Middle English Dictionary Entry
aspīen v.
Entry Info
Forms | aspīen v. Also espien. |
Etymology | AF, & CF espi(i)er. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. spien.
1.
(a) To make stealthy or covert observations upon (a person, place, action, etc.) with hostile intent; to spy upon; (b) to seek to discover or discover (sth.) by spying; (c) to spy or act the spy; -- absol. or with after, (up)on.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?c1300) Amis (Auch)731 : For to aspie hem [lovers] boþe þat tide, After swiþe he ran.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)774 : Non durst for drede him dernly a-spie.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)4.87 : Hanibal hadde i-sent þre spies for to aspie Scipio his tentes.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)5.170 : Þere ben many felle frekis,my feres to aspye.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)5.1594 : Horestes, whiche at þe sege lay, His gouernaunce espieth day be day.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)49/1 : Þe messangers of Israel..come for to aspye þe cuntree.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)966 : To gon with hym, the cuntre for t'espie [vr. to aspye].
- c1430(a1410) Love Mirror (Brsn e.9)129 : The pharisees..euere aspyed oure lordes wordes and dedes forto take hym in defauȝte aȝenst hir lawe.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)12.387 : He hadde Sent forth A spye..To Aspien Tholomes & his Ost There that they lien.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)41/18 : She was sente thydir to aspye the courte of kynge Arthure.
b
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)19737 : Ech on his side aspide wel ȝeorne, hou hii mihte þane king mid morþre acwelle.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11424 : Þe quene aspide þat bote feble warde it nas In þe castel of walingford.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)18b/b : He goþ aboute as an enemye..and aspieþ where he may entre.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)3470 : Þere leued Alisaunder þe kyng, For to aspye Darries beyng.
- ?c1430(c1400) Wycl.Satan & P.(Corp-C 296)272 : God haþ ȝouen a prest to be a spie to aspie þe sotil disceitis of þe fend.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)706 : Hyt Were impossible to my wit, Though that Fame had..alle the spies, How that..they espie hyt.
- c1450(?c1425) St.Christina Mirab.(Dc 114)131/28 : After whome þey folowed priuely & aspyed byhynde a piler of the chirche what she wolde do.
- c1453(c1437) Brut-1436 (Hrl 53)577/9 : He shuld go to Caleys, and espy when þe Duyk of Gloucester shuld come ouer with his Navey from Sandewich.
c
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.524 : To courtward þo kniȝtes went To aspie after þe parlement.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.100 : Upon alle othre thei aspie.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.675 : To himself he seide, he schal Aspie betre, if that he may.
- a1450 Form Excom.(1) (Cld A.2)66 : We denownce a-cursed..alle þat standuth & herkenyth be nytestyme vndur wowes, dorres, or wyndowes, for to aspye towching euele.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)25/14 : The kynges enemyes durst nat ryde as they dud tofore to aspye.
- a1500(?a1400) SLChrist (Hrl 3909)392 : After hym..the peple shulde wait & ȝorne aspie.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)163/8 : Þe Holy Gost warne[d] Seynt Gregory how Petyr aspyet on hym.
2.
(a) To lie in ambush for or attack from ambush (a person), to waylay; to set a snare for (a person); to plot against (a person); also, to plot (a person's fall); (b) to lie in ambush; to lay an ambush or set a snare (with to phrase); to plot (to do sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)253 : Manye þyeues an robberes þet aspieþ þe pilgrims and wayteþ þe wayes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)255 : Nim nede þet þou ne ualle be þine tonge be-uore þine uo þet þe asspieþ.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Deeds 23.21 : More than fourty men of hem aspien him.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.37 : Estrild..þouht on felonie. Tille wikked men scho spak, Edward to aspie..þorgh desceit Edward kyng þei slouh.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)836 : And Love..Had espyed me thus soone.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)13680 : Wen a mon is at myght, & most of astate..Þen fortune his fall felli aspies.
