Middle English Dictionary Entry
hēp n.
Entry Info
Forms | hēp n. Also hepe, heip(e, heppe hæp(e, heap(e, hiap, hieap(e, hape, (early dat. sg.) hepen & hẹ̄p, heop & (error) hælp. Pl. hēpes, etc. & (early dat.pl.) hēpen. |
Etymology | OE hēap (late infl. hēapan) & phr. on hēape. Forms with ẹ̄ are due to influence of the OE verb (WS gehȳpan, A *gehēpan). Forms in ā may be due to stress shift within the diphthong. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) A company of people, crowd, multitude, assembly; also, an abbey of monks; (b) a number of people, many people; the most ~, the greater number, the majority; (c) an army; a division of an army; a troop of warriors; (d) military strength, an army's forces; ~ was the worse (lesse, latere), the strength decreased; ~ was the more, the power increased; (e) one of the orders of angels; (f) a group of animals, birds, fish, plants, stars.
Associated quotations
a
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)68/19 : Ure Drihten clypæð on þam miclan dome to þam manfullæ heape þe mid yfele weorce hine ær gremoden.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)114/30 : His claþæs tacnoden..þa halȝæ laþungæ, þæt is, alræ haliȝre heap & samnung.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)24494 : No isæh no mon nauer ær..half swa hahne ricchedom a nauer nane hepen [Otho: in neuere none heape] swa mid Arðure was aðeles cunnes.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)29721 : He hæfden on seuen hepen [Otho: abbayes] sixtene hundred muneken.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)31632 : Þa iwærð abolȝen a Welisc king in þe hepen [Otho: þan heape].
- c1330 Why werre (Auch)309 : And also much paieth another that poverte hath brouht to grounde, And hath an hep of girles sittende aboute the flet.
- c1350 Ayenb.App.(Arun 57)267/23 : Ich yzeȝ to þe blyssede heape of confessours.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)2293 : Al so furde þis xij barons by þat foule hepe Also wolde so many lyouns among so many schepe.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.575 : Now is nat that of God a ful fair grace That swich a lewed mannes wit shal pace The wisdom of an heep of lerned men.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.168 : And of vp-holders an hep..Ȝiue þe gloton..good ale.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.Pri.(Manly-Rickert)B.1687 : Ther were Children an heep ycomen of cristen blood.
- a1400 Pep.Gosp.(Pep 2498)91/18 : Wiþ þat com Judas wiþ an hepp of knyȝttes paens.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)53.324 : Josephe..departyd from that hepe.
- a1450 Yk.Pl.(Add 35290)150/132 : Bot fares-wele, all þe heppe!
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)9 : She brought with her a grete hepe of harlotys.
b
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)3984 : Gij to aseylen þai wer ȝep; Vnarmed were þe most hep.
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)4072 : Amonges hem was gret gladnesse; þe most hepe wepen for blis.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Fkl.(Manly-Rickert)F.1493 : Parauenture an heep of yow ywis Wol holden hym a lewed man in this.
- (c1422) Hoccl.Dial.(Dur-U Cosin V.3.9)360 : Auctoritees an heep kowde I yow tell.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2086 : Þai haue hedid of oure hathils & a hepe woundid.
c
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5878 : Maken we of ure uæren fihtie [Otho: fifti] ferden, and on auer alche hæpe [Otho: ferde] hertoȝe stæpne.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25396 : Þa weoren þer..feouwer hundred þusende cnihtes a þan hæpe.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)10300 : Þo was Seuarus heap [Clg: hired] mochel ibolded.
- c1330(?a1300) Rich.(Auch)116/47 : Ful hastili teleþ ȝour Inglisch hep [rime: kepe].
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)950 : Als furde þay wiþ þat ilke hepe..As doþ wolues among þe shepe.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)3647 : After him prykeþ al þe hepe [rime: kepe].
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1775 : Þay þrongen þeder in þe þester on þrawen hepes.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)1799 : Fast lesseth your Englissh hepe [rime: kepe].
