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.2128 : 'Ye sey me thus how that I am youre brother?' 'Ye, certes,' quod the frere..'I took oure dame oure lettre with oure seel.'
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)5.251 : And with lumbardes lettres, I ladde golde to Rome.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.89 : We haue no lettre of owre lyf, how longe it shal dure.
- (1415) Reg.Chichele in Cant.Yk.S.42 (Lamb 69)45 : I, Edward Cheyne..have..ygraunded ȝow by my lettre under my seal writen..al my good and catell specified.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.560 : For syn my fader, in..parlement, hath hire eschaunge enseled, He nyl for me his lettre be repeled.
- (1425) RParl.4.276a : Every Merchant Englissh shall paie the said Subsidee..in every Port, be his oothe or be his Merchant lettre.
- (1430) Doc.in Flasdieck Origurk.100 : The landes and tenementes declared, named, and specified in the saide deedes, lettres, and endentures.
- (1432) Let.Christ Ch.in RS 85.3162 : We scal and wele ratifye and conferme hit at this tyme by this our lettyr and our seel.
- c1432 Bishop Notes in PMLA 49 (Cmb Dd.14.2)456 : Vp seint Jamis day, anno viijo regni regis Henrici sexti, þis letter of englych here vndure wryte was wryte as þus.
- (1442) Let.Bonnatre in Hrl.Soc.9275,276 : To all Nobles & Gentles these present letters hereinge or seinge..Clarencieux, kinge of Armes of the Southmarches of England, sendeth..dwe recommendacion..I..have devised for him & his heires these Armes followeinge..And by this my present letter appointe, give, and graunte unto them the same.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)42a : Þe names also of hem þat haue fulfilled her cours in wacchis and oþer laboures and trauailles were wretin in breue lettres or rollus.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)415 : They wyll it profre..To Englysshe marchaundis to yeve it oute by eschaunge. To be paide agayne..At the receyvyng and sighte of a letter, By iiij penyes losse in the noble rounde.
- (c1453) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35319 : To All cristenmen to wohom thys present letres shall comm, and in especiall to worschyfull Syeres, Mayre, Sherrif, and cominalte of Bristowe..we..wold make this oure writyng and testimony be publyshed ther.
- (1456) Doc.in Nicholl Ironmongers26 : To all maner people these present lettres seying or heryng: We, Lancastre Kyng of Armes, sende gretyng.
- (1472) Grant Arms in Antiq.49289 : To alle Nobles and gentilles theise present Lettres beryng or seyng..I, the saide Kyng of Armes..have devysed for them & theire successours thise Armes folowing.
- c1425 Wycl.Antichr.(2) (Dub 245)p.136 : Þei wole þat men preche fables & lesyngis, & þerto graunte lettre & seel & many dayes of pardoune.
- a1700(1454) Grant Arms in Hrl.Soc.762 : To alle true cristen people thise present lettres seing or hering..I, the said Clarensewe, king of Armes..have..founde the right armes of the seid John.
d
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2157 : Þe change is nat so redy for to make In Lombard Strete of crowne nor doket..Her lettre of change doth no man abide!
- (1424) Let.War France in Bk.Lond.E.(Gldh LetBk I & K)88/7 : Þo passyng gladsom and confortable letters of credens..vs fro vermeil on perche..which made vs..ioyfull report and comendable credence of þe..victoriouse esploit.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Antichr.(1) (Corp-C 296)262 : Maken men siker of gostly helpe bi fals letteris of fraternyte.
- (1433) Proc.Privy C.4.162 : Þe saide lordes be bounden by þair lettres of obligacion unto þe..Cardinal..in þe somme of x ml. marc.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)680 : Kalixt..sette a grete counsell..thedir is Norbert goo..To haue new letterys of confirmacioun Of his holy legacye.
- (1442) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2182 : For asmuche..as..the pouaire whiche ye have yeven unto us by your lettres of commission..is..plainly expired.
- (a1444) Paston2.63 : The seid Thomas Walyssh..wold not enseale the seid lettre of attornie.
- (1447) RParl.5.135b : To graunte to youre saide Besechers, letters of Marc and Reprisail, so that it may be lefull unto thayme to take Ship, Shippes, Goodes and Catelles, of everych Liegeman of the saide Duc.