- c1450 Pilgr.LM (Cmb Ff.5.30)54 : He was aspyed with theeves.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)20/35 : And there besydes were eyght knyghtes that aspyed hem, and at a strayte passage they mette with Ulphuns and Brastias and wolde a takyn them presoners.
b
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)87/1 : Iðe wildernesse heo aspieden [vrr. spieden, weiteden] us to slean.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Esth.16.14 : He shulde aspie to oure onlihed.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Gen.3.15 : She [Eve] shal treed thin hede and thow [the serpent] shalt aspie to hyre heel.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.41 : Þei aspieden to take him in defaute.
- a1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Vit C.13)7278 : Thevys and mardrerys ay lyggynge Vp-on the weye, euere espyynge, Thow shalt ffynde.
3.
(a) To look for, seek to discover, search out (a person or thing); (b) to look or inquire into, examine, consider (a matter); (c) to search out, inquire, or investigate (with cl.); (d) to seek (to do sth.); (e) to make search or investigation (with after or absol.).
Associated quotations
a
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Th.(Manly-Rickert)B.1989 : He..priketh ouer stile and stoon,An elf queene for tespye.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)271b/a : Whanne þe floures beþ nyh y spended, þey [bees] þanne sendith spyes to aspyen mete in ferþer place.
- a1400 Usages Win.(Win-HRO W/A3/1)p.72 : Me shal..a-spyȝe folke þat be couenable and of good loos.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)7546 : Wende be-yonde the see..To aspye tydyngis of sir Gyoune.
b
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)17.32 : Now cometh spes..þat hath aspied þe lawe, And telleth nouȝte of þe Trinitee.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)329/281 : Bot syrs, my spech wele aspise.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)11635 : Hit was aspiet full Specially, & spird all abowte, The cause of the crie.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.162 : Hast þou..aspyed þe cause why þat all thise þinges stonde in þis manere?
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)211/31 : He sholde besely enquere and aspi al maner of tythynges.
c
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2032 : Olyuer þanne gan a-spye what is fader doþ.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1257 : Day and nyght he dooth al that he kan Tespien where he myghte wedded be.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)10.147 : He..ryght wel aspieþ War he may raþest haue a repast.
- c1400 *Chaucer Astr.(Brussels 4869)[2.17] 88b : Whan that is idon,aspie diligently when this same firste sterre passeth eny thyng the south westward.
- (1424) Proc.Privy C.3.150 : He shal as ferr as he can aspye which is the porest suyteur's bille.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)1.5352 : He..caste aboute his look, Gan tespie in al the haste he may To what parti the tracis off hem lay.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)307/29 : Ye prelatys shuld aspy If any sich be.
d
- ?a1425(a1415) Wycl.Lantern (Hrl 2324)45/22 : We must aspiee to flee þise perellis þat ben in þis greuouse see.
e
- (1420) Stonor1.32 : I knowe ham noȝht what þay [fines] be, what is I-payd ne what is to payng, but I have aspyd among ham.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)858 : Out she cometh and after hym gan espien, Bothe with hire herte and with hire yen.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1128 : At the laste aspied I, And found that hit was every del A roche of yse, and not of stel.
- c1450 Whanne marye was greet (Lamb 853)222 : Vndir his lift side y my silf stood, And aftir his soule ful naruȝ a-spied.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)43/249 : Fly fforth, þou fayr dove, ovyr þese waterys wete and aspye afftere sum drye lond.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)5/12 : Suche men as wolen gladli aspie aftir my meenyng.
4a.
To find out, discover, detect (sth.) with the mind; to perceive; -- (a) with simple obj.; (b) with inf.; (c) with cl.; (d) absol.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 7 Sages(1) (Auch)78/1662 : Ȝif þou dost a folie, Þi louerd hit wile sone aspie [vrr. espie, persauy].
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)142/352 : Ne mey me more ioye aspye, Þane wanne a man þorȝ pur mestrye Keþ hys manhod.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.324 : The moder of the sowdan..Espied hath hir sones pleyn entente.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)19.297 : Gyle goth so pryuely þat good faith other-while May nouȝte ben aspyed [vr. espied].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4852 : Dephebus..and also Elenus Were liche Priam, þat sothly of hem þre Was hard tespien any diuersyte.
- c1460(a1449) Lydg.2 Merch.(Hrl 2255)300 : Yif quantite ouht erre, espyeth it thus.
- a1450(1401) For drede (Dgb 102)45 : A kyng may not al aspie. Summe telle hym soþ, summe telle hym les.