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)991 : Þai turne into Tessaile with-outen tale more, Hit vp into a havyn, all the hepe samyn.
d
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)816 : Fæiðe þer feollen..þe hæp [Otho: heap] wæs þe wrse.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)5911 : Here hæp wes þe lættere.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)16308 : Þenne þat hæfd is unwræst, þe hælp [Otho: heop] is þæ wurse.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)29966 : Anglisce & Sexisce..weoren to-heowen; þa hep wes þa lassen.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)4111 : Mid mochele Scot ferde he com to þisse londe; Rudac mid his Walse, þe heap was þe more.
e
- a1225(OE) Vsp.A.Hom.Init.Creat.(Vsp A.22)219 : He ȝescop tyen engle werod (oðer had) oðer hapes, þat beoð: angeli (boden), archangeli (hahboden), Troni (primsetles), Dominationes (hlafordscipe), Principatus (alderscipen), Potestates (anwealda gastes), Uirtutes (mihti gastes), Cherubim (ȝefildnesse of ywitte), Seraphim (birninde oðer anhelend)..Her beoð niȝen anglen hapes (oðer had) oðer werod..þat teonðe werod abreað..þa yfesten[d]e [he] þisne red wið þan hape.
f
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)331 : An hep of foules grete inovȝ In a stude he fond.
- c1300 SLeg.Fran.(1) (LdMisc 108)455 : A gret hep of lauerkene opon þe churche a-liȝhte.
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)764-72 : Vn soundre de porks, A hep of swyn; Vn pastroil dez asnes, A hep of asses; Vn pastroil de mules, A hep of mulus; Vn route de boefs, A drofe of oxone; Vn gurdei de vaches, A hep of kyne; Vn gurdei de veels, A hep of calfryn..Vn loreie de purcels, A hep of gris.
- c1350 Cmb.Ee.4.20.Nominale (Cmb Ee.4.20)824-5, 832-4 : Vn beuee de herouns, A hep of schiterowys; Vn Ny de fesauntz, A hep of fesaundes..Vn tourbe de cercels, A hep of telus; Vn sondre de estournels, A hep of sterlingges; Vn iaroil de anes, A hepe of dokes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)4.3008 : Ther is growende upon the ground Popi, which berth the sed of slep, With othre herbes suche an hep.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)10.309 : Now is religioun a ryder..An heep of houndes at his ers, as he a lorde were.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)1656 : Nolde I have left to goon and see There grettist hep of roses be.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)2.3.45 : Among an heep of sterres fixe, it liked me for to take the altitude of the faire white sterre that is clepid Alhabor.
- c1450(1369) Chaucer BD (Benson-Robinson)295 : I was waked With smale foules a gret hep.
2.
(a) A pile of dust, dirt, stones, grain, corpses, etc.; an ant hill; ~ over other, heap upon heap, in great heaps; amidhepes, dong ~, ston ~, q.v.; (b) a mound, a wall; (c) a mass of water or waves; ~ of waues, on hepes; (d) a measure of grain or malt; (e) in place names [see Smith PNElem. 1.239].
Associated quotations
a
- c1330(?c1300) Guy(1) (Auch)3582 : So mani to ded þer he dede, Þat þe hepe lay to his girdel stede.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)139/33 : Zuo hit is of þe hyeape of huete y-þorsse; þe cornes byeþ beneþe and þet chef a-boue.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)205/25 : A quic col berninde ope ane hyeape of dyade coles, hit his zet alle auer.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Dc 369(1))SSol.7.2 : Thi wombe as an hep of whete [L acervus tritici].
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Ex.8.14 : After..þe froggis wern deed..þei geþerden hem to gyþers in to grete hepis [L aggeres].
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)287a/b : Emptes..makeþ hepes & hulles [L cumulos], in þe whiche þey wonyen.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)5946 : Þe frosse deid all vp be-dene; þe hepes o þam war gret vnsene.
- c1400 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Hrl 490:Koch)p.69 : Hepe of muke.