- a1450(1408) *Vegetius(1) (Dc 291)42a : When eny kniȝt..schulde wende out of þe oost..þey schulde haue lettres of condite in whiche here leue and here cause and here tyme of goynge and comynge schulde ben writen..it was riȝt hard to gete lettres of leue or conduite, for..men þouȝte it schameful..askyng of leue to wende out of þe oost.
- a1450 Parton.(1) (UC C.188)3466 : A Messangere That nedes must speke with the kyng; For letters of credens [vr. a letter off credens] I Bryng.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)76/7 : The kyng sent oute privey seales, and lettres of commaundement, thorow oute his reaume.
- (1468) Doc.in HMC Var.Col.7386 : A feoffament and estate supposed to be made by oon syr William Ivett..to on syr John Derby..by a dede and a letter of attorney.
- (1469) Will Bury in Camd.4950 : I will that..myn executour avowe hym in his suet and make hym a letter of attorney if nede be.
- (1471) GRed Bk.Bristolpt.2.p.136 : We haue graunted oure lettres of sauf conduyt vnto a Ship of Spayne.
- (1472) Paston (Gairdner)5.132 : Ye can axe the probate of my fadyrs wyll..and as soone as it is prevyd, ye or I may have a lettyr of mynystracyon upon the same.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)37 head. : A lettre of attorney..I-made of the abbesse..to aske the arreragis of the mylle.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)37/12 : The sentence of this lettre attorney is, [etc.].
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)266/3,16 : The seid women were I-bounde by theire lettres obligatories for londes and rentis..The forseid women to hym were bounde by theire lettres of obligacion, for londes and rentes which thei had of hym.
- a1500(1449) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)109 : We wol..ye do..paie..our said squier..yerely..receivyng of oure said squier letters of acquittances, witnessing the payment which ye doo to hym.
- ?1536(1402) Jack Upland (Gough)193/88 : Why axe ye no letters of bretherhedes of other mens prayers?
- ?1536(1402) Jack Upland (Gough)200/322 : Frere, what charite is this..to suche riche men geve letters of fraternite confirmed by youre generall sele, and therby to bere him in honde that he shall have part of all your masses, matins, [etc.].
e
- [ (1319) Will de Bohun in Archaeol.J.2346 : Le Roi..me ad graunte par ses lettres patentes la moitie des issues de toutes mes terres. ]
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)8.55 : Kyng William seiþ in his own lettre [vr. lettres] patent [L litteris suis patentibus] þat he and his successoures..schulde doo homage..to the kynges of Engelond.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.939 : With lettres writen of record, Thei sende unto here liege lord.
- (1421) RParl.4.159a : No man..practyse in Fisyk..but he be Bacheler or Doctour of Fisyk havynge Lettres testimonyalx sufficeantz of on of those degrees of the Universite.
- a1422 Gild St.Geo.Nrw.(Rwl D.913)444 : King Herry the Vte..hatz graunted, radefied, and be his letteres patent confermed..the forseid fraternite and Gylde of bretheren.
- (1425) RParl.4.289b : That the same..Marchantz..brynge Lettres Tesmoingnals afore the saide Tressourer..under seel..of Maieur..or other Governours.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)35/695 : Men of hole cherche..Comawnd..here teþyng to hem bryng, Ellis a letter of sentens þai wyle on hem sorche.
- (1429) RParl.4.345b : Seth ye, oure soverain Lord..sende your Letters of Prive Seal..to make Proclamation that..no man..be so hardy to lette your poeple to passe be the saide Rever.
- (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823)122/15 : Þan seyd he a-ȝen, 'Hast þu an husbond..Hast þu any lettyr of recorde?' 'Sir,' sche seyd, 'myn husbond ȝaf me leue wyth hys owyn mowthe. Why fare ȝe þus wyth me mor þan ȝe don wyth oþer pilgrimys..wheche han no lettyr no mor þan I haue?'
- (1431) Grocer Lond.(Kingdon)203 : Off Robert Barre, Fysschemonger, For a Letter Testemoynall vnto Flandrez To have owr sell.
- (1439) RParl.5.18a : Bi Letters of Privee Seele of oure seide Sovereyn Lord, hit be commaundid..to take the seide Phelip.