- (1462) Paston (Gairdner)4.28 : In the mene while his demenyng may be knowyn and espyed in mo thyngs.
- 1532(?a1400) RRose (Thynne)7446 : His falsnesse Ne coude he nat espye nor gesse.
b
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4259 : Whanne that she hereth, or may espie, A man speken of leccherie.
- (c1456) Pecock Faith (Trin-C B.14.45)295 : Thilke wey was wel knowun, considerid, and aspied to be insufficient and unspedful.
- (1457) Lease Ebrington in Campbell Chancellors 1373 : The said Sir John or his heyres can wete or aspye any of the forsaid evydences to be kepte.
c
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)116/71 : Þe folk of þe cite aspied raþe þat þe Inglische com to don hem scaþe.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)7.122 : Ȝif hit beo soþ þat ȝe seyen..sone I schal a-spye [B: shal it..asspye].
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)3.46 : Þat mede ys þus ymaryed to-morwe þow shalt aspie.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.756 : No man myȝt espien nor deuyse By what engyn þe filþes..Wern born a-wey.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)7288 : Myght I felen or aspie That ye perceyved it no thyng.
- a1425 Nicod.(1) (Add 32578)1773 : Whan þis was asspied Þat iesu rysen was.
- c1450(?a1405) Lydg.CBK (Frf 16)148 : If that I myght in eny wise espye [vr. aspye] What was the cause of his dedely woo.
- (c1454) Pecock Fol.(Roy 17.D.9)44/29 : In man resoun aspieþ and perceyuyþ what þe sensitijf wittis feliden and iugiden to be worþi.
- (a1464) Capgr.Chron.(Cmb Gg.4.12)164 : It was aspied that with her usure thei encresed hemselve to grete richesse.
d
- c1425(?a1400) Arthur (Lngl 55)268 : Maximian..Co[n]quered al fraunce [etc.]..By ȝoure bokis ȝe may a-spye.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)105 : Woll is one the cheffe marchaundy That longeth to Spayne, who so woll aspye.
- c1450 Capgr.Rome (Bod 423)13 : Of all þese briggis stand now but u, as fer forth as I could aspie.
4b.
To discover (a person or thing that is concealed); to discover or catch (a person) in some secret act or belief; also, aspien out.
Associated quotations
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)142 : A mayde þet be greate loue loueþ heþ grat ssame..þanne hi is aspid.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)3.5388 : His fo..For hym allone in a-wayt lay, Ȝif in meschef..In þe feld he myȝt hym oute espie.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4172 : Ȝif eny swich [divination] they couden out espye.
- (1423) Case King Council in Seld.Soc.3599 : Send me wurd..whether any of the clerkes of the Tour in any wyse might aspie you in rasyng of the seyd record.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.524 : For to ben in ought aspied there, That, wiste he wel, an impossible were.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)15.450 : Whiche Creaunce my Modir kepte ful wel, And Neuere aspied was non del.
- c1450 Ponthus (Dgb 185)4/5 : Anoon thei wer aspyed and all taken.
- c1475(c1450) Idley Instr.(Cmb Ee.4.37)2.A.459 : This wicche..at the laste she was asspied And vnto the bisshoppe she was bewreyed.
- a1500(?c1400) EToulouse (Cmb Ff.2.38)789 : We are here, thou false hore: Thy dedys we haue aspyedd.
4c.
To discover or disclose (a person) as to identity or condition; to find (a person) out; also, to discover (sth.) to be a disguise; to reveal the identity of (a thing).
Associated quotations
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)1678 : Ȝef ȝe were disgised & diȝt on any wise, I wot wel witerli ȝe wold be aspied.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2577 : Þe beres felles þat so busili were a-spied.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1858 : O Ulixes, thou art aspyd..For openliche it is now seene That thou hast feigned al this thing.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.895 : [Alchemists] seyn that if they espied were, Men wolde hem slee by cause of hir science.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)206a/b : Þe vertu of brymstone is so grete þat it aspyeþ certeyn siknesse wiþ briȝtnesse þerof.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)220b/b : Croco magina..is aspied [i.e. distinguished from genuine saffron] if it is slowe to gryndynge.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1537 : He hadde lever himself to morder, and dye, Than that men shulde a lovere hym espye.