- a1425(a1382) WBible(1) (Corp-O 4)Ruth 3.7 : Booz hadde eten and dronken..and was goon to sleepe biside the heep of handfullis.
- a1425(c1395) WBible(2) (Roy 1.C.8)Gen.31.47 : And Laban clepide it the heep of wittnesse [L Tumulum testis], and Jacob clepide it the heep of witnessyng [L Acervum testimonii], euer either clepide bi the proprete of his langage.
- a1425 *Trev.Barth.(Mrg M 875)160b/a : A ryuer..gadereþ to-gederes hepes of grauell & slymy erþe & makeþ ylondes.
- ?a1425(c1400) Mandev.(1) (Tit C.16)41/25 : Þere is an heep [Eg: a hepe] of stones aboute the place.
- (1440) PParv.(Hrl 221)235 : Heep: Cumulus, acervus, agger, globus.
- a1450(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.1 (Lamb 131)6064 : Þen myghte men se þe Romayns deye, & on hepes leye by ilka weye.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)32.393 : The hepe of Erthe that is therby.
- a1400 Siege Jerus.(1) (LdMisc 656)598 : Þe fals Jewes in þe felde fallen so þicke As hail froward heuen, hepe ouer oþer.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)227/13 : A cole þat is brennynge brenneþ soone a-feer a grete heepe of ded cooles.
- ?c1475 *Cath.Angl.(Add 15562)63a : A heype: Aceruus, Aceruulus, Agestus, cumulus, congeries.
- ?a1500 Lndsb.Nominale (Lndsb)794/37 : Hec congeries, Anglice, a hep of stonys.
b
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)156a/a : Þe heuedes of pondes beth y-strengþede with hepes and walles [L vallibus et aggeribus] for the watir shulde noȝt passe owt to swyþe.
- c1450 Siege Troy(2) (Rwl D.82)278 : On which Cite was sette vj yates..And before euery of thes, was set a strong bulwerk as mighti as eny castell with barres and heps for a sure defence.
c
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.43/16 : The clowdys yn heuyn ranne a-bowte; the swellynge [sea], yn his feruor with the hepys growyng of wawys, leift vp hym-self.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)1990 : The flode with a felle cours flowet on hepis.
d
- (a1399) Oath Bk.Colchester10 : Of alle maner cornys hard that comth to the toun, a pynte of a bussel; and for malt and ote, a pynte be hepe.
- a1525(?1474) Cov.Leet Bk.396 : viij Gallons makith a Buysshell, and neyther hepe nor Cantell..and viij Buysshelles makith a Quarter, striken with a Rasid stryke, and neyther hepe nor Cantell.
3.
(a) A large amount or quantity; of sins, virtues, oaths, names, etc.: a large number; on ~, to ~, ~ upon ~, in great quantity or number; (b) increase; to the ~ of, to increase; (c) ?interest on a loan; (d) the total of a set of numbers.
Associated quotations
a
- c1330 Why werre (Auch)45 : Summe beth in ofice..and gaderen tresor to hepe.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)130/35 : He yziȝþ þane greate heap of his zennes.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)159/15,19 : Þe hyap of þine workes ssel by uayr and clier..þe hieap of uirtues.
- ?c1350 Why werre (Peterh 104)p.5 : Thei beth in offys with the kyng And gadereth gold an hepe.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)5.178 : Þer weoren oþes an [vr. on an] hep.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.2429 : And yit she hath an heep of vices mo.
- a1400(a1325) Cursor (Vsp A.3)26021 : Þis reuth es like a castand gin Scailand a hepe es samen o sin.
- c1400(c1378) PPl.B (LdMisc 581)15.43 : Þey bereth many names: Presul and pontifex..And other names an hepe.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)4.1281 : I shal yow wel an heep of weyes shewe.
- a1425 Iesu þat wolde (LdMisc 463)p.192 : Bot who so coueite day and nyght..Catel winne and leye to hepe.
