Middle English Dictionary Entry
īdel adj.
Entry Info
Forms | īdel adj. Also idelle, jdil & (in place names) idla, hidel. |
Etymology | OE |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Of no effect or significance, futile, vain, worthless; also, false, sinful; (b) ~ blisse (yelp, yelpinge), vainglory, boasting; ~ dede, worthless deed, sinful deed; ~ hope, false hope; ~ oth, a perjured oath; also, a profane oath; ~ speche (thought, word), foolish or sinful speech (thought, word); ~ sweringe, perjury; also, profanity; (c) of persons or material objects: useless; of a building: ready to fall.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(OE) Bod.Hom.Dom.Quadr.(Bod 343)40/27 : Witodlice æhtæ beoð heafodlæhtræs..fifte is ydel wuldor.
- a1200 Trin.Hom.(Trin-C B.14.52)129 : Folc is forgilt wið god on unnitte speche..and on idel þonc.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)391 : Þu forcweðest..ure undedliche godes, & seist ha beoð idele & empti of gode.
- a1300 Bestiary (Arun 292)335 : He billeð one ðe foxes fel, wo so telleð idel spel, & he tireð on his ket.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)81/3 : Uayrhede þet þe eȝe of þe bodye yzyȝþ..is þing uals, ssort, and ydel [Vices & V.(2): vanite].
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)2.1 : Whi douteþ hij hem of þe lawe, þe folk wyþ-outen lawe, & folk þoȝt idel þynges [L inania]?
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Roy 1.B.6)Jas.2.20 : Wolt thou wite, thou veyn man, for feith with outen werkes is ydel [L mortua]?
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.355 : Þan þe fable of Iupiter is i-feyned; and so þe rauyschynge of an egle is ifeyned and ydul.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.740 : Whan..the soule hath lost the confort of god thanne seketh he an ydel solas of worldly thynges.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.2678 : And if thei techen to restreigne Mi love, it were an ydel peine To lerne a thing which mai noght be.
- a1400(c1303) Mannyng HS (Hrl 1701)11128 : Þou shalt no dede werche, Noþer to iangle yn holy cherche Namely yn tyme of holy feste..Þat tyme make many one, gaderyng yn holy cherche of ydul þyng.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)28338 : I ha me liked ai vm-quile In vnnait wordes, lath and vile, Til idel gammes, chess and tablis.
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)8.19 : Ich am ocupied eche day..With ydel tales atte nale.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)1.3557 : But þei not so han þe nyȝt dispendid For veynglorie nor noon ydel laude.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)4.1870 : Leuer I haue þat palled be my name Þan to be slayn, & han an Idel fame.
- a1425 Wycl.Serm.(Bod 788)1.177 : Ȝoure work shal not be idil.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)2.pr.5.77 : Whi artow ravyssched with idel joies?
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)258 : Idyl spekare: Vanidicus, vaniloquus.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)2889 : Your labour shal naght ydel be, ne veyne.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)82/27 : These ben synnes of mouth: Outrage..ydel ianglynge.
- ?a1475(a1396) *Hilton SP (Hrl 6579)1.22.15a : Suffren þin herte wilfulli falle doun in to vaine þouȝtes and idil occupacions.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)1.4 : His worde sall noght be aboute erthly thyngs ne ydel ne dissayuabile ne leghynge.
b
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)54/10,13 : We witan þæt we ȝyltæs wurcæð..na ðæt an mid ydele dedum, & eac mid ydele spece..Bi ælc ydele wordum þe men specæð, heo sculen ȝylden ȝescead on domes dæȝe.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)88/9 : On þam ȝesceadæ, ȝif hit miswend, þonne cymeð þerof modiȝnes & idelȝylp.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)391 : Teȝȝ forr idell ȝellp..Shæwenn biforenn oþre menn Godnesse & rihhtwisnesse.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)825 : He nollde gilltenn, Ne forrþenn þurrh an idell word To mælenn her o life.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)15127 : Acc þatt wass all..Unnnitt & idell dede.
- a1225(OE) Lamb.Hom.VA (Lamb 487)111 : Heo hi wernað wið drunkenesse and idele weord ne luuað.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)11 : Ne haue þu þines drihtenes nome..in nane idel speche, in nane idel ȝelwunge [read: ȝelpunge].
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)5/20 : Ðies ilche modinesse, ðeih hie habbe hlot and dale mang alle oðre sennes, naðelæs hie haueð ane, ðe is..Vana Gloria, idel wulder oðer idel ȝelp.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Kath.(1) (Einenkel)470 : Te lare þet heo me lerden, limpeð to idel ȝelp.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)24921 : Þorh ydele [Clg: eðeliche] deade, lute man mai spede.
- c1330(?a1300) Guy(2) (Auch)p.574 : Al idel speche it is, þi þouȝt.
- c1330(?c1300) Spec.Guy (Auch)466 : For alone to hope, widoute goddede, Is ydel hope, so god me rede.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)23/15 : Þe uifte boȝ of prede is ydele blisse [Vices & V.(2): veyn glorie]; þet is, fole likinge of fole heryinge.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)25/6 : Þise byeþ þe yefþes þet comeþ of ydele blisse.