- c1430(c1395) Chaucer LGW Prol.(2) (Benson-Robinson)219 : Canace, espied by thy chere.
- c1453(c1437) Brut-1436 (Hrl 53)572/36 : They come as ffisshers..but..the[y] were aspiet by their fyne smale shirtes and by their poyntes.
4d.
To distinguish; -- with fro.
Associated quotations
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.3131 : He was bethoght In what manere he mihte aspie Achilles fro Deidamie.
5.
To find out, search out, or await (a time suitable for a particular purpose).
Associated quotations
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3293 : She wolde been at his comaundement, Whan that she may hir leyser wel espie.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.4782 : Til he myȝt a tyme espie, Liche his purpos, þat he may procede To execute it.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.556 : Whan he myghte his tyme aright aspie.
- ?a1425 Mandev.(2) (Eg 1982)116/2 : Þe whilk thurgh þaire science and calculacioun aspiez and considerez certayne houres couable for to do swilk thingez.
- (?a1430) Hoccl.Mir.Virg.(Hnt HM 744)17/25 : The monk..conuenience Of tyme..had awayted & espied.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)431/3 : Uppon a nyght sir Andret aspyed his owre and the tyme whan sir Trystrames went to his lady.
6a.
To catch sight of (a person, thing, etc.); to notice visually, look upon, descry; also, to look over or about, observe visually; -- (a) with obj.; (b) with of phrase; (c) absol.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 Floris (Auch)756 : Bihold þe tour vp and doun..And saie þou art comen þe tour aspie.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.NP.(Manly-Rickert)B.4472 : This Chauntecleer, whan he gan hym espye, He wolde han fled.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.2559 : Casuelly Troylus gan espie Þis Achilles, as he caste his eye.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.649 : Criseyda gan al his chere aspien, And leet it so softe in hire herte synke.
- a1425 KAlex.(LinI 150)2172 : Ajoly kyng..Aspieþ Alisaundre of pris.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)31.461 : He ne Cowde be non-were Aspye In Al the See, nether fer ne Nye.
- c1450 Capgr.St.Kath.(Arun 396)1.828 : Though I not aspye ȝov, I sey yow trewelye, There is oon a-bove þat looketh in oure face.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)561/18 : Whan they aspyed his strokys they fledde.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)114/434 : No lyght makethe mone, that haue I asspyde.
b
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mil.(Manly-Rickert)A.3566 : Thanne shaltow hange hem in the roof ful hye, That no man of oure purueiaunce espye [vr. spye].
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.4041 : As he may heren and espie Of þe Grekis.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)5.539 : He gan so faste ride, That no wight of his contenance espide.
c
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)189a/a : Ramathia..is..ful couenable place to stonde jnne, to awayte and aspie ferre aboute.
- c1475 Why Nun (Vsp D.9)225 : Fast I cast myne ye a-bowte Yf I cowde se, be-holde or a-spy; I wolde haue sene dame devowte.
6b.
To notice, observe, see; -- with cl.
Associated quotations
- c1330 Le Freine (Auch)301 : When þe abbesse gan aspie, þat hye was wiþ þe kniȝt owy.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)191 : He aspide þet his moder nes naȝt þer.
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.1112 : Arcite gan espye Wher as this lady romed to and fro.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)2372 : Floripe..aspyed hire gyrdel was goon.
- c1475(?a1430) Lydg.Pilgr.(Tbr A.7)19095 : I Do fful wel..espye Where-on thow castyste so thyne eye.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)65/1851 : Ȝyf þet one weddeþ þe þral, And weneþ þe frye weddy, And ȝyf a spyet þat soþe þrof..Ȝef he by wyl serueþ þat flesch, Ryȝt partyng worthe hym none.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1471 : And, romynge on the clyves by the se, Under a banke anon aspied she Where that the ship of Jason gan aryve.
Note: Additional quote(s)
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1400 Trin-C O.9.39 Recipes (Trin-C O.9.39) 54/34 : Ȝow moste aspye where þat ȝe may bye eny manere of azure bizs þat be grete and rugged.
Note: Additional quot., sense 4a.(c).