- (1439) RParl.5.33b : Noo Souldiours..come home ayen..without..licence of the said Chifteyne wittenessed undre his seall..and who so..come without Letters Testimoniall of the Chifteyn, [etc.].
- c1440 Degrev.(Thrn)265 : Me thynke his hertys of grese Berys na letters [Cmb: chartur] of pese.
- (1442) Doc.Ireland in RS 69287 : I beseche..that ye..yeve me power and auctoritee, be youer gracious letres patentes..to make a suffisant Deputee.
- (1442) Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2193 : Hit semeth to be expedient..to sende hither lettres testimoniale witnessing his said axing.
- (1447) RParl.5.130b : To graunte to youre Provoste and College Roial of oure blessed Lady of Eton, your gracious Letters Patentez.
- (1447-8) Shillingford131 : As touchyng the graunte by oure Soveryn lorde by his letters patents late to them made, they seyn that the seide letters patents after their entent bith voide.
- (1448) Doc.in Sundby Dial.Wor.(Eg Charter 608)255 : Ef the seid Thomas surrendur vp in the kyng chaunceri the letters patens of xxij li. of annuete graunte to hym For terme of his lyfe by Kyng Henri the Fyfethe.
- (1449) RParl.5.142b : All manere Grauntes and Assignementz made by your Letters Patentes or Letters of Prive Seal.
- (1449) Will York in Sur.Soc.30147 : The servantts yat I have feed by my lettres patents, that they have yt still lik as ye patents make mencon.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Merlin (Corp-C 80)8052 : The lettre patentis..that kyng Pendragon betook to Merlyne vndyr his owne Seal.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)32/1 : Þei taken hem ofte here londes and rentes and grete heritages in wedde and in dede wedde, as morgage and bi lettres of sale.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)2.1319 : Nature..is vnder god made be patent letter his viker general.
- (1452) Paston2.280 : Richard, Duc of York, by his lettre of saal..hath..solde, graunted, and confermed unto John Fastolf, Knyght, the jowelles undrewriten.
- (c1453) Let.Oxf.in OHS 35320 : We..admittyd the said master Nicholas to hys purgacione, the which was had befor us by right worshipfull and well avised personys, as hit will appere by the letteris testimoniall of the same.
- (a1461) Proc.Chanc.in Cal.PCEliz.p.xxxvii : Kateryne..tooke record byfor the vykarie, be notaries..than Kateryne axid a letter of recorde of the Vykarie, and he seyd if sche myght gete hit iwritten he wold sele hit.
- (1462) Paston (Gairdner)4.27 : Item, I have spok with John Dame and Playter for the lettyr testymonyall.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)217 : Edward Baylol, Kyng of Scottis, resyned alle the rite of the crowne of Scotland to Kyng Edward..be his patent letteris.
- a1475 Godstow Reg.(Rwl B.408)35/22 : Into witnesse of this thynge they made ther lettres patentis.
- a1500(1449) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)108 : We..have granted, by oure letters patentes, unto our trusty..squier, Thomas Sharnborne, xx li. of sterlings.
- a1500(?a1450) Let.Marg.Anjou in Camd.86 (Add 46846)67 : The brynger of thies shall delyver unto you letters of protection, in suche cas accustumed to be made.
- a1525(?1472) Cov.Leet Bk.380 : Thei harde an examinacion of certein of the oldest men of this seyd Citee of Couentre, Whoos names apperen in a letter testymoneall þerof made.
3.
(a) A written account, description, or narrative; a literary epistle; source, authority; in english ~, written in English; lettre(s blak, written source; ~ of writing, ?literary output; writen..bi ~, to set (sth.) down in writing, describe (sth.) in writing; writen with lettre(s, with lettres writen, set down in writing, described in a written account; (b) in sg. & pl.: Scripture, the Scriptures; holi lettre(s, Holy Writ, Holy Scriptures; a book or part of the Scriptures; ?also, in sg.: text of the breviary; ~ redinge, ?recitation of divine office, reading the breviary; (c) a notice; published statement, open letter; (d) an inscription; the legend on a coin; half ~, ?abbreviated inscription; ?inscription in small characters.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)1957 : Þo he hadde seyd hem þis, Þai nist where he bicom, ywis; Þus telleþ þe letters blak.