- (c1384) WBible(1) (Dc 369(2))Mat.12.36 : Of euery ydel word that men speken, thei shul ȝelde resoun therof in the day of dome.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pard.(Manly-Rickert)C.638 : But ydel sweryng is a cursednesse.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.378 : Or that he be a talkere of ydel wordes of folye or of vileynye.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)1.1986 : Capaneus..seide it was an ydel speche, Which caused was of pure drede.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)26741 : Noght an þi werkes þat þou wroght, Bot wordes wick and idel thoght.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)2.90 : And al þe lordeship of lecherye..in wedes and in wisshynges and with ydel thouȝtes.
- a1425(a1396) Maidstone PPs. (Wht)205 : For wanton worde and ydel othe..I drede thy dome.
- a1425(a1400) PConsc.(Glb E.9 & Hrl 4196)5665 : Þai sal yhelde acount certayne, Of ilk idel worde, spoken in vayne.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)767 : Whan these ydele wordes weren sayd, The colde wal they wolden kysse.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)4 : I have so many an ydel thoght Purely for defaute of slep.
- c1450(c1370) Chaucer Pity (Benson-Robinson)27 : Now Cruelte hath cast to slee us alle In ydel hope.
- c1450 Spec.Chr.(2) (Hrl 6580)18/15 : In this commaundment al heresyes, ydel othes [L juramenta vana]..and ypocrisye be for-beden.
- a1475 As I stod in (Brog 2.1)p.64 : But think one the rekenyng that thou schalt ȝeyld, Off every ydylle word that thou hast spoke.
- c1475(c1445) Pecock Donet (Bod 916)127/7 : Þerfore folewiþ þat al ydil swering bi god..is nedisly forboden.
- a1500(c1340) Rolle Psalter (UC 64)17.41 : There enmys ere fleysly affecciouns and ydel thoghtis.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)169/34 : Idul speche þat day is forȝeuen hym; his idul, lyȝt oþes ben forȝeton.
c
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)917 : Þu farest so doð an ydel wel Þar springeþ bi burne þar is snel, & let for drue þe dune.
- c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)7.4 : Ȝyf ich ȝelde euel to hem þat ȝelden iuel to me, y schal falle by desert idel [L inanis] fram myne enemys.
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)12b/a : Casabundus: idul.
- ?a1425 *Chauliac(1) (NY 12)8b/a : So þat þu vnderstond, as he seiþ in quarto, after a best, no body to be ydel no nedelez bot for to be made after necessite.
- c1450(c1350) Alex.& D.(Bod 264)754 : For ȝour ydil idolus don ȝou ille wirche.
2.
(a) Of material objects: empty; (b) of persons, a soul, a spirit: empty; ~ of (fro), devoid of (goodness, good works, etc.); ~ from, free from (sth.).
Associated quotations
a
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)218/18,28 : Huo þet wyle þanne by yherd, ne come naȝt beuore god..mid blodi honden ne ydel [Vices & V.(2): empti] honden..þe gate was y-sset aye þe fole maydines þet hedden hare lompen ydel.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)5.4724 : Fulofte he faileth of his game That wol with ydel hand reclame His hauk.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.1.2 : Forsothe the erthe was idel and voide [L inanis et vacua].
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)5.m.4.28 : The thryvynge soule..suffrith and lith subgit to the figures and to the notes of bodies withoute-forth, and yeldith ymages ydel and vein [L Cassas] in the manere of a mirour.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)97/8 : I am idel erþe & voide til þou illumyne me.
b
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)23/22 : Wuten we fare te ðessere idele saule and amti.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)110/17 : For swa hit is sikerliche to hwam se is idel of god [Recl.: good werkes], meaðeleð þe feond ȝeorne.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)131/12 : He is uol of zennes and ydel of alle guode [Vices & V.(2): bare of al goodnesse].
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)218/20 : Þet is to zigge, in wyl to zeneȝi, ne mid lac of ontreuþe, ne ydel of guode workes [Vices & V.(2): naked of goode dedes].
- a1425(?c1384) Wycl.Church (Bod 788)359 : Þes ordres..hiden now ypocrisie, and ben ydil fro many goode dedes.
- c1450 Jacob's W.(Sal 103)238/3 : Þei were hyȝe in pride, & ydel fro gostly occupacyoun.
- a1500 Imit.Chr.(Dub 678)5/10 : A pure, simple & a stable spirit..worchiþ all þynges to þe worship of god, & labouriþ to be ydel in him from al maner exquisicion of propre witte.
3.
(a) Of persons, the bee: engaged in nothing, idle; without work, unemployed; also, lazy, sluggish; also, not engaged in official business; (b) of actions or conditions: characterized by or growing out of idleness; of bread: eaten in idleness; (c) of elements: at rest, inert; of color: absent; of land: uncultivated, fallow; also fig.
Associated quotations
a
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)133/18 : Ðe man..sitt idel and halt is hand in oðer and none manne euel ne deð.