- (1440) *Capgr.St.Norb.(Hnt HM 55)1997 : This forseid enmye..euer schowith on hepe Euele up-on euele.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)32.400 : Every day they..gaderen [sins] hepe vppon hepe.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)41/31 : Þe þridde is to gedere a gret hep of lesynges and ydele wordes.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)21/29 : Þe grete hepes of synne whech he had vsed, he gadered on-to mynde.
b
- c1425 Found.St.Barth.27/18 : And to the heip and encrece of his greve and febylnes, was putte to nedynesse.
c
- (?c1350) Doc.in HMC Rep.4 App.425 : [For every pound lent] super heepe [2 d.].
d
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)4330 : All þiss þrinne taless hæp Iss hæped aȝȝ wiþþ ehhte.
4.
In phrases: (a) bi ~, on an ~, an ~, to ~, as a group, as a whole, collectively, together; (b) bringen to ~, to bring (sth.) about; comen to ~, come to pass; (c) ful bi ~, full to overflowing, heaped up; (d) on ~, on a(n ~, to ~, at (to) on ~, in one group or crowd, in a body, all at once, together; (e) on ~, on (upon) an ~, in or into a pile; also, in piles [quot.: a1325]; on hepes, into piles or heaps; to hepe, into a pile or piles; clateren on (upon) hepes, hurlen on ~, tomblen on hepes, to crash down in confused masses; rennen on (a) ~, flow into a mass, run together; (f) on a(n ~, to ~, upon an ~ (hepes), in proximity, together; together in time [last quot.]; (g) to ~, in union, into a union, united, together.
Associated quotations
a
- ?a1300 Worldes blis ne last (Dgb 86)90 : Ne shalt thou haven with the non fere Bot thine werkes on an hep.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.75 : Purveaunce enbraceth alle thinges to hepe, althogh that thei ben diverse and although thei ben infinit.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)46.300 : It were foure persone veramente, Of Iosephes and his fadir Iosephe, Nasciens an Celidoyne An hepe.
- c1475 Guy(1) (Cai 107/176)772 : I you beteche bothe to heuen King..And thy felawes all by hepe.
b
- ?c1335 Þe grace of godde (Hrl 913)138 : Sei, sinful man, whi neltou leue Þat al þing sal com to hepe?
- c1400(?a1387) PPl.C (Hnt HM 137)11.189-91 : Ȝut were best to bee aboute and brynge hit to hepe, That alle londes lyueden an [read: loueden and] in on lawe by-leouede; Bisshopes sholde be here-aboute and brynge þis to hepe.
- c1450(a1375) Octav.(2) (Clg A.2)177 : Thus browȝt sche her treson to hepe.
- c1600(?c1395) PPl.Creed (Trin-C R.3.15)727 : Dranes..drynkeþ vp þe huny Whan been wiþe her bysynesse han brouȝt it to hepe.
c
- c1275(?c1250) Owl & N.(Clg A.9)360 : Þeȝ þu nime euere oþþan lepe, Hit is eure ful bihepe [Jes-O: by hepe].
d
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)28292 : Þa heo weoren þer on hepe [Otho: to heape] an hunddred þusende, heðene and cristene.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)22750 : Þar were soue kingene sones mid soue hundred cnihtes, wiþ oute þan folke þat Arthur hadde on hepe.
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)448 : Heom þouȝte þe ground was on eche half with fisch al on hepe [Hrl: fisches at one hepe].
- c1300 SLeg.Brendan (LdMisc 108)457 : Þe fisches..comen a-boute þis monekes alle to one hepe [Hrl: at one hepe].
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)11366 : Some radde þat hii ssolde wende in at on hepe, To habbe inome hom vn-armed, & some abedde aslepe.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)1215 : Wiþ hur maydens at an hepe [rime: wepe] to þe iayler is sche go.
- (a1382) WBible(1) (Bod 959)Num.16.19 : Þei hadde gedered on an heep [L coacervassent] aȝeyns hem al þe multitude at þe dore.
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)1211 : By þat, watz alle on a hepe hurlande swyþee.
- a1450-1509 Rich.(Brunner)4238 : We schole come armyd on a hepe.