- c1350 Apoc.(1) in LuSE (Hrl 874)p.204 : Here Inne ben acursed þe wicked stynkande þat geynseien þe soþfast lettre [vr. soþfastnes of þe leter; F veraie lestre] of þis book writen.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.1021 : Thow most eek shewe thy synne by thyn owene propre mouth..and nat by no lettre.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.3038 : Such is the lettre of his Cronique..Wherof the wise ensample nome.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)177a/a : Þis was þe firste Ilond þat wrote lawe and ȝaue lawe y-writen wiþ lettres [L litteris].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)287a/a : And þerfore þe lettre of olde booke is allowed, þat seiþ in þis manere.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)294b/a : And so orix is a beste like to suche mys, and it semeþ þat þe lettre of Isa. toucheþ þe same.
- a1400(?c1300) LFMass Bk.(Roy 17.B.17)199 : Þis þat folouse in englishe letter, I wold þou sayde hit for þo better.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10074 : Alle..Þat heren þys tale, or redyn þys lettyr.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)8/12 : Al þing þat longiþ to siurgie may not wiþ lettris ben writen.
- a1400 Lanfranc (Ashm 1396)93/14 : Þe cankre haþ a propre sauour, þe which mai not be write wiþ lettre [vr. lettres].
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6494 : Þise wymmen in lettre blake Ben ycleped Erþe-drake.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1561 : Warlaȝes..Þat con dele wyth demerlayk and devine lettres.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.6027 : Calchas..Whom clerkis han putte in remembraunce In her bokis, wiþ lettris olde and newe.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)3209 : For certeyn, but if the letter [F la lettre] ly, God hymsilf..Made hir aftir his ymage.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)85b/a : And þof al þe letture of G þere be intricate ynoȝ, neþerlez be it assummed þus þat after þe mundificacioun & expulsioun of þe materie, [etc.].
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)99a/a : Wherfor saiþ G..Bot þe lettur is intricate And perauenture yuel founden in exemplerez of grecus.
- ?a1425 *MS Htrn.95 (Htrn 95)99b/b : Y maie not writen þe descripcioun of a leuatorie be letter, but þis is þe maner of schappe þerof.
- ?c1425 *Chauliac(2) (Paris angl.25)173b/b : Helpes þe whiche may not be schewed vnder certeyne lettres.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)388 : Bettir it is aman to leerne write slowli..þat for hast to bringe forþ myche lettir of writing, lepe ouer þe leernyng and þe craft of writing.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)26 : Olde stories..May be solas to sum þat it segh neuer..By lokyng of letturs þat lefte were of olde.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)54/19 : The conscience..schal be enserchede, and the letters of the synnes schal be seen wyth open herte, which be wryten wyth an iryn poyntel.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)28a/b : Þouȝ þou fynde it rehersid in þe secunde doctrine..þat þe ouer chekeboon spryngiþ out of þe boon lauda, and here yn þe laste doctrine..it is seid þat þer ben tweyne ouer chekebonys; and so it myȝte seme to þee þat þe ouer lettre schulde seme contrarie to þat oþir; it is not so, ffor if þe two lettris ben discretly vndirstonden, boþe þei acorden wel ynowȝ.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)57a/b : A surgian..muste be of sutil witt ffor al þing þat longiþ to surgerie may not be wiþ lettris writen.
- c1475(1392) *MS Wel.564 (Wel 564)105b/a : Vlcus putridum is þilke old wounde..so horrible infect þat it is vnable to be writen or discryued by lettre fro oþere stynchis, putrefacciouns, and hetis.
- c1475 *Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)94/5 : I haue beleeued what by lettres, by renomme, by predicacions and exhortinge of presumpcious clerkes it hath ben put in myn earis.
- c1475 *Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)164/11 : I haue ordeyned your resons to be writen so that yche man..may put out the erroure..wherof they shall fynde thaimself by thaire neighbours reproched in the lettre.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)122/27 : Arystotle Sende many Pystelis that men callyth nowe lettres of alexandre, of the Whyche this presente boke is oone.
- a1500 *Nicod.(4) (Hrl 149:Hulme)275a : Whan Carnyus and Lentycyus echon..had wryten thys story..theyr wrytynges wer..euen of acorde..But whan þe Iewes had redde these lettrys they wer gretly abassched.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)5.35 : Þat in a chare wolde reden holy lettrez.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Tim.3.15 : Thou hast knowun hooly lettris [L sacras litteras] fro thi ȝongthe.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)10971 : What vayleþ to vndyrstonde þe lettyr And hys lyfe be neuer þe bettyr?