- a1225 Wint.Ben.Rule (Cld D.3)101/14 : Ðam untruman ȝeswustre..beo heom betæht sum weorc odðe cræft, þæt nan ne beo idel on Godes huse.
- c1225(?c1200) St.Marg.(1) (Bod 34)34/3 : Eoten meokeliche..ne neauer ne beon idel.
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)27/27 : Ah lokið swa ich bidde ow þet ȝe ne beon neauer idel, ah wurchen oðer reden.
- c1300 SLeg.Becket (LdMisc 108)337 : Idul nolde he neuere beo, ake euere doinde he was.
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)244 : Idel ne kepte he neuere beo.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)4022 : Vor wanne men beþ al ydel..Hor ydelnesse hom ssal bringe to sunne of lecherye.
- c1330(?a1300) Tristrem (Auch)813 : So long idel we ly, Miself mai do mi nede.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)31/23 : Huanne þe dyeuel uynt þane man ydel, he hine deþ to worke.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)142/20 : Vor ase zayþ þe wyse of him-zelue, þet he ne is neuremo..more ine niedes [F plus enbesoigniez] bote huanne he is ydel [F quant il est oiseus].
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.2505 : Ther as nede is, they were nothyng ydel.
- (1389) Lond.Gild Ret.in Bk.Lond.E.(PRO C 47/var.)43/56 : Also is ordeined þat, if any brother go idel for defaute of werke & anoþer broþer haue werke..& þat werk be such þat his broþer conne wirche it, þan schal he werche his broþer to-fore any oþer þing.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Mel.(Manly-Rickert)B.2782 : He that is ydel and slow kan neuere fynde couenable tyme for to do his profit.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pars.(Manly-Rickert)I.716 : The heuene is yeuen to hem that wol labouren and nat to ydel folk.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.1094 : Whether that he frese or swete, Or he be inne, or he be oute, He wol ben ydel al aboute.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)73a/b : Also a good seruant..is neuer Idil but alwey busy aboute þe profite of his loord.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5866 : Þai rise and bredes ai mare and mare, Bot wel mare if þai idel ware.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)12.1 : 'I am ymagynatyf,' quod he; 'Idel was I neuere, Þouȝe I sitte bi my-self in sikenesse ne in helthe.'
- a1425 *Medulla (Stnh A.1.10)45a/b : Ociosus: vnlusty or ydul.
- a1450(c1433) Lydg.St.Edm.(Hrl 2278)393/895 : Al ydil folk that wolde also disdeyne In vertuous labour ther bodies to applie.
- c1440(a1349) Rolle Bee (Thrn)54/2 : The bee..es neuer ydill.
- (1450) RParl.5.201b : Such of theym as can not do non occupations, become as ydell pepull.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)1733 : We han don neither that ne this, But ydel al oure lyf ybe.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)66b : Jdyll: lentus, ociosus. To be Jdill: Ociari.
- a1500(?a1390) Mirk Fest.(GoughETop 4)67/4 : For þe fend kepyth no more when he woll tempte a man, but fynd hym ydull.
- a1500 Mirror Salv.(Beeleigh)p.26 : And to devocionne..Was sho gyven and nevre ydel..To wirke of haly redyng gaf sho hire bisylye.
b
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))Prov.31.27 : She beheeld the pathis of hir hous; and idil bred she eet not [L panem otiosa non comedit].
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Ph.(Manly-Rickert)C.57 : She was..Constant in herte and euere in bisynesse To dryue hire out of ydel slogardye.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Cl.(Manly-Rickert)E.217 : She knew wel labour but noon ydel ese.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)79a/a : He eet not idil breed.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)169b/b : And of þis name Rus þe vplondesshe men han þat name and ben clepid rustici, For þat was þe firste and ydel [L ociosa] felicite of vplondesshe men.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)1700 : Tarquinius..seyde that it was an ydel lyf.
c
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)7.932 : And ek the lond is so honeste That it is plentevous and plein, Ther is non ydel ground in vein.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)131a/a : And elementis beþ neuer ydil but contynuel in doynge and suffringe.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)163b/a : Whan londe liþe longe ydil [L ociosa] and resteþ and peirith and is þe worse to bere corne and fruyte.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)304a/b : And þough colour be nouȝt yseye in derknesse, ȝit is nouȝt colour ydel in derknesse.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)3.m.2.17 : Yif that hir horrible mouthes ben bybled..hir corage..that hath ben idel and rested, repeireth ayen.
4.
In surname & place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.279].
Associated quotations
- (1185-95) EPNSoc.32 (West Riding Yks.)231 : Idla.
- (1212) EPNSoc.32 (West Riding Yks.)231 : Hidel.
- (1303) EPNSoc.32 (West Riding Yks.)231 : Idle.
- (1327) EPNSoc.13 (War.)108 : [Gilbert] Idel.
- (1379) EPNSoc.32 (West Riding Yks.)231 : Ydyll.
- (1428) EPNSoc.8 (Dev.)162 : Idelcote.