- c1450(c1380) Chaucer HF (Benson-Robinson)2149 : And whan they were alle on an hepe, Tho behynde begunne up lepe.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)34/26 : The eleven kyngis put hem on an hepe all togydirs, as men adrad.
- c1425(?c1400) Wycl.Apost.(Dub 245)437 : Now castiþ Antecrist to hepe hise disciplis, so þat ilche may strengþe oþer.
e
- c1230(?a1200) Ancr.(Corp-C 402)161/10 : Þe poure widewe, hwen ha wule hire hus cleansin, ha gedereð al þe greaste on an heap on alre earst.
- a1325 Gloss.Bibbesw.(Arun 220)158 : En mounceus ou en renges: on hepe other on rowe [vr. on hepes other on rewes].
- (c1385) Chaucer CT.Kn.(Manly-Rickert)A.944 : He for despit and for his tyrannye..Hath alle the bodyes on an heep ydrawe.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)2.51 : Woodnesse of swolwynge and of whirlynge water casteþ vp and gadereþ to hepe grete hepes [L conglobat in cumulum] of grauel.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.CY.(Manly-Rickert)G.938 : The mullok on an heep ysweped was.
- (a1398) *Trev.Barth.(Add 27944)154a/b : Þere it renneþ, it..gendreth [read: gedreth] strawe and stones to hepe [L lapillos ac paleas coaceruans].
- c1400(?c1380) Cleanness (Nero A.10)912 : Sodomas schal ful sodenly synk into grounde..And uche a koste of þis kyth clater upon hepes.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1722 : Suche a sorȝe..þay sette on his hede As alle þe clamberande clyffes hade clatered on hepes.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.6470 : But tresour, gold, & what þat þei may fynde Þei cast on [vr. an] hepe.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)4497 : He made hem [the bodies] all vpon an hepe be leyde.
- c1450(?a1400) Parl.3 Ages (Add 31042)57 : He balkede and brayed and bruschede thurgh þe greues, As alle had hurlede on ane hepe þat in the holte longede.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)552 : Teldis, templis, & touris tomble on hepis.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)1308 : He..Bretens doun alle þe bild..Drenches hire in þe hiȝe see & drawis hire on hepis.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)p.15 : Do hit soþenne in a canvas penne..gar hit on hepe to renne.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)171/83 : Of ȝour childe takyght good kepe Whyl I ȝour clothis ley on hepe.
- ?a1475 Noble Bk.Cook.(Hlk 674)108 : Tak thik almond mylke and boile it..and put it in a canvas and let it ren on a hepe.
f
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1590 : Þe swyn settez hym out on þe segge euen, Þat þe burne & þe bor were boþe vpon hepez In þe wyȝtest of þe water.
- c1410(c1350) Gamelyn (Hrl 7334)124 : Gamelyn was light of foot and þider gan he lepe, And drof alle his broþeres men right on an hepe.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2009 : Whan that Theseus seth The beste achoked, he shal on hym lepe To slen hym, or they comen more to-hepe.
- a1475 Friar & B.(Brog 2.1)p.59 : They that gan the pype here Myght not hemselfe stere, But hurled upone an hepe.
- a1500(a1460) Towneley Pl.(Hnt HM 1)113/417 : I trow noght, so many [notes] he throng On a heppe.
g
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.1764 : Lost were al that Love halt now to hepe.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.6.291 : And God yeveth and departeth to other folk prosperites and adversites, imedled to hepe aftir the qualite of hir corages.
- a1450(1391) Chaucer Astr.(Benson-Robinson)1.14.7 : Ther goth a litel wegge..that streynith all those parties to-hepe.
- a1450 St.Editha (Fst B.3)86 : When he had brouȝt þo foure kindamus to hepe..He commaundede alle men to clepe Alle his lond Englonde.
- c1450 Trin-C.LEDict.(Trin-C O.5.4)590/26 : Invicem, Anglice, to geder, to hepe.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
Note: Med., etc., see further J.Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary, s.v. heap.