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)18976 : I sal tell it yow wel better If yee can rede your aun letter..iohel..sais, [etc.].
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)21012 : Þis iacob prechid wide-war And send his lettres her & tar.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)11.198 : In þe olde lawe, as holy lettre [C: as the lettre] telleth, Mennes sones men called vs vchone.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)404 : Þe lettir reding ȝeueþ to hem noon occasioun to biþenke vpon eny o þing more þan vpon eny oþer þing.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)405 : It is not esy and delectable gouernaunce to lettrid men in latyn forto knytte hem to þe sentence of þe letter.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)406 : Þe chirche in making þe divyne office in latyn intendid..þat mynistris þerof schulde make her attendaunce and her affecciouns answering to þe lettir.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)195/16 : God seiþ in þe gospel þat blessed ben þe merciable..After, in þilke self lettres seiþ he, [etc.].
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)106/22 : They deyne not enclyne youre vndirstonding to the sense of the lettir, but..take away the trouth of the prophecyes and contryue the exposicions aftir their will.
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)108/22 : The vnhappy masters of their lawe promyse their people liberte..through their [the prophets'] writingis, which thei mysvndirstonde and glose it aftir þeir owne entent..thei reioyse them aftir the false interpretacion of the lettir.
c
- c1330 Degare (Auch)198,202 : And siththen a letter ȝhe wrot..And knit hit..Aboute his nekke..Þat who hit founde sscholde iwite Þan was in þe lettre þous iwrite.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)8.1121,1124 : Under hire heved..he leide..a lettre, and seide thus: 'I..Appollinus, Do alle maner men to wite, That hiere and se this lettre write.'
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)1004/8 : Than sir Percivale made a lettir of all that she had helpe them..and put hit in hir [r]yght honde.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)563 : 'Write soche lettres as I shall yow devise'..and these lettres..Merlin sette by alle the weyes.
d
- (c1375) Chaucer CT.Mk.(Manly-Rickert)B.3398 : This hand..Wroot, Mane techel phares, and namoore; In al that land magicien was noon That koude expounde what this lettre mente.
- c1390 Bi a wey (Vrn)5 : Mournyng mad me al-most mad Vn-til a lettre [Ashm: lettre of loue] al-one me lad, Þat wel was writen on a wal; A blisful word þer I rad.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)1.47 : Whon þe peple him aposede with a peny..he asked of hem of whom spac þe lettre [vrr. letture; lecture, lettereris, scriptur].
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)7036 : Aboute þe ȝate wrytyn was Þat Troyle behelde..And..redde..Þus þoght Troyle..As he ofte on þe lettyr redde.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1580 : Þer comen mony Clerkes..And alle þat loked on þat letter..lewed þay were.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1543 : Whanne that this lettre, of which I telle, Hadde taught me that it was the welle Of Narcisus.
- (1451) Lin.DDoc.46/22 : A pare off bedys..with a litill rounde scalbid ryng of gold to hing yam by with halfe lettre yar-in.
4.
(a) Wording, mode of expression, arrangement of words; textual reading; sounen the ~, the wording suggests; sounen in the ~, to be signified or suggested by the wording; (b) a quotation or extract from the Scriptures; Scriptural text; (c) theol. the literal sense of a religious text; surface meaning or application; also, a restricted or literal understanding of scripture, adherence to the letter of the law, formal compliance with the Old Law; after the ~, literally, in the literal sense; oldnesse of ~, ?Old Law, ?compliance with the Old Law.
Associated quotations
a
- a1400(c1300) NHom.(1) Gosp.(Phys-E)p.10 : Thir wordes says god..Thoru..malachye And..ysaie Of sayn Ion..Thai scheu bathe an wit, sere letter.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)11.297 : A chartre is chalengeable byfor a chief iustice If false latyne be in þe lettre [C: þat lettere; vrr. þe lettre, þe letteres].
- ?a1425 WBible(2) Gloss.Judith (Cld E.2)2.13 : Summe bokes han, of Israel; but elde bokis han, Ismael, and this the veriere lettre.
- (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519)210 : Forto so seie sowneþ moost þe letter.
- a1450(c1395) WBible(2) Pref.Jer.(NC 66)p.69 : The twelue profetis..byfore figuren myche othir thing than sowneth openly in the lettre [L quam sonant in litera].
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)prol.4 : In the translacioun i folow the lettere als mykyll as i may; And thare i fynd na propire ynglis, i folow the wit of the worde.
b
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)151/20 : Foderunt manus meas & pedes meos..ne seide he nawt 'þurleden', for efter þis leattre [Tit: lettre]..swa weren þe neiles dulle þet ha duluen..mare þen þurleden.
- a1425 Ben.Rule(1) (Lnsd 378)13/16 : We sulde lere vnder maistires hu we sulde liue; Als te letter sais, 'Inposuisti, etc.'
- (1451) Capgr.St.Gilb.(Add 36704)105/5 : The letter to þat same note was þis: Pure mentis gaudia ostendamus eia in vocis melodia.
- a1550 *Norton OAlch.(BodeMus 63)2725 : Let..learne this Laten bothe more and las, folowinge the sentence of this holy letter: Attingens a fine usque ad finem fortiter, disponens omnia suauiter.
c
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)99/4 : Zuyche weneþ hit wel conne and onderstonde, þet neuerte ne couþe bote þe rynde wyþoute, þet is þe lettre, þet is guod.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)5.40 : Phylip..schewid hym iesum, þe which closid satt preue in þe lettre.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)7.44 : Ȝif þou byholdist þe story, þe wordez ben symple; ȝif in þe lettrez þou byholdist þe preuy wytt, þe fewnes of þe chyrch..ben Itold.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))2 Cor.3.6 : The which and made vs able mynistris of the newe testament, not bi lettre, but by spirit; for the lettre sleith, forsoth the spirit quykeneth.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Rom.7.6 : We ben vnbounden fro the lawe of deeth, in the which we weren holde, so that we serue in newenesse of spirit, and not in oldnesse of lettre.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Sum.(Manly-Rickert)D.1794 : And ther fore wol I teche yow al the glose..For lettre sleeth, so as we clerkes seyn.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)22983 : A-mang a hundret..Ne vnderstandes it noght an..Þai tent allan bot to þe letter, And littel es þam þar-of þe better.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)4715 : Þir takens er tald aftir þe lettre here, Bot þe exposicion may be on othir manere.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)6759 : Þir wordes, aftir þe lettre, er hard to here, Bot men may þam take on othir manere.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)54/6 : Þai kepe þe fyue bukes of þe Bible efter þe letter [F solonc la lettre] and vsez þe sawter as þe Iews duse.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)68/26 : Þai vnderstand noȝt haly writte spiritually, bot after þe letter..þerfore saise sayne Paule, 'Litera occidit, spiritus autem viuificat.'
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)188/34 : Wherfore þei vndirstonde raþir holy writt aftir þe lettir..þan aftir þe verry vndirstondyng.
- ?a1425 Orch.Syon (Hrl 3432)282/5 : Bycause þei ben vnclene..þei neiþer se ne vndirstonde þe swetnesse þerof, but oonli þe bare bark of þe lettir.
- c1425 *Wycl.Concord.(Roy 17.B.1)87a : Not in eeldnesse of lettre, ro. seuenþe cap.
- c1440 Treat.PN(2) (Thrn)261 : Vs awe for to witte..whate þis Orysone [Pater Noster] es to say and what it be-menes..þarfore sall I say ȝow..what þe letter es to say and bemenys.
- ?c1450(?a1400) Wycl.Clergy HP (Lamb 551)376 : As þu maist not undo for euer suche textis, ne ȝit þu wilt do aftir þe letter of siche textis; þerfore þu saist þu most haue a glose.
- c1475 Treat.Pardon Syon (Hrl 2321)5/12 : Her saying is full insufficient that say þat a day of penance in þis lif doþ away a yeere in purgatori, allegynge .. Ezechiell .4to., for our Lord spekyth þer after þe letter, of þe sege and captiuite of Ierusalem & not of .. purgatori.
- 1532-1897(c1385) Usk TL (Thynne:Skeat)145/107 : Flesshe is flesshly understandinge; flessh without grace and love naught is worth. The letter sleeth; the spirit yeveth lyfelich understanding.
5.
In sg. & pl.: knowledge of reading and writing; learning, scholarship; also, in sg.: branch of learning, area of study; holi lettres, divinity, religious learning; conninge of lettres, learning; connen (knowen) lettre(s, connen on ~, to be able to read and write, be learned, be educated; lernen lettre(s, learn to read and write; study, be educated; setten to ~, educate (sb.).
Associated quotations
- a1250(?c1150) Prov.Alf.(*Glb A.19-James)77/67 : Ne mai no riht cinȝ ben..bute he be boc-lered..& he cunne lettres [vr. letteris].
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)98/32 : Hvanne me zet a child to lettre [Vices & V.(2): lettrure], ate begynnynge me him tekþ his pater noster.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)4.24 : The pharysews..wondren..how þey cunnen þe law, siþ lettrez þey lerned not.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)5.23,24 : Ȝif þou ȝeue [the book] to aman cunnyng [WB(2): knowynge] lettrez þat he rede, he schall answere þe, 'I may not'..how fele to day wenen hem to han knowen lettrez, holden þe selid boke & mowen not opnen.
- (a1382) WBible(1) Pref.Jer.(Bod 959)6.19,23 : Oþer..philosofyen of holy lettrez..commen after seculer lettrez to holy scripturez.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))John 7.15 : Jhesu wente vp in to the temple and tauȝte, And the Jewis wondriden, seyinge, 'Hou kan this man lettris [L Quomodo hic litteras scit] sithen he hath not lernyd?'
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 26.24 : Manye lettris [L multæ..litteræ] turnen thee to woodnesse.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)5.119 : Galerius..enemye to lettred men; he cleped lettres comyn pestilence.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)172a/b : Attica..was þe oolde grecia..and was sometyme norysshe of philisophres and modir of liberal lettres.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)179b/a : Þe citee of Athene, modir of liberal artes and of lettres.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.5628 : Ysis..Þat tauȝt hem..lettris for to rede and knowe.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)31a/b : Gramatica: craft, conny[n]ge of lettres.
- c1425 *Wycl.Concord.(Roy 17.B.1)87a : Hou can he þis lettres, ion seuenþe cap.
- (c1426) Audelay Poems (Dc 302)25/422 : Þou art leud and vnlerd and letter canste þou non.
- ?a1450 Lanfranc (Add 12056)138/27 : A lewyde leche..couþe helpe hym noȝt, for..he ne couþe noȝt on lettre [vr. lettrure; L de scripturis].
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)788 : I was able to have lerned tho, And to have kend..other art or letre [vrr. letter, lettre]..But..I ches love to my firste craft.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)624 : Arystotill..one of the coronest clerkis þat euer knew letter.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)644 : Þus..he faȝt..As wele in letter & in lare as any laike ellis.
- a1475 Rev.St.Bridget(3) (Gar 145)15/33 : Other ar of grete letruer and depe connyng..godely wysdom is nott onely in letturis, bot in herte and in goode lyvyng.
- a1500 *Chartier Treat.Hope (Rwl A.338)73/4 : A folische langage..seying the grette estates shult nat lerne lettur [vr. lettrure] and taketh it for a shame that the nobles shulde othir write or rede.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)151/20
: Foderunt manus meas & pedes meos, þet is, ha duluen me baðe þe vet & te honden ne seide he nawt þurleden for efter þis leattre as ure meistres seggeð swa weren þe neiles dulle þet ha duluen his flesch.
Note: Antedates sense 4.(c)
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.231 : Onliche Latyn men useþ þe lettre 'k'.
Note: Antedates sense 1.(b).
- (c1425) Doc.Lynn in Nrf.Archaeol.6225 : Sire, ȝe shal…sustene þe kingis pees wiþynne þis ffraunchise, & trewe arestis maken of trespassours, mysdoers, affrayours, disturberis & letters of þe kingis pees.
Note: Phrase.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?c1400(1379) Daniel *Treat.Uroscopy (Roy 17.D.1)f.4rb (Prologue) : Holy Writte makeþ mynde þat þe selfe aposteles of Crist were arectede reprouabli wiþouten letres and ydiotes.
Note: ?New cpd. Editor's gloss: '(knowledge of) writing; withouten ~ illiterate'.